📚 Year 10 SQA Geography: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 10 SQA 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key terminology is one of the easiest ways to boost your confidence and marks in SQA Geography. This guide pairs each essential term with a clear definition and a memorable trick, so you can lock the vocabulary into your long‑term memory without endless repetition.
掌握关键术语是提升 SQA 地理成绩和信心的捷径之一。本指南为每个核心术语配上清晰的定义和记忆窍门，让你不用反复背诵也能把这些词汇牢牢刻进长期记忆里。
1. Rivers and Fluvial Processes | 河流与流水作用
Drainage basin: The area of land drained by a river and all its tributaries. Think of a giant basin or bowl that catches every drop of rain and funnels it into the same river system.
流域：指一条河流及其所有支流汇聚排水的陆地区域。可以想象一个巨大的水盆接住所有雨水，再把它们送进同一条河流。
Meander: A pronounced bend or curve in a river channel, often formed on flat land where the water loses energy and starts to wander. ‘Meander’ sounds like ‘wander’ – a meandering river wanders across the floodplain.
河曲（曲流）：河道中明显的弯曲或曲线，常出现在平坦地区，水流能量降低后开始蜿蜒前行。英文 meander 发音像 ‘wander’（漫步），曲流就像河流在平原上漫步。
Floodplain: The flat, low‑lying ground beside a river that becomes covered with water during periods of high discharge. ‘Flood’ + ‘plain’ – a plain built by floods.
泛滥平原：河流两侧地势低平的土地，在流量高峰期会被洪水淹没。就是‘洪水’加‘平原’，由一次又一次的泛滥塑造而成。
2. Coasts and Marine Processes | 海岸与海洋作用
Longshore drift: The zigzag movement of sand and pebbles along a coastline, driven by waves hitting the shore at an angle. ‘Along the shore’ drift – sand travels sideways, not straight out to sea.
沿岸漂移：波浪斜向拍岸带动沙石沿海岸线呈之字形移动的过程。记住‘沿’着海岸‘漂移’，物质是横向移动的，而不是被冲进深海。
Headland: A protruding piece of land, usually made of harder, more resistant rock that erodes less quickly than the surrounding softer cliffs. Imagine the harder rock as the ‘head’ that sticks out defiantly.
岬角：向海中突出的陆地，通常由较坚硬、抗侵蚀能力强的岩石构成，比周围软岩峭壁蚀后退得更慢。可以把它想象成海岸线上倔强伸出的‘头’。
Spit: A long, narrow ridge of sand or shingle that extends from the coast into the sea, often with a hooked end. Think of a finger of land ‘spit’ out by the waves.
沙嘴：由沙或砾石构成、从海岸伸向海中的狭长脊状地形，末端常呈钩形。就像波浪‘吐’出来的一条沙舌。
3. Weather and Climate Systems | 天气与气候系统
Convectional rainfall: Rainfall caused when the sun heats the ground, warm air rises rapidly, cools and condenses into towering cumulonimbus clouds. ‘Convection’ = hot air rising, like soup bubbling in a pot.
对流雨：太阳加热地面后，暖空气快速上升、冷却凝结成高耸的积雨云而带来的降雨。就像锅里的热汤沸腾冒泡，暖空气‘对流’上升。
Anticyclone: A large‑scale high‑pressure system that brings dry, settled weather and clear skies. ‘Anti‑cyclone’ – opposite of a cyclone; air sinks and spreads out, blocking rain.
反气旋：大尺度高压系统，带来干燥、稳定的天气和晴朗的天空。‘反’气旋与气旋相反，气流下沉并向四周扩散，阻挡了降雨的形成。
Climate graph: A visual representation of a location’s average monthly temperature (usually a red line) and precipitation (usually blue bars). The line‑bar combo tells the climate story at a glance.
气候图表：用红色折线表示月平均气温、蓝色柱状表示月降水的可视化图形。折线与柱状组合，一目了然地讲出当地的气候故事。
4. Glaciation and Glacial Landforms | 冰川作用与冰川地貌
Corrie (cirque): A deep, armchair‑shaped hollow high on a mountainside, excavated by glacial ice and freeze‑thaw weathering. Imagine a giant’s armchair scooped out of the mountain by ice.
