📚 Year 10 CCEA Chinese: Quick-Reference Formulas and Rules | Year 10 CCEA 中文：公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook organises essential Chinese grammar patterns as formulas and theorems, making them easier to memorise and apply. Designed for Year 10 CCEA Chinese learners, it covers sentence structures, aspect markers, comparatives, question forms, and more. Use it as a fast-check companion while doing written work or preparing for exams.
这本速查手册将核心中文语法规则整理成公式和定理，便于记忆和运用。专为 Year 10 CCEA 中文学习者编写，涵盖句型、体标记、比较结构、疑问句形式等内容。可随手查阅，帮助你完成书面作业或备考。
1. Basic Sentence Structure Formula | 基本句型公式
The backbone of Chinese is the Subject–Verb–Object pattern, but time, place, and manner phrases have a fixed position before the verb. The core formula is:
中文的主干是主谓宾结构，但时间、地点和方式状语必须放在动词之前。核心公式如下：
Subject + Time + Place + Manner + Verb + Object
Example: 我明天在学校用电脑写作业。 (I tomorrow at school use computer do homework.) Stick to this order and your sentences will sound natural.
例如：我明天在学校用电脑写作业。遵循这一语序你的句子就会自然通顺。
2. The “把” Sentence Formula | “把”字句公式
The 把 construction shifts the object before the verb to highlight disposal or result. It is required when the verb is followed by a complement indicating what happens to the object.
“把”字句将宾语提前，强调处置或结果。当动词后面带有表示宾语结果的补语时，通常必须使用此句式。
Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement / Other Element
Example: 请把窗户打开。 (Please make the window open.) Without 把, the sentence would be grammatically awkward with a complement. Negative adverbs and modal verbs go before 把: 你没把书还给我。
例如：请把窗户打开。否定副词和能愿动词要放在“把”前面：你没把书还给我。
3. The “被” Sentence Formula | “被”字句公式
The 被 structure forms the passive voice, where the object of an action becomes the subject. It often carries a sense of adversity, though not always.
“被”字句构成被动语态，将动作的承受者作为主语。常带有不如意的意味，但并非绝对。
Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement / Other Element
Example: 我的手机被偷走了。 (My phone was stolen.) The agent can be omitted if unknown. In formal contexts, 被 can be replaced by 叫 or 让 in spoken Chinese, but these require the agent to be stated.
例如：我的手机被偷走了。施事者可省略。口语中可用“叫”“让”替代“被”，但必须引出施事者。
4. Verb + Complement Formula | 动词+补语公式
Complements attach directly to verbs to describe result, degree, direction, or possibility. The formula keeps the complement tight after the verb.
补语紧跟在动词之后，表示结果、程度、趋向或可能。结构紧凑，动词与补语之间不加任何成分。
Verb + Complement (result/direction/degree)
Resultative complement: 看完 (finish reading), 听懂 (understand by listening). Directional complement: 走进去 (walk in), 拿起来 (pick up). The potential form inserts 得 (can) or 不 (cannot) between verb and complement: 看得完 / 看不完.
结果补语：看完、听懂。趋向补语：走进去、拿起来。可能式在动词和补语之间插入“得”或“不”：看得完 / 看不完。
5. Aspect Marker 了 for Change of State | 句尾“了”表示变化
Sentence-final 了 indicates a change of state or new situation. It does not mark past tense but signals that things are now different.
句尾“了”表示情况发生了变化或出现了新状态。它不是过去时标志，而是强调与之前不同。
Sentence + 了 (change of state / new situation)
Example: 下雨了。 (It’s raining now — it wasn’t before.) 我会说中文了。 (I can speak Chinese now — I couldn’t before.) This is different from the perfective 了 after the verb, which marks completion.
例如：下雨了。我会说中文了。这与动词后的完成体“了”不同，后者表示动作完成。
6. Aspect Marker 过 for Experience | “过”表示经验
过 follows the verb to express that one has had the experience of doing something. It is frequently used with time expressions like 以前 or 曾经.
“过”放在动词后，表示曾经有过某种经历。常与“以前”“曾经”等时间词语配合使用。
Subject + Verb + 过 (+ Object)
Example: 我去过北京。 (I have been to Beijing.) The negative is 没(有) + Verb + 过: 我没吃过臭豆腐。 Remember 过 cannot be used with a specific past time like 昨天; use 了 in that case.
