📚 Year 10 Edexcel Biology: Rapid Glossary & Memorisation Guide | Edexcel 十年级生物：词汇术语速记指南
In Year 10 Edexcel Biology, mastering the key terminology is half the battle. This guide breaks down essential terms into bite-sized English–Chinese pairs with visual memorisation cues, helping you recall complex concepts faster. Whether you are preparing for end‑of‑topic tests or building a solid foundation for your GCSE, these explanations will turn tricky vocabulary into lasting knowledge.
在 Edexcel 十年级生物课程中，掌握关键术语是成功的一半。本指南将核心词汇拆解为中英配对，并配有视觉化的速记提示，帮助你更快地记忆复杂概念。无论是备战单元测验，还是为 GCSE 打好基础，这些解释都会把难记的词汇转化为长久的知识。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
Cells are the basic building blocks of life. In Edexcel Biology, you must distinguish between animal and plant cells, as well as specialised cells. An animal cell contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells have all of the above plus a cell wall, a large permanent vacuole and chloroplasts. Remember that the cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell, while the nucleus houses genetic material. Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. Ribosomes, which are very small, carry out protein synthesis. The cell wall, made of cellulose, gives plant cells structural support, and chloroplasts absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
细胞是生命的基本单位。在 Edexcel 生物中，你必须区分动物细胞和植物细胞，以及特化细胞。动物细胞含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。植物细胞除了以上结构，还有细胞壁、一个大型中央液泡和叶绿体。记住：细胞膜控制物质进出，细胞核储存遗传物质。线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。体积很小的核糖体负责蛋白质合成。由纤维素构成的细胞壁提供结构支撑，叶绿体吸收光能进行光合作用。
| Organelle | 细胞器 | Function / 功能 | Memory Trick / 速记法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | 细胞核 | Contains DNA; controls cell activities | ‘Nucleus’ sounds like ‘new clue’ – the control centre gives instructions. |
| Mitochondria | 线粒体 | Site of aerobic respiration; release energy | Think ‘mighty’ mitochondria – the power‑houses. |
| Ribosomes | 核糖体 | Protein synthesis | ‘Ribo’ rhymes with ‘libro’ (book) – reading the mRNA recipe to make proteins. |
| Chloroplasts | 叶绿体 | Absorb light energy for photosynthesis | ‘Chloro’ = green (chlorophyll). Think ‘green solar panels’. |
2. Transport Across Membranes | 跨膜运输
Substances move into and out of cells by diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is a passive process, meaning no cellular energy is required. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move by diffusion during gas exchange. Osmosis is a special case – the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution). Think of water ‘following the salt’ because dissolved solutes lower water potential. Active transport, by contrast, moves substances against the concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) and requires energy from respiration. Carrier proteins in the membrane perform this work.
物质通过扩散、渗透和主动运输进出细胞。扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动，沿着浓度梯度进行。这一被动过程不需要细胞能量。氧气和二氧化碳在气体交换时依靠扩散。渗透是扩散的一种特殊情况——水分子通过部分通透膜从水势较高的区域（稀溶液）向水势较低的区域（浓溶液）扩散。可以想象水“跟着盐走”，因为溶解的溶质降低了水势。与此相反，主动运输逆浓度梯度（从低浓度到高浓度）运输物质，需要呼吸作用提供能量。细胞膜上的载体蛋白完成这项工作。
- Diffusion / 扩散 – Passive, high to low concentration. Key examples: O₂ into blood, CO₂ out of leaves.
- Osmosis / 渗透 – Water across a partially permeable membrane. Keyword: water potential.
- Active transport / 主动运输 – Low to high concentration; requires ATP and carrier proteins.
速记口诀： 扩散顺梯不耗能，渗透专管水分子，主动逆梯需ATP。
3. Enzymes | 酶
Enzymes are biological catalysts – they speed up chemical reactions without being used up. They are proteins with a specific active site complementary to the shape of their substrate. The lock‑and‑key model describes how only the correct substrate fits into the active site, forming an enzyme‑substrate complex. Each enzyme has an optimum pH and temperature. If the temperature gets too high, the enzyme denatures – its active site changes shape permanently, and it can no longer bind the substrate. In Edexcel Biology, you will also look at how enzymes are used in digestion, such as amylase breaking down starch, protease acting on proteins, and lipase digesting lipids. Remember: enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.