冰斗：山腰高处由冰川挖蚀和冻融风化形成的深碗状凹地。就像一把巨人被冰川从山体里凿出来的扶手椅。
Moraine: Unsorted rock debris – from fine clay to huge boulders – transported and deposited by a glacier. ‘More rain’ is not correct; think ‘more rocky remains’ left by the ice.
冰碛：由冰川搬运并堆积的未分选岩石碎屑，从细粒黏土到巨砾都有。别被读音误导，记住冰碛是冰川留下的‘更多岩石遗迹’。
U‑shaped valley: A valley with steep sides and a broad, flat floor, carved by the scouring action of a glacier. It literally looks like a giant letter ‘U’ in the landscape.
U 形谷：两壁陡峭、谷底宽阔平坦的冰川侵蚀谷。景观上就像大地被刻出了一个巨大的字母‘U’。
5. Population Dynamics | 人口动态
Population density: The average number of people living in one square kilometre (people/km²). To remember, think of people ‘densely’ packed like a rush‑hour tube carriage.
人口密度：每平方公里土地上平均居住的人口数（人/平方公里）。想象高峰期地铁车厢里人挤人的‘密集’程度。
Migration: The movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently. Birds migrate south for winter – people migrate for work, safety or family.
迁移：人们为了暂时或永久定居而从一个地方移动到另一个地方。像候鸟南飞越冬一样，人们因工作、安全或家庭而迁移。
Demographic Transition Model (DTM): A five‑stage model showing how a country’s birth rate, death rate and total population change over time as it develops. ‘DTM’ – the Dates of Transition of Mortality and fertility.
人口过渡模型：显示一个国家随着发展，其出生率、死亡率和总人口如何历经五个阶段变化的模型。可以联想‘DTM’跟踪的是死亡与生育的过渡日期。
6. Urbanisation and Settlements | 城市化与聚落
Urbanisation: The increasing proportion of a country’s population living in towns and cities rather than the countryside. ‘Urban’ + ‘isation’ – the process of becoming more city‑based.
城市化：一个国家人口居住在城市和城镇的比例不断增加的过程。就是‘城市’加‘化’——变得以城市为中心的过程。
Megacity: A metropolitan area with a total population of over 10 million people. ‘Mega’ = huge; imagine a city so big you cannot cross it in a day.
超级城市：总人口超过一千万的大都市区。‘超级’表示巨大，想象一座大到你一天都穿不过来的城市。
Urban sprawl: The low‑density, unplanned spread of an urban area into the surrounding rural land. It ‘sprawls’ outward like a pancake being poured onto a griddle.
城市蔓延：城市以低密度、缺乏规划的方式向周边乡村土地无序扩张。就像摊煎饼一样，城市无休止地向外‘摊开’。
7. Rural Environments and Change | 乡村环境与变迁
Diversification: When farmers introduce new, non‑traditional activities to generate extra income, such as opening a farm shop, campsite or adventure park. Diversifying their business like a portfolio.
多元化经营：农户引入非传统的新活动来增加收入，例如开办农场商店、露营地或探险乐园。就像投资组合一样分散风险、增加收益。
Rural depopulation: The long‑term decline in the number of people living in countryside areas, often because young adults move to cities for jobs. ‘De‑population’ in rural spaces.
乡村人口减少：乡村地区居住人口长期下降的现象，常因年轻人迁往城市就业所导致。就是乡村地区的‘去人口化’。
Green belt: A ring of countryside around a city where new building is strictly controlled to prevent urban sprawl. Think of a literal green ‘belt’ tightening around the urban waist.
绿化带：城市周边严格控制新建项目的乡村环状地带，用以抑制城市蔓延。想象一条真正的绿色‘腰带’系在城市腰间，阻止它继续发胖。
8. Development and Health Indicators | 发展与健康指标
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a country in one year. The ‘gross’ total your domestic economy makes.
国内生产总值：一个国家在一年内生产的所有最终商品和服务的货币总值。就是国内经济创造的‘毛’总额。
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite score (0–1) based on life expectancy, education levels and income per head. ‘Human Development’ goes beyond money – it’s health, learning and living.
人类发展指数：根据预期寿命、教育水平和人均收入综合计算出的评分（0–1）。‘人类发展’不仅仅看钱，更看健康、学识与生活水平。
Infant mortality rate: The number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births in a given year. ‘Infant’ + ‘mortality’ – the youngest death rate, a powerful health indicator.