例如：我去过北京。否定形式是“没(有)+动词+过”：我没吃过臭豆腐。“过”不能与“昨天”等具体过去时间连用，这时要用“了”。
7. Aspect Marker 着 for Continuous State | “着”表示持续
着 appears after the verb to indicate a continuous state or ongoing static action. It is common in descriptions of postures and existence.
“着”用在动词后，表示状态的持续或静态动作的进行。常见于姿势描写和存在句。
Subject + Verb + 着 (+ Object)
Example: 墙上挂着一幅画。 (A painting is hanging on the wall.) 他坐着看书。 (He is reading sitting down.) The negative normally uses 没: 门没开着。
例如：墙上挂着一幅画。他坐着看书。否定通常用“没”：门没开着。
8. Comparative Structures Formula | 比较结构公式
Making comparisons involves clear patterns, the most useful of which is the 比 sentence. Equality uses 一样, and superlative often uses 最.
进行比较时有固定格式，最常用的是“比”字句。表示等同用“一样”，最高级用“最”。
A + 比 + B + Adjective
Example: 我比他高。 (I am taller than him.) To add degree, place adverbials like 一点儿 or 得多 after the adjective: 今天比昨天冷得多。 Equality: A 跟 B 一样 + Adjective — 我跟你一样大。
例如：我比他高。表示程度差异时，在形容词后加“一点儿”“得多”：今天比昨天冷得多。等同比较：我跟你一样大。
9. Time-When Positioning Rule | 时间词位置公式
Time-when expressions (e.g. 三点钟, 星期一) must appear before the verb, either at the start of the sentence or after the subject. Unlike English, they never go at the end.
表示“什么时候”的时间词语（如三点钟、星期一）必须放在动词之前，可以位于句首或者主语之后。与英语不同，绝不能置于句末。
Time-When + Subject + Verb / Subject + Time-When + Verb
Example: 我晚上做作业。 or 晚上我做作业。 Time-duration (how long), however, follows the verb: 我学了两年中文。 Distinguishing these two types is essential for accuracy.
例如：我晚上做作业。或者：晚上我做作业。而表示时间长度（多久）的词语放在动词后：我学了两年中文。区分这两类对准确性至关重要。
10. Question Formulas: 吗, 呢, Interrogatives | 疑问句公式
Three main question types exist: yes–no questions with 吗, follow-up questions with 呢, and wh-questions with question words. These have rigid formulaic positions.
主要有三种疑问句式：用“吗”的是非问句、用“呢”的承接问句，以及用疑问词的疑问句。它们都有严格的位置公式。
Statement + 吗？| 呢？| Question Word in Same Position as Answer
Examples: 你是学生吗？ (Are you a student?) 我很好，你呢？ (I’m fine, and you?) With question words, keep the word order the same as a declarative sentence: 谁是你的老师？ not *你的老师是谁？ (though both are possible, the wh-word stays in the slot of the information sought).
例如：你是学生吗？我很好，你呢？疑问词问句保留陈述句语序，疑问词放在所要提问的信息位置上：谁是你的老师？
11. The “是…的” Construction for Emphasis | “是…的”强调结构
This structure draws attention to time, place, manner, or purpose of a past completed action. It is not for reporting new facts but for emphasising a known action’s details.
这一结构用以强调过去已经完成的动作的时间、地点、方式或目的。不是用来报告新事件，而是突出已知动作的具体细节。
Subject + 是 + Detail to emphasise + Verb + 的
Example: 我是昨天去的图书馆。 (It was yesterday that I went to the library.) The negative is formed with 不是: 我不是坐飞机来的。 This pattern cannot be used with an action that hasn’t occurred.
例如：我是昨天去的图书馆。否定用“不是”：我不是坐飞机来的。该句式不能用于未发生的动作。
12. Resultative Complement Formula with Action Completion | 结果补语完成式公式
Resultative complements often pair with perfective 了 to state that an action achieved its intended result. The formula emphasises the outcome, not just the attempt.
结果补语常与完成体“了”搭配，表示动作达到了预期结果。该公式强调结果，而非仅仅试图去做。
Subject + Verb + Result Complement + 了 + Object
Example: 我写完了报告。 (I finished writing the report.) The negative for past actions uses 没 and drops 了: 我没写完报告。 This shows the action was attempted but the result was not achieved.
例如：我写完了报告。否定时用“没”并删除“了”：我没写完报告。这表示动作虽尝试了但未达到结果。
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