Year 10 Edexcel Engineering: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 工程：关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 Edexcel Engineering: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Edexcel 工程：关键术语速记指南

Mastering engineering vocabulary can feel overwhelming, but breaking it down topic by topic makes a huge difference. This guide covers the essential terms you need for Year 10 Edexcel Engineering, grouped into logical themes with simple explanations and memory tricks. Use the paired English and Chinese definitions to strengthen both your understanding and your ability to express concepts clearly in exams. Active recall and linking terms to real-world applications will help you commit them to long-term memory.

掌握工程词汇可能会让人感到不知所措，但按主题分解能让学习变得轻松。本指南涵盖了 Year 10 Edexcel 工程所需的关键术语，按照逻辑主题分组，配有简单的解释和记忆技巧。利用配对的中英文释义，既能加深理解，也能提升你在考试中清晰表达概念的能力。主动回忆并将术语与现实应用联系起来，会帮助你将其牢牢记住。

1. Materials Terminology | 材料术语

Engineers select materials based on their properties. Knowing these core terms helps you describe why a material might suit a car body, a bridge, or a smartphone case. Focus on how each property relates to the material’s response under force or heat.

工程师根据材料特性进行选材。掌握这些核心术语，你就能描述为什么某种材料适合汽车车身、桥梁或手机壳。重点理解每种特性如何反映材料在受力或受热时的表现。

Tensile strength: The maximum stress a material can withstand when being pulled before it breaks. Imagine a rope in a tug-of-war snapping when the force becomes too great.

抗拉强度： 材料在拉伸时断裂前所能承受的最大应力。想象拔河时绳子因拉力过大而断裂的情景。

Hardness: A material’s resistance to indentation, scratching, or surface wear. Think of a diamond scratching glass – the diamond is much harder.

硬度： 材料抵抗压痕、刮擦或表面磨损的能力。想象金刚石划伤玻璃——金刚石就硬得多。

Toughness: The ability to absorb energy without fracturing. A rubber tyre can deform and spring back without cracking; a ceramic plate shatters if dropped, so it has low toughness.

韧性： 材料在断裂前吸收能量的能力。橡胶轮胎可以变形并弹回而不开裂；陶瓷盘子一摔就碎，所以它的韧性极低。

Ductility: The capacity to be stretched into a wire without breaking. Copper is highly ductile, which is why it is drawn into electrical wires.

延展性（塑性）： 材料被拉制成丝而不发生断裂的能力。铜延展性极好，因此能被拉制成电线。

Elasticity: The property that allows a material to return to its original shape after a load is removed. A spring stores energy elastically and then recovers its shape.

弹性： 材料在载荷取消后恢复原始形状的特性。弹簧弹性储存能量，然后恢复原形。

Plasticity: The ability to undergo permanent deformation without cracking. When you dent a metal panel, its plasticity allows the shape change to remain.

塑性： 材料在不破裂的情况下发生永久变形的能力。如果你在金属板上按出一个凹痕，其塑性使得变形得以保留。

Memory trick: HARD TEC – Hardness, Abrasion resistance, Resilience, Ductility, Toughness, Elasticity, Conductivity (thermal/electrical). Add your own letters!

记忆法：HARD TEC（硬度、耐磨性、回弹、延展性、韧性、弹性、传导性）自己再扩展！

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2. Forces & Mechanics | 力与力学基础

Understanding force, stress and strain is critical for structural design. These definitions link simple push-pull ideas to measurable quantities engineers use to prevent failure.

理解力、应力与应变对结构设计至关重要。这些定义将简单的推拉概念与工程师用来避免失效的可测量量联系起来。

Load: An external force applied to a structure or component. A bookshelf bears the load of books.

载荷： 施加在结构或部件上的外力。书架承受着书本的载荷。

Stress (σ): The internal force per unit area within a material. It is calculated by dividing the applied force by the cross-sectional area over which it acts.

应力（σ）： 材料内部单位面积上的内力。计算为作用力除以受力面积。

Stress = Force / Area (σ = F / A)

应力 = 力 / 面积 (σ = F / A)

Strain (ε): The deformation produced by stress; measured as the change in length divided by the original length. It has no units.

应变（ε）： 由应力引起的变形；计算为长度变化量除以原始长度，没有单位。

Strain = Change in length / Original length (ε = ΔL / L₀)

应变 = 长度变化量 / 原始长度 (ε = ΔL / L₀)

Young’s Modulus (E): A measure of stiffness; the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region. A high value means the material is hard to stretch.

杨氏模量（E）： 衡量刚度的指标，为弹性阶段内应力与应变之比。数值越高，材料越难被拉伸。

Factor of Safety: A design margin: the ratio of the maximum stress a material can handle to the stress it is designed to carry. Bridges use factors of safety to handle unexpected loads.

安全系数： 设计裕度，即材料所能承受的最大应力与设计使用应力之比。桥梁使用安全系数来应对意外载荷。

Memory aid: Stress causes Strain – imagine pulling a rubber band, the stress (your pull) causes strain (the stretch).

