📚 Year 10 OCR German: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 OCR 德语:公式定理速查手册
German grammar can feel like a complex equation, but behind the endings and word order are clear, repeatable patterns — formulas, if you like. This handbook gathers the key “theorems” that every Year 10 OCR German student needs: from present tense conjugation to adjective endings, presented as quick-reference rules with tables and examples. Keep it at hand when working through past papers or writing exercises, and let the patterns do the heavy lifting.
德语语法有时像复杂的方程式,但在各种词尾和语序背后,存在着清晰、可重复的模式——不妨称之为公式。本手册收集了每位 Year 10 OCR 德语学生都需要掌握的核心“定理”:从现在时变位到形容词词尾,均以速查规则、表格和例题形式呈现。做真题或写作练习时把它放在手边,让这些模式帮你省力。
1. Present Tense Conjugation Formula | 现在时变位公式
For regular verbs, the formula is simple: stem + personal ending. Take the infinitive, remove -en (or -n), and attach the following endings. The verb spielen (to play) follows this pattern exactly.
对于规则动词,公式很简单:词干 + 人称词尾。去掉不定式的 -en(或 -n),加上下列词尾。动词 spielen(玩)完全遵循此模式。
| Person | Ending | spielen |
|---|---|---|
| ich | -e | spiele |
| du | -st | spielst |
| er/sie/es | -t | spielt |
| wir | -en | spielen |
| ihr | -t | spielt |
| sie/Sie | -en | spielen |
Some strong verbs change the stem vowel in the du and er/sie/es forms: a → ä, e → i or ie, etc. For example, fahren (to drive) becomes du fährst, er fährt. Treat these as “irregular coefficients” to memorise.
部分强变化动词在 du 和 er/sie/es 的人称中会改变词干元音:a → ä、e → i 或 ie 等。例如 fahren(驾驶)变成 du fährst、er fährt。可将这些视为需要记忆的“不规则系数”。
2. Perfect Tense Formula | 现在完成时公式
The perfect tense is built by combining a conjugated form of haben or sein with the past participle. The word order rule: auxiliary verb in second position, participle at the end. Past participle formation: regular verbs = ge- + stem + -t (e.g. ge-spiel-t). Irregular verbs often use ge- + changed stem + -en (e.g. ge-gang-en). Verbs with inseparable prefixes omit ge-; separable prefixes wrap around ge- (e.g. auf-ge-macht).
现在完成时由 haben 或 sein 的变位形式加上第二分词构成。语序规则:助动词在句子第二位,分词在句末。第二分词构成:规则动词 = ge- + 词干 + -t(如 ge-spiel-t)。不规则动词常使用 ge- + 改变后的词干 + -en(如 ge-gang-en)。不可分前缀动词省略 ge-;可分前缀将 ge- 包在中间(如 auf-ge-macht)。
The choice between haben and sein follows a clear theorem: use sein for verbs of movement from A to B, or a change of state; otherwise use haben. Ich bin gegangen (I went), Er ist aufgewacht (He woke up), but Ich habe gegessen (I ate).
haben 与 sein 的选择遵循明确的定理:表示从 A 到 B 的移动或状态变化的动词用 sein;其余情况用 haben。Ich bin gegangen(我走了),Er ist aufgewacht(他醒了),而 Ich habe gegessen(我吃了)。
3. Modal Verb Framework | 情态动词框架
Modal verbs (müssen, können, dürfen, sollen, wollen, mögen) have their own conjugation patterns, especially in the singular. The formula for a modal sentence: modal verb (conjugated, position 2) + infinitive (at the end). The infinitive is always the full verb without zu.
情态动词(müssen, können, dürfen, sollen, wollen, mögen)有自己的变位模式,尤其在单数人称中。情态动词句子的公式:情态动词(变位,位于第二位)+ 动词不定式(句末)。不定式总是不带 zu 的完整动词。
| Infinitive | ich | du | er/sie/es | wir | ihr | sie/Sie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| müssen | muss | musst | muss | müssen | müsst | müssen |
| können | kann | kannst | kann | können | könnt | können |
| dürfen | darf | darfst | darf | dürfen | dürft | dürfen |
Example: Ich muss meine Hausaufgaben machen. (I must do my homework.) Notice how muss holds position 2, and machen sits at the end. This bracket structure is a fundamental German word-order theorem.
