📚 Year 10 CIE Computer Science: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 10 CIE 计算机科学：核心术语速记指南
Mastering the essential terminology is the first step towards excelling in your Year 10 CIE Computer Science course. This guide provides clear definitions in English and Chinese for key terms across all major topics, helping you build a strong foundation and recall vocabulary faster during revision and exams.
掌握核心术语是学好十年级 CIE 计算机科学课程的第一步。本指南为中英对照的关键术语提供清晰释义，覆盖所有主要主题，帮助你在复习和考试中建立扎实的基础并快速回忆词汇。
1. Hardware Basics | 硬件基础
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The “brain” of the computer that executes program instructions and processes data. It contains the Control Unit (CU) for managing execution and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) for calculations and logical operations.
CPU（中央处理器）：计算机的“大脑”，执行程序指令并处理数据。它包含负责管理执行的控制单元 (CU) 和进行运算与逻辑操作的算术逻辑单元 (ALU)。
Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all internal components, including the CPU, RAM, and expansion cards, allowing communication through buses.
主板：连接所有内部组件（包括 CPU、RAM 和扩展卡）的主电路板，通过总线使各部件相互通信。
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that temporarily stores data and programs currently in use. All contents are lost when the power is switched off, making it fast for read/write operations.
RAM（随机存取存储器）：易失性存储器，临时存储当前使用的数据和程序，断电后所有内容丢失，因此读写速度快。
ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory that stores firmware or permanent instructions, such as the BIOS used during startup. It retains data without power and cannot be easily modified.
ROM（只读存储器）：非易失性存储器，存储固件或永久指令（例如启动时使用的 BIOS），断电后仍保留数据且不易修改。
2. Input & Output Devices | 输入与输出设备
Input Device: Any hardware that sends data to a computer, such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, or sensor. It converts physical actions or signals into digital form.
输入设备：向计算机发送数据的任何硬件，如键盘、鼠标、扫描仪、麦克风或传感器，它将物理动作或信号转换为数字形式。
Output Device: Hardware that communicates the results of processing to the user, e.g., monitor, printer, speakers, or projector. It converts digital data into human-readable forms.
输出设备：将处理结果传递给用户的硬件，例如显示器、打印机、扬声器或投影仪，它将数字数据转换为人类可读的形式。
Touch Screen: An input/output device that detects touch gestures on the display surface, serving both as an input (replacing mouse/keyboard) and output (screen).
触摸屏：一种检测显示屏上触摸手势的输入/输出设备，同时兼具输入（取代鼠标/键盘）和输出（屏幕显示）功能。
Sensor: An input device that measures physical conditions like temperature, light, pressure, or motion, then converts them into signals for the computer to process.
传感器：一种测量温度、光线、压力或运动等物理条件的输入设备，将它们转换为计算机可以处理的信号。
3. Storage Devices & Media | 存储设备与介质
Primary Storage: Memory directly accessible by the CPU, comprising RAM and ROM. It offers high speed but limited capacity and is usually volatile (except ROM).
主存储器：CPU 可以直接访问的存储器，包括 RAM 和 ROM。速度高但容量有限，通常具有易失性（ROM 除外）。
Secondary Storage: Non-volatile storage for long-term data retention, such as HDD, SSD, optical discs, and USB flash drives. Not directly accessible by the CPU; data must be loaded into RAM first.
辅助存储器：用于长期保存数据的非易失性存储，如 HDD、SSD、光盘和 U 盘。CPU 不能直接访问，必须先将数据加载到 RAM。
HDD (Hard Disk Drive): Uses magnetic platters and a moving read/write head; offers large capacities at low cost but is slower and more prone to mechanical failure than SSD.
HDD（硬盘驱动器）：使用磁性盘片和移动读写头；提供大容量和低成本，但速度较慢且比 SSD 更易发生机械故障。
SSD (Solid State Drive): Flash-based storage with no moving parts, providing much faster access times, lower power consumption, and greater durability, though typically more expensive per gigabyte.
SSD（固态驱动器）：基于闪存的存储，无移动部件，提供更快的访问速度、更低的功耗和更好的耐用性，但每 GB 成本通常更高。
4. Software Types | 软件类型
System Software: Programs that manage hardware and provide a platform for running application software, including the operating system, utility programs, and device drivers.
系统软件：管理硬件并为运行应用软件提供平台的程序，包括操作系统、实用工具和设备驱动程序。
Operating System (OS): The core system software that controls hardware, manages files, provides a user interface, and enables multitasking and user management (e.g., Windows, Linux, macOS).