助记：应力导致应变——想象拉橡皮筋，应力（你的拉力）引起应变（伸长）。

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3. Electronic Components | 电子元件

Modern engineering relies heavily on electronic control. Memorising component names, symbols and functions will help you read circuit diagrams and explain how systems work.

现代工程高度依赖电子控制。记住元件名称、符号和功能，将有助于你阅读电路图并解释系统如何工作。

Resistor: A component that limits electric current flow. Measured in ohms (Ω). Resistors are used to protect LEDs from burning out.

电阻器： 限制电流流动的元件，以欧姆（Ω）为单位。电阻器常用于保护LED不被烧坏。

Capacitor: Stores electrical charge temporarily. Measured in farads (F). It can smooth out voltage spikes in a power supply.

电容器： 临时存储电荷的元件，以法拉（F）为单位。它可以平滑电源中的电压尖峰。

Diode: Allows current to flow in one direction only (forward bias). Often used for rectification, converting AC to DC.

二极管： 只允许电流单向流动（正向偏置）。常用于整流，将交流电转换为直流电。

LED (Light Emitting Diode): A diode that emits light when current passes through. Efficient indicator light.

发光二极管（LED）： 当电流通过时会发光的二极管。是一种高效的指示灯。

Transistor: A semiconductor device used to switch or amplify electronic signals. The fundamental building block of modern processors.

晶体管： 用于开关或放大电子信号的半导体器件，是现代处理器的基本构建块。

Ohm’s Law: States that voltage (V) equals current (I) multiplied by resistance (R). Use the triangle: cover the quantity you need to find.

欧姆定律： 电压（V）等于电流（I）乘以电阻（R）。使用三角助记图：遮盖你需要求的量，就能看到公式。

V = I × R

V = I × R

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4. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺

Different processes shape materials into final parts. Remembering whether a technique adds material, removes material or reshapes it will help you choose the right method for a given design.

不同的工艺将材料加工成最终零件。记住一项技术是增材、减材还是变形处理，会帮助你为特定设计选择正确的方法。

Casting: Molten material is poured into a mould and solidifies. Suitable for complex shapes such as engine blocks.

铸造： 将熔融材料浇入模具中冷却凝固。适用于发动机缸体等复杂形状。

Forging: Metal is shaped by compressive forces, often while hot. Forged parts are tough and used for crankshafts.

锻造： 金属在压力下成形，常在热态下进行。锻造件韧性好，用于曲轴等零件。

Milling: A rotating cutting tool removes material from a workpiece. Ideal for flat surfaces and slots.

铣削： 旋转刀具从工件上去除材料。适合加工平面和槽口。

Turning (lathe work): The workpiece rotates while a stationary cutting tool removes material. Used to create cylindrical parts.

车削（车床加工）： 工件旋转，固定刀具去除材料，用于制造圆柱形零件。

Welding: Joins two metal pieces by melting the edges and adding filler material. Produces strong permanent joints.

焊接： 通过熔化边缘并添加填充材料来连接两块金属，形成牢固的永久接头。

3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing): Builds parts layer by layer from a digital file. Excellent for prototypes and complex internal geometries.

3D打印（增材制造）： 根据数字文件逐层构建零件。非常适合原型制作和复杂的内部几何结构。

Memory hook: Chefs Make Tasty Waffles (Casting, Milling, Turning, Welding).

记忆联想：厨师做美味华夫饼（铸造、铣削、车削、焊接）。

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5. Engineering Drawings & Symbols | 工程图纸与符号

Drawings are the language of engineering. Recognising orthographic views, line types and dimensioning symbols ensures clear communication between designers and manufacturers.

图纸是工程的语言。识别正投影视图、线型和尺寸标注符号，能保证设计者与制造者之间的清晰沟通。

Orthographic Projection: A method of representing a 3D object using 2D views (typically front, top, and side). Each view shows the object without perspective distortion.

正投影： 用二维视图（通常为前视、俯视和侧视）表现三维物体的方法，每个视图无透视变形。

Isometric Drawing: A 3D pictorial drawing where the three axes are equally inclined. It gives a realistic view while preserving dimensions.

等轴测图： 一种三维示意图，三条坐标轴等角度倾斜，在保持尺寸比例的同时提供逼真的外观。

Dimensioning: Adding numerical measurements and extension lines to a drawing. Always state the length, width, height or diameter clearly.

尺寸标注： 在图纸上添加数值测量和引出线，明确标注长度、宽度、高度或直径。

Title Block: The information box on a drawing containing the title, scale, material, date, and drafter’s name.

标题栏： 图纸上的信息框，包含图名、比例、材料、日期及绘图者姓名。

Surface Finish Symbol: A symbol that specifies the required roughness or smoothness of a machined surface.

表面粗糙度符号： 指定加工表面所需粗糙度或光滑度的符号。

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6. Measurement & Tolerance | 测量与公差

No part can be manufactured exactly to a nominal size. Tolerances define the permissible range of variation. Accurate measurement tools and clear tolerance specifications prevent assembly failures.