例句:Ich muss meine Hausaufgaben machen.(我必须做作业。)注意 muss 占据第二位,machen 位于句末。这种框架结构是德语语序的基本定理。
4. The Case System Theorem | 格系统定理
German articles and pronouns change form according to four cases. The definite article formula can be seen as a set of fixed endings attached to d- (or similar). Here is the master table for definite articles:
德语的冠词和代词根据四个格改变形式。定冠词公式可视为附加在 d-(或类似形式)上的一套固定词尾。下面是定冠词总表:
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | der | die | das | die |
| Accusative | den | die | das | die |
| Dative | dem | der | dem | den (+n on noun) |
| Genitive | des (+s on noun) | der | des (+s) | der |
Think of the case system as a function: input = noun’s gender, number and role; output = correct article form. Mastering this theorem is essential for all further grammar.
将格的系统看作一个函数:输入 = 名词的性、数及角色;输出 = 正确的冠词形式。掌握这条定理对后续所有语法都至关重要。
5. Adjective Ending Algorithm | 形容词词尾算法
The adjective ending depends on three variables: the article type (definite, indefinite, no article), the case, and the gender/number. This decision tree works like an algorithm.
形容词词尾取决于三个变量:冠词类型(定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词)、格以及性/数。这个决策树就像一套算法。
- After definite article (der/die/das etc.): the ending is -e for nominative singular all genders and accusative feminine/neuter; -en for all plurals, dative, genitive, and accusative masculine. So most ends are -en except five “base” slots.
- 定冠词之后(der/die/das 等):所有单数主格以及宾格阴性/中性的词尾为 -e;所有复数、与格、属格和宾格阳性词尾均为 -en。因此除了五个“基础”位置外,多数词尾为 -en。
- After indefinite article (ein/eine/ein etc.): endings mirror the definite-article endings to show the case clearly, so -er for masculine nominative, -es for neuter nominative/accusative, -e for feminine nominative/accusative, -en for the rest.
- 不定冠词之后(ein/eine/ein 等):词尾与定冠词词尾呼应,以清晰显示格。因此阳性主格为 -er,中性主/宾格为 -es,阴性主/宾格为 -e,其余用 -en。
- No article: the adjective takes the ending that the definite article would have had, except for genitive singular masculine/neuter where it is -en (not -es). This is the strongest marker pattern.
- 零冠词:形容词采用定冠词原本该有的词尾,但单数阳性/中性属格用 -en(而不是 -es)。这是标记性最强的模式。
6. Preposition Case Triggers | 介词格触发规则
A preposition acts as a function that forces the following noun phrase into a specific case. The three sets of prepositions can be memorised as formulas:
介词就像函数,强制其后的名词短语进入特定格。这三组介词可公式化记忆:
| Set | Fixed Case | Key Prepositions |
|---|---|---|
| Accusative-only | Accusative | durch, für, ohne, um, gegen |
| Dative-only | Dative | aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu |
| Two-way (Wechselpräpositionen) | Accusative (motion) or Dative (location) | an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen |
For two-way prepositions, apply the rule: wo? (where?) → Dative; wohin? (where to?) → Accusative. Ich bin im (in dem) Kino. (I am at the cinema.) vs Ich gehe ins (in das) Kino. (I go to the cinema.)
对于双物介词,应用规则:wo?(在哪里?)→ 与格;wohin?(去哪里?)→ 宾格。Ich bin im Kino.(我在电影院。)与 Ich gehe ins Kino.(我去电影院。)形成对比。
7. Main Clause Word Order: Verb Second Rule | 主句语序:动词二位定理
The German main clause obeys the V2 theorem: the conjugated verb must be the second element in the clause. Element one can be the subject, a time phrase, a place adverbial, or even an object. Whatever occupies position one, the verb keeps its place as the second idea.
德语主句遵循 V2 定理:变位动词必须是句中的第二个成分。第一个成分可以是主语、时间短语、地点状语,甚至是宾语。无论什么占据第一位,动词始终作为第二个意念守在第二位置。
Formula: [Element X] + [conjugated verb] + [subject] + […other info…] + [remaining verbs/infinitives at end]
公式:[成分 X] + [变位动词] + [主语] + […其他信息…] + [其余动词/不定式在句末]
Example: Morgen fahre ich nach Berlin. (Tomorrow I am driving to Berlin.) Den Mann habe ich gestern gesehen. (I saw the man yesterday.)