酶是生物催化剂——它们加速化学反应而自身不被消耗。酶是具有特定活性位点的蛋白质，活性位点的形状与底物互补。锁钥模型描述只有正确的底物才能嵌入活性位点，形成酶‑底物复合物。每种酶都有最适pH和最适温度。如果温度过高，酶会变性——活性位点形状永久改变，无法再与底物结合。在Edexcel生物中，你还会研究酶在消化过程中的作用，例如淀粉酶分解淀粉、蛋白酶作用于蛋白质、脂肪酶消化脂质。记住：酶降低了反应的活化能。
Substrate + Enzyme → Enzyme‑Substrate Complex → Enzyme + Products
底物 + 酶 → 酶‑底物复合物 → 酶 + 产物
4. Digestion and Absorption | 消化与吸收
Digestion breaks large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. The main organs of the digestive system are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas and gall bladder. Mechanical digestion (chewing, churning) increases the surface area for enzymes. Chemical digestion uses enzymes: amylase in saliva breaks down starch into maltose; pepsin (a protease) works in the acidic stomach to begin protein digestion; in the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes and bile finish the process. Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fats – it turns large lipid droplets into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for lipase action. The villi in the small intestine are finger‑like projections that increase the surface area for absorption. Glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the blood capillaries; fatty acids and glycerol enter the lacteals of the lymphatic system.
消化将大的、不溶的食物分子分解为小的、可溶的分子，以便被吸收进入血液。消化系统的主要器官包括口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、肝脏、胰腺和胆囊。物理消化（咀嚼、搅拌）增大了酶作用的表面积。化学消化利用酶：唾液中的淀粉酶将淀粉分解为麦芽糖；胃蛋白酶（一种蛋白酶）在胃的酸性环境中开始消化蛋白质；在小肠内，胰酶和胆汁完成消化。由肝脏产生、储存在胆囊中的胆汁能乳化脂肪——把大的脂肪滴变成较小的脂肪滴，增大了脂肪酶作用的表面积。小肠内的绒毛是指状突起，增大了吸收面积。葡萄糖和氨基酸被吸收进入毛细血管；脂肪酸和甘油进入淋巴系统的乳糜管。
| Enzyme / 酶 | Where? / 作用部位 | Substrate / 底物 | Products / 产物 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amylase | Mouth, small intestine | Starch | Maltose |
| Protease (pepsin, trypsin) | Stomach, small intestine | Protein | Amino acids |
| Lipase | Small intestine | Lipids (fats) | Fatty acids + glycerol |
5. The Circulatory System | 循环系统
The human circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. It is a double circulatory system – one circuit pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation), and the other pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation). The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle. Veins carry blood towards the heart; arteries carry blood away from the heart; capillaries are tiny vessels where exchanges of gases and nutrients occur. The hepatic portal vein delivers blood from the gut to the liver. Red blood cells, lacking a nucleus, are packed with haemoglobin, a red pigment that binds oxygen. White blood cells fight infection. Platelets help blood clot. Plasma transports dissolved substances, including carbon dioxide, urea, glucose and hormones. Pacemaker cells in the right atrium control heart rate.
人体循环系统由心脏、血管和血液组成。它属于双循环系统——一条回路将缺氧血泵送到肺部（肺循环），另一条将富氧血泵送到全身（体循环）。心脏有四个腔室：右心房、右心室、左心房和左心室。静脉将血液送回心脏；动脉将血液带离心脏；毛细血管是发生气体和营养物质交换的微小血管。肝门静脉将血液从肠道输送到肝脏。红细胞没有细胞核，充满血红蛋白——一种结合氧气的红色色素。白细胞抵御感染。血小板帮助血液凝固。血浆运输溶解的物质，包括二氧化碳、尿素、葡萄糖和激素。右心房的起搏细胞控制心率。
- Artery / 动脉 – Thick, muscular, elastic wall; carries blood away from heart (usually oxygenated).
- Vein / 静脉 – Thinner wall, wider lumen, has valves; carries blood towards heart (usually deoxygenated).
- Capillary / 毛细血管 – One‑cell‑thick wall for exchange; connects arteries and veins.
6. The Respiratory System | 呼吸系统
The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange – bringing oxygen into the blood and removing carbon dioxide. Air enters through the trachea (windpipe), which splits into two bronchi (singular: bronchus), each leading to a lung. Bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles, ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli. Alveoli have very thin walls (one cell thick), a large total surface area, a moist surface and a dense network of capillaries. These adaptations make diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide extremely efficient. Intercostal muscles and the diaphragm work together to change the volume and pressure of the thoracic cavity, causing ventilation (breathing). Inhaling: diaphragm contracts, moves down; intercostal muscles contract, rib cage moves up and out; volume increases, pressure drops, air rushes in. Exhaling is largely passive: muscles relax, volume decreases, pressure increases, air is forced out.