没有零件能完全按照公称尺寸制造出来。公差定义了允许的变化范围。精确的测量工具和明确的公差规范能防止装配失败。

Accuracy: How close a measured value is to the true value. A digital caliper that reads 10.00 mm for a 10.00 mm gauge block is accurate.

准确度： 测量值接近真实值的程度。一把数显卡尺测量10.00毫米量块时读数为10.00毫米，就是准确的。

Precision: The repeatability of measurements, irrespective of accuracy. A micrometer may give the same reading every time, even if wrong.

精密度： 测量结果的可重复性，与准确度无关。千分尺可能每次都给出相同读数，即使数值有误。

Tolerance: The total amount a dimension is allowed to vary. Written as basic size plus/minus a deviation, e.g. 20.00 ± 0.05 mm.

公差： 尺寸允许变动的总量，写作基本尺寸加上/减去偏差，如 20.00 ± 0.05 mm。

Clearance Fit: A fit where the hole is always larger than the shaft, allowing free movement. Used in hinges.

间隙配合： 孔的尺寸始终大于轴的尺寸，允许自由运动，用于铰链等。

Interference Fit: The hole is smaller than the shaft, requiring force or heat to assemble. Creates a tight, rigid joint.

过盈配合： 孔的尺寸小于轴的尺寸，需要借助压力或加热才能装配，形成紧固的刚性连接。

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7. Structural Systems | 结构系统

From bridges to buildings, structures use simple elements like beams and columns. Memorising how forces act on these members will let you analyse why some shapes are more efficient than others.

从桥梁到建筑，结构都采用梁、柱等简单元件。记住力如何作用于这些构件，你就能分析为何某些形状更加高效。

Beam: A horizontal structural member that resists loads applied perpendicular to its length. It experiences bending.

梁： 承受垂直于自身长度方向载荷的水平结构构件，会发生弯曲。

Column: A vertical member designed to carry compressive loads. Slender columns can buckle under excessive compression.

柱： 承担压缩载荷的竖直构件。细长柱在过大的压力下可能发生屈曲。

Truss: A framework of triangles that distributes load efficiently. Trusses are used in roofs and bridges to maximise strength-to-weight ratio.

桁架： 由三角形构成的框架，能高效分布载荷。桁架用于屋架和桥梁，以获得较高的强度重量比。

Tension: A pulling force that tries to lengthen a member. Cables in a suspension bridge are in tension.

拉力： 试图拉长构件的力。悬索桥的缆索处于受拉状态。

Compression: A pushing force that shortens a member. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.

压力： 使构件缩短的推力。混凝土抗压能力强但抗拉能力弱。

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8. Energy & Power | 能源与动力

Engineering systems transform energy from one form to another. Understanding work, power and efficiency helps you evaluate mechanical and electrical systems quantitatively.

工程系统将能量从一种形式转换为另一种。理解功、功率和效率，有助于你定量评价机械与电气系统。

Work: Done when a force moves an object. Measured in joules (J). Work = Force × distance moved in the direction of the force.

功： 力使物体移动时所做的功，单位为焦耳（J）。功 = 力 × 在力的方向上移动的距离。

Work (W) = F × d

功 (W) = F × d

Power: The rate of doing work, measured in watts (W). Power = Work / time. A motor with higher power can do the same work faster.

功率： 做功的速率，单位为瓦特（W）。功率 = 功 / 时间。功率更高的电机可以更快完成同样的功。

Efficiency: The ratio of useful output energy (or power) to total input, expressed as a percentage. No system is 100% efficient due to friction and heat losses.

效率： 有用输出能量（或功率）与总输入之比，以百分比表示。由于摩擦和散热，没有系统能达到100%的效率。

Efficiency = (Useful energy output / Total energy input) × 100%

效率 = (有用能量输出 / 总能量输入) × 100%

Renewable Energy: Energy from sources that naturally replenish, such as solar, wind, hydro and wave. Essential for sustainable engineering.

可再生能源： 来自太阳能、风能、水能和波浪能等自然再生的能源，对可持续工程至关重要。

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9. Control Systems | 控制系统

Many modern devices operate automatically using control loops. Familiarity with open-loop and closed-loop concepts helps you design and troubleshoot automated machinery.

许多现代设备借助控制回路自动运行。熟悉开环和闭环概念有助于你设计和调试自动化机器。

Input: The signal or data fed into a system, e.g. a temperature setting on a thermostat.

输入： 送入系统的信号或数据，例如恒温器上的温度设定值。

Process: The action the system performs based on the input, such as heating a room.

处理： 系统根据输入执行的动作，比如加热房间。

Output: The result produced by the system, e.g. the actual room temperature.

输出： 系统产生的结果，比如实际室温。

Feedback: Information about the output returned to adjust the input. Negative feedback reduces error.

反馈： 将输出信息返回以调整输入

Published by TutorHao | Year 10 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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