例句:Morgen fahre ich nach Berlin.(明天我开车去柏林。)Den Mann habe ich gestern gesehen.(我昨天看到了那个男人。)
8. Subordinate Clause Word Order: Verb Final | 从句语序:动词末尾定理
When a subordinating conjunction (dass, weil, obwohl, wenn, etc.) introduces a clause, the verb is pushed to the very end. The formula is: conjunction + subject + … + verb (or auxiliary verb) at end. If there is a modal or perfect tense auxiliary, that finite verb goes last, and the infinitive/participle moves just before it.
当从属连词(dass, weil, obwohl, wenn 等)引入从句时,动词被推到从句的绝对末尾。公式为:连词 + 主语 + … + 动词(或助动词)在末尾。如果有情态动词或完成时助动词,该变位动词置于最后,不定式/分词紧靠在它之前。
Example: Ich denke, dass er heute kommt. (I think that he is coming today.) Sie bleibt zu Hause, weil sie krank ist. (She stays at home because she is ill.)
例句:Ich denke, dass er heute kommt.(我认为他今天会来。)Sie bleibt zu Hause, weil sie krank ist.(她待在家里,因为她生病了。)
9. Imperative Mood Formulas | 祈使语气公式
The imperative is built directly from the verb stem, with slightly different formulas for each addressee. The basic theorem:
祈使语气直接由动词词干构建而成,面对不同的对象公式略有不同。基本定理如下:
| Addressee | Formula | Example (machen) |
|---|---|---|
| du (informal singular) | stem (+ -e optional) | Mach(e)! |
| ihr (informal plural) | stem + -t | Macht! |
| Sie (formal) | stem + -en + Sie | Machen Sie! |
| wir (let’s) | stem + -en + wir | Machen wir! |
Stem-changing strong verbs keep the vowel change in the du imperative but do not add the -e. Lesen → Lies! (Read!) Fahren → Fahr! (Drive!) For separable verbs, the prefix moves to the end: aufmachen → Mach auf!
词干变音的强变化动词在 du 的命令式中保留元音变化,但不加 -e。Lesen → Lies!(读!)Fahren → Fahr!(开车!)可分动词的前缀移至句末:aufmachen → Mach auf!
10. Future Tense Formula | 将来时公式
The future tense follows a straightforward formula: werden (conjugated, position 2) + infinitive (at end). The verb werden is conjugated as: ich werde, du wirst, er/sie/es wird, wir werden, ihr werdet, sie/Sie werden.
将来时遵循一条简单的公式:werden(变位,第二位)+ 动词不定式(句末)。动词 werden 的变位为:ich werde, du wirst, er/sie/es wird, wir werden, ihr werdet, sie/Sie werden。
Example: Ich werde nächstes Jahr in Deutschland studieren. (I will study in Germany next year.) Since German often uses the present tense with a time adverbial to express future, this formula applies mainly when the future is explicitly emphasised or predicted.
例句:Ich werde nächstes Jahr in Deutschland studieren.(我明年将在德国学习。)由于德语常以现在时加时间状语表达未来,该公式主要用于明确强调或预测未来的情况。
11. Comparative and Superlative Formation | 比较级与最高级构成公式
Adjectives form comparatives and superlatives by adding suffixes and, for most one-syllable adjectives, an umlaut on the stem vowel. The formula: base adjective + -er for comparative; am + stem + -(e)sten for superlative (adverbial) or der/die/das + stem + -(e)ste (attributive).
形容词通过添加后缀构成比较级和最高级,多数单音节形容词词干元音还需变音(umlaut)。公式:原级形容词 + -er 构成比较级;am + 词干 + -(e)sten 构成副词性最高级,或 der/die/das + 词干 + -(e)ste 构成定语性最高级。
Examples: klein – kleiner – am kleinsten (small – smaller – smallest). groß – größer – am größten (big – bigger – biggest, note the umlaut and loss of e before -sten). teuer – teurer – am teuersten (expensive, drops the unstressed e in comparative). Use als for comparisons: Ich bin größer als du.
例句:klein – kleiner – am kleinsten(小——更小——最小)。groß – größer – am größten(大——更大——最大,注意变音及最高级省略 e)。teuer – teurer – am teuersten(贵,比较级省略非重读 e)。比较时用 als:Ich bin größer als du.(我比你高。)
12. Negation and Question Formulas | 否定与疑问公式
Negation in German typically uses nicht or kein. The rule: nicht negates whole verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or a specific sentence element, while kein negates a noun (with no article or indefinite article). The position of nicht usually goes right before
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