操作系统 (OS)：核心系统软件，控制硬件、管理文件、提供用户界面并实现多任务和用户管理（例如 Windows、Linux、macOS）。
Application Software: Programs designed for end users to perform specific tasks, such as word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers, and games.
应用软件：为最终用户执行特定任务而设计的程序，如文字处理、电子表格、网页浏览器和游戏。
Utility Software: System software that performs maintenance or optimisation tasks, e.g., antivirus, disk defragmenter, backup tools, and file compression utilities.
实用工具软件：执行维护或优化任务的系统软件，例如杀毒软件、磁盘碎片整理程序、备份工具和文件压缩工具。
5. Programming Concepts | 编程概念
Variable: A named storage location in memory that holds a value which can be changed during program execution. It must be declared with a data type.
变量：内存中命名的存储位置，保存可在程序执行期间更改的值，必须声明数据类型。
Constant: Similar to a variable but its value remains unchanged throughout the program once assigned. Useful for fixed values like pi or tax rates.
常量：类似于变量，但其值在程序执行期间始终保持不变。适用于 π 或税率等固定值。
Array: A data structure that stores a collection of elements of the same data type, accessed using an index. It can be one-dimensional (list) or multi-dimensional.
数组：一种数据结构，存储相同数据类型的元素集合，通过索引访问，可以是一维（列表）或多维。
Iteration: Repetition of a block of code, implemented using FOR loops (known number of repetitions), WHILE loops (condition-controlled), or REPEAT…UNTIL loops.
迭代：代码块的重复执行，使用 FOR 循环（已知重复次数）、WHILE 循环（条件控制）或 REPEAT…UNTIL 循环实现。
6. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary: A base‑2 number system using only 0 and 1, fundamental to all computer operations. Each digit is a ‘bit’.
二进制：仅使用 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数字系统，是所有计算机操作的基础。每个数字为一位（bit）。
Byte: A group of 8 bits, typically the smallest addressable unit of memory. Storage sizes are measured in bytes and multiples (KB, MB, GB).
字节 (Byte)：8 位组成的组，通常是存储器最小的可寻址单元。存储大小以字节及其倍数（KB、MB、GB）计量。
Overflow: An error that occurs when the result of a binary addition exceeds the available number of bits, causing the most significant bit to be lost.
溢出：二进制加法结果超出可用位数时发生的错误，导致最高有效位丢失。
Hexadecimal: A base‑16 numbering system (0‑9, A‑F) used as a compact, human‑friendly representation of binary. One hex digit represents precisely 4 bits.
十六进制：基数为 16 的数字系统（0‑9, A‑F），用作二进制的简洁、人性化表示。一位十六进制数字精确表示 4 位。
7. Networks & Communication | 网络与通信
LAN (Local Area Network): A network covering a small geographical area (e.g., a school or office) that connects computers and devices, typically using Ethernet or Wi‑Fi for high‑speed data sharing.
LAN（局域网）：覆盖小地理区域（如学校或办公室）的网络，连接计算机和设备，通常通过以太网或 Wi‑Fi 实现高速数据共享。
IP Address: A unique numerical identifier assigned to each device on a network (IPv4 or IPv6) that allows it to communicate with other devices over the Internet.
IP 地址：分配给网络中每个设备的唯一数字标识（IPv4 或 IPv6），使其能够通过互联网与其他设备通信。
Router: A network device that forwards data packets between different networks, using IP addresses to determine the best path. It enables internet access in home networks.
路由器：在不同网络之间转发数据包的网络设备，使用 IP 地址确定最佳路径，使家庭网络可以接入互联网。
Protocol: A set of rules governing data communication, such as TCP/IP for reliable transmission, HTTP for web pages, and SMTP for email sending.
协议：管理数据通信的一套规则，如用于可靠传输的 TCP/IP、用于网页的 HTTP 和用于发送电子邮件的 SMTP。
8. Cybersecurity Threats | 网络安全威胁
Malware: Malicious software intentionally designed to harm or exploit a computer system. Common types include viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware.
恶意软件：故意设计用于损害或利用计算机系统的恶意软件，常见类型包括病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马和勒索软件。
Phishing: A social engineering attack where fraudulent emails or messages trick users into revealing sensitive information (e.g., passwords, credit card details) by imitating a trustworthy source.
网络钓鱼：一种社会工程攻击，欺诈性的电子邮件或消息假冒可信来源，诱骗用户泄露密码、信用卡信息等敏感数据。
Firewall: Hardware or software that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules, blocking unauthorised access while allowing legitimate communication.
