Year 10 CIE Science: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 CIE 科学：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 10 CIE Science: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 CIE 科学：公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook brings together the essential formulae, theorems and key equations you will encounter in the Year 10 CIE Science curriculum, spanning Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Use it for rapid revision, homework support and exam preparation.

本速查手册汇集了 Year 10 CIE 科学课程中涉及的重要公式、定理和关键方程式，涵盖物理、化学和生物学科，供快速复习、作业辅助和备考使用。

1. Kinematics and Forces | 运动学与力

Average speed (v) is the total distance (s) travelled divided by the total time (t) taken.

平均速度 (v) 等于总距离 (s) 除以总时间 (t)。

v = s / t

Acceleration (a) is the change in velocity (v − u) divided by the time (t).

加速度 (a) 是速度变化量 (v − u) 除以时间 (t)。

a = (v − u) / t

Newton’s second law states that the net force (F) acting on an object is equal to its mass (m) multiplied by its acceleration (a).

牛顿第二定律指出，作用在物体上的合外力 (F) 等于质量 (m) 乘以加速度 (a)。

F = m × a

Momentum (p) is defined as the product of mass (m) and velocity (v). The principle of conservation of momentum applies to isolated systems.

动量 (p) 定义为质量 (m) 和速度 (v) 的乘积。动量守恒定律适用于孤立系统。

p = m × v

Weight (W) is the gravitational force on a mass (m) and equals mass times gravitational field strength (g). Near Earth’s surface g ≈ 9.8 N/kg.

重量 (W) 是作用在质量 (m) 上的重力，等于质量乘以引力场强度 (g)。在地球表面附近 g ≈ 9.8 N/kg。

W = m × g

Density (ρ) is mass (m) per unit volume (V).

密度 (ρ) 是单位体积 (V) 的质量 (m)。

ρ = m / V

2. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率

Work done (W) by a constant force (F) moving an object a distance (d) in the direction of the force is given by W = F × d.

恒力 (F) 沿力的方向移动物体距离 (d) 所做的功 (W) 由 W = F × d 给出。

W = F × d

Kinetic energy (E_k) of a moving object depends on mass (m) and speed (v).

运动物体的动能 (E_k) 取决于质量 (m) 和速度 (v)。

E_k = ½ × m × v²

Gravitational potential energy (E

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