呼吸系统负责气体交换——向血液提供氧气并排出二氧化碳。空气通过气管进入，气管分为两支支气管，分别通向左右肺。支气管继续分支为更细的细支气管，末端是称为肺泡的微小气囊。肺泡具有极薄的壁（单细胞厚度），总表面积很大，表面湿润，并密布毛细血管网。这些适应特征使氧气和二氧化碳的扩散极为高效。肋间肌和膈肌协调作用，改变胸腔的容积和压力，从而引起通气（呼吸）。吸气时：膈肌收缩下移，肋间肌收缩使肋骨上提外扩，胸腔容积增大，压力降低，空气涌入。呼气则主要是被动的：肌肉放松，容积减小，压力升高，空气被挤出。
速记技巧： Alveoli – think ‘grape‑like clusters’ with huge surface area for gas exchange. 肺泡像一串葡萄，每个“葡萄”提供巨大的交换面积。
7. Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The word equation is: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll. The balanced chemical symbol equation is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. This takes place in the chloroplasts, mainly in the palisade mesophyll cells of leaves. Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature all affect the rate of photosynthesis. In Edexcel Biology, you need to interpret graphs showing how these limiting factors interact. Remember that glucose is used for respiration, converted into starch for storage, used to make cellulose for cell walls, and combined with nitrates to form amino acids for protein synthesis.
光合作用是绿色植物和其他一些生物利用光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。文字方程式为：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，需叶绿素和光。平衡的化学符号方程式为 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。该过程发生在叶绿体中，主要在叶片的栅栏组织细胞里。光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度都会影响光合作用的速率。在Edexcel生物考试中，你需要解读显示这些限制因子相互作用的曲线图。记住，葡萄糖用于呼吸作用，或转化为淀粉储存，或用来制造细胞壁的纤维素，还可与硝酸盐结合形成氨基酸，用于蛋白质合成。
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
8. Genetics and Inheritance Vocabulary | 遗传学与遗传术语
Genetics has its own language: genes, alleles, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype and genotype. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Alleles are different versions of the same gene. In a pair of alleles, a dominant allele (represented by a capital letter, e.g. A) will mask the effect of a recessive allele (lowercase, e.g. a). Homozygous means the organism has two identical alleles for a trait (AA or aa); heterozygous means two different alleles (Aa). Genotype refers to the combination of alleles; phenotype is the physical expression of the genotype. The inheritance of sex is determined by the XX / XY system: females have two X chromosomes (XX), males have one X and one Y (XY). Punnett squares help predict the probability of offspring inheriting a particular trait.
遗传学有自己的一套语言：基因、等位基因、显性、隐性、纯合子、杂合子、表型和基因型。基因是编码特定蛋白质的一段DNA。等位基因是同一基因的不同版本。在一对等位基因中，显性等位基因（用大写字母表示，如A）会掩盖隐性等位基因（小写字母，如a）的效应。纯合子指生物体在某个性状上带有两个相同的等位基因（AA或aa）；杂合子则带有两个不同的等位基因（Aa）。基因型指等位基因的组合；表型是基因型的物理呈现。性别的遗传由XX/XY系统决定：女性有两个X染色体（XX），男性有一个X和一个Y（XY）。庞纳特方格帮助我们预测后代继承某一特定性状的概率。
| Term | 术语 | Meaning / 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| Gene | 基因 | A DNA segment coding for a protein |
| Allele | 等位基因 | Alternative form of a gene |
| Dominant | 显性 | Masks recessive allele; capital letter (A) |
| Recessive | 隐性 | Masked by dominant; shows in two copies (aa) |
| Homozygous | 纯合子 | Identical alleles (AA or aa) |
| Heterozygous | 杂合子 | Different alleles (Aa) |
9. Ecology Keywords | 生态学术语
Ecology terms can feel abstract, but they follow logical patterns. A habitat is the place where an organism lives. A population is all the individuals of one species in a habitat. A community includes all the populations of different species living in the same area. An ecosystem is the interaction of a community with the abiotic (non‑living) parts of the environment. Producers (plants and algae) make their own food by photosynthesis. Consumers eat other organisms; primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and so on. Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead material, recycling nutrients. A food chain shows the flow of energy, e.g. grass → rabbit → fox. Food webs are interconnected food chains. Biodiversity is the variety of living organisms in an area. Pollution, deforestation and climate change can reduce biodiversity.
生态学术语有时显得抽象，但它们遵循逻辑模式。栖息地是生物生活的地方。种群是指某一栖息地内同一物种的所有个体。群落包括生活在同一区域的不同物种的所有种群。生态系统是群落与其环境中的非生物部分相互作用的总和。生产者（植物和藻类）通过光合作用制造自身食物。消费者取食其他生物：初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者，依此类推。分解者（细菌和真菌）分解死去的物质，重新利用养分。食物链表示能量的流动，例如草→兔→狐。食物网是相互连接的食物链。生物多样性指某一地区生物的多样性。污染、森林砍伐和气候变化会降低生物多样性。
- Abiotic factors / 非生物因子 – Light, temperature, water, pH, minerals.