防火墙：硬件或软件，根据预设安全规则监控进出网络流量，阻止未授权访问并允许合法通信。
Encryption: The process of converting plaintext data into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, ensuring that only authorised parties with the correct key can decipher and read it.
加密：使用算法和密钥将明文数据转换为密文的过程，确保只有持有正确密钥的授权方才能解密读取。
9. Databases | 数据库术语
Table: A structured collection of related data organised in rows (records) and columns (fields) within a database. Each table represents a distinct entity, e.g., Students.
表：数据库中以行（记录）和列（字段）组织的相关数据集合。每个表代表一个不同的实体，例如 Students 表。
Primary Key: A field whose value uniquely identifies each record in a table. No two records can share the same primary key, and it cannot be null.
主键：其值唯一标识表中每条记录的字段。两条记录不能共享相同的主键，且主键不能为空。
Foreign Key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key of another table, establishing a relationship and ensuring referential integrity between tables.
外键：一张表中引用另一张表主键的字段，用于建立表之间的关系并确保引用完整性。
SQL (Structured Query Language): A standardised language for managing and manipulating relational databases, used to insert, update, delete, and query data.
SQL（结构化查询语言）：管理和操作关系数据库的标准化语言，用于插入、更新、删除和查询数据。
10. Internet Technologies | 互联网技术
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A web address that specifies the location of a resource on the Internet, consisting of protocol (https://), domain name, and path.
URL（统一资源定位符）：指定互联网上资源位置的网址，由协议（https://）、域名和路径组成。
DNS (Domain Name System): A hierarchical naming system that translates human‑friendly domain names (e.g., http://www.aleveler.com) into machine‑readable IP addresses.
DNS（域名系统）：将人类友好的域名（如 http://www.aleveler.com）转换为机器可读的 IP 地址的分层命名系统。
Cloud Computing: Delivery of computing services—servers, storage, software—over the Internet (“the cloud”) on a pay‑as‑you‑go basis, enabling remote access and scalability.
云计算：通过互联网（”云”）按需交付计算服务（服务器、存储、软件），支持远程访问和弹性扩展。
HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The standard language for creating web pages, using tags to define structure, content, and hyperlinks within a website.
HTML（超文本标记语言）：创建网页的标准语言，使用标签定义网站的结构、内容和超链接。
11. Algorithm Design | 算法设计
Algorithm: A step‑by‑step set of instructions to solve a specific problem, characterised by finiteness, definiteness, input, output, and effectiveness.
算法：解决特定问题的一系列步骤指令，具有有穷性、确定性、输入、输出和有效性。
Pseudocode: A simplified, language‑independent notation used to represent algorithms using plain English and basic programming constructs, focusing on logic without syntax details.
伪代码：一种简化的、与语言无关的表示法，用类似英语的语句和基本编程结构来描述算法，注重逻辑而省略语法细节。
Linear Search: A simple search method that checks each element of a list in sequence until the target is found or the list ends. It works on unsorted data.
线性查找：一种简单的搜索方法，按顺序检查列表中的每个元素，直到找到目标或列表结束，适用于未排序数据。
Bubble Sort: A simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements, and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. It is often used to teach sorting logic.
冒泡排序：一种简单的排序算法，重复遍历列表，比较相邻元素并在顺序错误时交换它们，常用于教授排序逻辑。
12. Ethical & Legal Issues | 道德与法律问题
Data Protection: Legal principles ensuring that personal data is collected and processed fairly, used only for specified purposes, kept secure, and not transferred without adequate protection. Governed by laws such as GDPR/DPA.
数据保护：确保个人数据公平收集和处理、仅用于特定目的、安全保存且未经充分保护不得转移的法律原则，受 GDPR/DPA 等法律管辖。
Plagiarism: Presenting someone else’s work, ideas, or code as your own without proper acknowledgment, which is an ethical violation and often a breach of academic or professional rules.
抄袭：将他人的作品、想法或代码未经适当声明而呈现为自己的，属于道德违规并通常违反学术或职业规则。
Computer Misuse Act: UK legislation that criminalises unauthorised access to computer material, unauthorised access with intent to commit further offences, and unauthorised acts with intent to impair operation.
计算机滥用法：英国立法，将未经授权访问计算机资料、意图实施进一步犯罪的行为以及意图损害计算机运行的未经授权行为定为刑事犯罪。
Digital Divide: The gap between those who have access to modern information technology (internet, devices, digital skills) and those who do not, influenced by socioeconomic, geographical, and educational factors.
数字鸿沟：能够获取现代信息技术（互联网、设备、数字技能）的人群与无法获取的人群之间的差距，受社会经济、地理和教育因素影响。
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