婴儿死亡率：某年份每千名活产婴儿中在满一周岁前死亡的人数。‘婴儿’加‘死亡’——最脆弱的生命统计，是强力的健康指标。
9. Climate Change and Global Warming | 气候变化与全球变暖
Greenhouse effect: The natural process where certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat, keeping Earth warm enough for life. Like a car left in the sun – sunlight enters but heat is trapped inside.
温室效应：大气中某些气体截留热量的自然过程，使地球维持适宜生命的温度。就像太阳下停放的汽车，阳光透入但热量被困在车内。
Carbon footprint: The total amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by an individual, event or product. Every activity leaves a ‘carbon footprint’ on the Earth.
碳足迹：个人、活动或产品在其全过程中排放的二氧化碳及其他温室气体总量。每一次活动都会在地球上留下一个‘碳脚印’。
Mitigation: Actions taken to reduce or prevent the severity of climate change, such as switching to renewable energy. ‘Mitigate’ means making a problem milder, not solving it entirely.
缓解措施：为降低或防止气候变化严重性而采取的行动，例如改用可再生能源。‘缓解’意味着让问题变温和，不一定能完全解决。
10. Environmental Hazards and Management | 环境灾害与管理
Plate boundary: The margin where two tectonic plates meet, marked by earthquakes and volcanoes. Think of a jigsaw puzzle – the lines where pieces touch are the boundaries.
板块边界：两个构造板块相接的边缘地带，地震和火山活动集中于此。就像拼图的接缝，板块相触的界线就是边界。
Earthquake: A sudden, violent shaking of the ground caused by the release of stress along a fault line or plate boundary. ‘Earth’ + ‘quake’ – the ground quivering like a wobbling jelly.
地震：由于断层或板块边界上应力突然释放引发的地面剧烈震动。‘地’加‘震’——大地像晃动的果冻一样颤抖。
Tsunami: A series of immense ocean waves, usually triggered by undersea earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. The word comes from Japanese ‘tsu’ (harbour) and ‘nami’ (wave) – a harbour wave that swamps the shore.
海啸：通常由海底地震或火山喷发引发的一系列巨浪。词源来自日语‘tsu’（港口）和‘nami’（波浪）——涌入港口、淹没海岸的巨波。
11. Resource Management and Sustainability | 资源管理与可持续性
Renewable energy: Energy sourced from natural processes that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, wind, waves and geothermal heat. ‘Renew’ means you can use it again and again without running out.
可再生能源：来自能不断自然补充的过程的能源，如阳光、风、波浪和地热。‘可再生’意味着你可以反复使用而不会耗竭。
Fossil fuel: A carbon‑rich fuel – coal, oil or natural gas – formed from the buried remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years. ‘Fossil’ hints at the ancient, petrified origin of the fuel.
化石燃料：由远古动植物遗体在地下经过数百万年形成的富碳燃料，如煤、石油和天然气。‘化石’二字点明了它来自早已石化的古老生命。
Sustainability: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The ability to ‘sustain’ life indefinitely – like a circle that never breaks.
可持续性：在满足当代需求的同时，不损害子孙后代满足其自身需求的能力。拥有无限‘持续’下去的能力，就像一个永不断裂的圆环。
12. Geographical Skills and Mapping | 地理技能与制图
Contour line: A line on a topographic map joining points of equal height above sea level. ‘Contour’ = the outline of equal altitude; close lines mean steep slopes.
等高线：地形图上连接海拔相同各点的曲线。‘等高’即高度相等；等高线越密集表示坡度越陡。
Grid reference: A set of numbers used to pinpoint a location on a map, typically given as a 4‑figure or 6‑figure reference. ‘Along the corridor and up the stairs’ – read eastings first, then northings.
网格坐标：用一组数字在地图上精确定位的方法，通常为四位或六位数字。记住‘先沿走廊走，再上楼’——先读东距，后读北距。
Scale: The ratio between a distance on a map and the corresponding real‑world distance, for example 1:50,000 means 1 cm = 0.5 km. A ‘scale model’ of the real world, shrunk to fit the page.
比例尺：图上距离与实际地面距离的比值，如 1:50 000 表示图上 1 厘米等于实地 0.5 公里。就像真实世界的‘微缩模型’，按比例缩小到纸上。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
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