- Biotic factors / 生物因子 – Competition, predation, disease, food availability.
- Pyramid of numbers / 数量金字塔 – Shows the count of organisms at each trophic level.
10. The Nervous System and Homeostasis | 神经系统与稳态
The nervous system enables rapid responses to stimuli. A reflex arc is the pathway taken by a nerve impulse in an automatic, involuntary response. The pathway: stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone (in the spinal cord) → motor neurone → effector (muscle or gland). This bypasses the brain to save time, which is why you pull your hand away from a hot object before you feel pain. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment. Key examples include the control of body temperature and blood glucose levels. Insulin and glucagon, produced by the pancreas, regulate blood sugar – insulin lowers blood glucose (by encouraging cells to take up glucose and converting it to glycogen in the liver), while glucagon raises it (by converting glycogen back to glucose). Negative feedback loops keep these levels within a narrow range.
神经系统能对刺激做出快速反应。反射弧是自发、非随意反应中神经冲动传递的路径。路径为：刺激 → 感受器 → 感觉神经元 → 联络神经元（脊髓内） → 运动神经元 → 效应器（肌肉或腺体）。此路径绕开了大脑以节省时间，这就是为什么手碰到烫的物体时会先缩回才感到疼痛。稳态是指维持稳定的内部环境。重要例子包括体温调节和血糖浓度调控。由胰腺产生的胰岛素和胰高血糖素调节血糖——胰岛素降低血糖（通过促进细胞摄取葡萄糖并在肝脏转化为糖原），胰高血糖素则升高血糖（通过将糖原分解为葡萄糖）。负反馈回路将这些水平维持在一个狭窄范围内。
Reflex arc mnemonic: ‘Sir, Stop Running!’ – Sensory, Spinal (relay), Motor. 中文口诀：‘感传运’——感受器→传入神经→中枢（脊髓）→传出神经→效应器。
11. Disease and Immunity | 疾病与免疫
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease; these include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists. Bacteria produce toxins that damage cells; viruses invade and take over host cells. The body defends itself with physical barriers (skin, mucus), chemical barriers (stomach acid, lysozyme in tears) and the immune system. White blood cells called lymphocytes produce antibodies – specific proteins that bind to antigens on the pathogen, marking them for destruction. Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens. Vaccination introduces a harmless form of the pathogen, stimulating the production of memory lymphocytes. This ensures a faster, stronger response upon later exposure. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, kill bacteria but are ineffective against viruses. Remember antibiotic resistance is a growing problem; completing the full course reduces the risk of resistant strains surviving.
病原体是引起传染病的微生物，包括细菌、病毒、真菌和原生生物。细菌产生损害细胞的毒素；病毒侵入并接管宿主细胞。身体通过物理屏障（皮肤、黏液）、化学屏障（胃酸、泪液中的溶菌酶）和免疫系统进行防御。称为淋巴细胞的某种白细胞产生抗体——这些特异性蛋白与病原体表面的抗原结合，标记它们以供销毁。吞噬细胞则吞噬并消化病原体。疫苗接种引入无害形式的病原体，刺激记忆淋巴细胞的生成，确保再次接触时产生更快更强的反应。抗生素（如青霉素）能杀死细菌，但对病毒无效。请记住抗生素耐药性是一个日益严重的问题；按完整疗程服药可降低耐药菌株存活的风险。
12. Exam Tips for Terminology Recall | 术语回忆的考试技巧
When faced with an Edexcel Biology question, first identify the command word (e.g. ‘describe’, ‘explain’, ‘compare’). Read the question carefully to pick out the required key terms. Always define a scientific term if you use it – this demonstrates understanding. Use flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese + definition on the other. Mnemonics work wonderfully: for example, MRS GREN to remember the seven life processes (Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition). Practise drawing and labelling diagrams. In longer‑answer questions, link vocabulary to processes: ‘Osmosis is the net movement of water from a high water potential to a low water potential across a partially permeable membrane.’ The more you actively use these terms in context, the stronger your memory will become.
面对Edexcel生物考题时，首先识别指令词（如“描述”、“解释”、“比较”）。仔细读题，找出所需的关键术语。如果用到了某个科学术语，一定要对它下定义——这能展示你的理解。准备记忆闪卡，一面写英文，另一面写中文及定义。巧用助记法：例如MRS GREN记住七大生命过程（运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄、营养）。勤于画图并标注。在较长的解答题中，把术语与过程联系起来：“渗透是水分子从水势较高的区域通过部分通透膜向水势较低的区域净移动。”你在具体情境中主动使用这些术语越多，记得就越牢。
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