📚 Year 10 SQA Psychology: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 10 SQA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering psychology begins with mastering its language. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will encounter in the Year 10 SQA Psychology course, covering research methods, memory, social psychology and sleep. Each term is explained clearly in English and Chinese, helping you build a bilingual revision toolkit.
掌握心理学从掌握其语言开始。本指南拆解了 Year 10 SQA 心理学课程中将遇到的核心术语，涵盖研究方法、记忆、社会心理学和睡眠。每个术语均用中英文清晰解释，助你构建双语复习工具箱。
1. Introduction: Why Terminology Matters | 引言：术语为何重要
Psychology has its own precise vocabulary. Using terms like ‘independent variable’ and ‘obedience’ correctly is not just about exams – it helps you think like a psychologist and communicate findings accurately.
心理学拥有自己精确的词汇。正确使用“自变量”和“服从”等术语不仅关乎考试——它有助于你像心理学家一样思维，并准确传达研究发现。
A clear grasp of key terms reduces confusion when reading research scenarios and writing evaluation answers. This guide will walk you through the most frequently tested concepts.
清晰掌握关键术语可减少阅读研究情境和撰写评价答案时的困惑。本指南将带你梳理最常考的概念。
2. Research Methods: Variables and Controls | 研究方法：变量与控制
The independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates. For example, giving one group caffeine and another group a placebo.
自变量 (IV) 是研究者有意改变或操作的因素。例如，给一组咖啡因而另一组安慰剂。
The dependent variable (DV) is the factor the researcher measures; it is expected to change in response to the IV. In the coffee study, the DV might be reaction time on a computer task.
因变量 (DV) 是研究者测量的因素；它预期会随 IV 的变化而改变。在咖啡研究中，DV 可能是电脑任务的反应时间。
Extraneous variables (EV) are unwanted variables that could affect the DV if not controlled, such as participants’ prior sleep or noise levels. Researchers use standardised procedures and random allocation to minimise them.
无关变量 (EV) 是不受控时可能影响 DV 的不必要变量，例如被试的先前睡眠或噪音水平。研究者使用标准化程序和随机分配来最小化其影响。
A confounding variable is an extraneous variable that has not been controlled and actually changes with the IV, making it unclear what caused the effect on the DV.
混淆变量是未被控制且确实随 IV 发生变化的无关变量，使得对 DV 影响的来源变得不清楚。
3. Research Methods: Hypotheses | 研究方法：假设
A hypothesis is a testable, precise statement predicting the relationship between variables. In an experiment, you need an experimental hypothesis that states how the IV will affect the DV.
假设是一个可检验的、精确的陈述，预测变量间的关系。在实验中，你需要一个陈述 IV 将如何影响 DV 的实验假设。
A directional (one-tailed) hypothesis predicts the specific direction of the effect – e.g. ‘Participants who receive caffeine will have faster reaction times than those who receive a placebo.’
方向性（单尾）假设预测效应的具体方向——例如，“摄入咖啡因的被试反应时间将比接受安慰剂的被试更快。”
A non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis simply predicts a difference without stating direction – e.g. ‘There will be a difference in reaction times between the caffeine group and the placebo group.’
非方向性（双尾）假设仅预测差异而不指明方向——例如，“咖啡因组与安慰剂组在反应时间上存在差异。”
The null hypothesis states there will be no significant difference (or relationship) between variables; it serves as the statistical counterpoint to the experimental hypothesis.
虚无假设陈述变量间没有显著差异（或关系）；它充当实验假设的统计对照。
4. Research Methods: Experimental Designs | 研究方法：实验设计
Independent groups design uses different participants in each condition. A strength is that order effects are avoided, but a weakness is participant variables can act as extraneous variables.
独立组设计在每个条件下使用不同的被试。优点是避免了顺序效应，但缺点是被试变量可能成为无关变量。
Repeated measures design uses the same participants in all conditions. This controls participant variables, but order effects (practice or fatigue) must be managed through counterbalancing.
重复测量设计在所有条件下使用相同被试。这控制了被试变量，但顺序效应（练习或疲劳）必须通过平衡加以管理。
Matched pairs design pairs participants on key characteristics and then splits each pair into different conditions. It reduces participant variables without order effects but can be time-consuming.
配对组设计根据关键特徵将被试配对，然后将每对分入不同条件。它减少了被试变量而无顺序效应，但可能耗时。
5. Sampling Methods | 抽样方法
A sample is the small group of people who take part in a study; the target population is the larger group the researcher wants to generalise findings to. A representative sample mirrors the target population.
样本是参与研究的一小群人；目标总体是研究者希望将发现推广到的更大群体。代表性样本反映了目标总体。
Opportunity sampling selects participants who are readily available, e.g. friends or people passing by. It is quick but likely biased.
机会抽样选择容易获得的被试，例如朋友或路过的人。它快速但可能有偏。
Random sampling gives every member of the target population an equal chance of being chosen. It reduces bias but needs a complete list of the population and may still produce a non-representative sample by chance.
随机抽样给目标总体中每位成员同等的被选中机会。它减少偏倚，但需要总体完整名单，且仍可能偶然产生非代表性样本。
Volunteer (self-selecting) sampling relies on participants responding to an advert. It raises ethical issues of informed consent but may attract a certain type of motivated person, causing volunteer bias.
志愿者（自选）抽样依赖被试回应广告。它涉及知情同意的伦理问题，但可能吸引某一类积极性高的人，导致志愿者偏差。
6. Ethical Guidelines | 伦理准则
Informed consent means participants must be told the aim and nature of the study and agree to take part. Researchers often provide a consent form.
知情同意意味着被试必须被告知研究目的和性质并同意参与。研究者通常提供同意书。
Deception should be avoided; if minor deception is necessary, participants must be thoroughly debriefed afterwards and given the right to withdraw their data.
欺骗应当避免；若必须使用轻微欺骗，之后必须对被试进行详尽的事后解释，并给予撤回数据的权利。
Confidentiality protects participants’ personal information; data is anonymised using codes or pseudonyms. Right to withdraw means participants can leave the study at any time without penalty.
保密性保护被试的个人信息；数据通过代码或化名匿名化。退出权意味着被试可随时退出研究而不受惩罚。
Protection from harm requires that the risk of physical or psychological harm is no greater than in everyday life. Researchers must also consider vulnerable groups with extra care.
免受伤害要求身心伤害的风险不高于日常生活。研究者还必须格外谨慎地考虑弱势群体。
7. Memory: Key Concepts | 记忆：关键概念
Memory is the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information. Encoding changes sensory input into a form the brain can process; storage is holding information over time; retrieval is accessing it later.
记忆是对信息进行编码、储存和提取的过程。编码将感觉输入转化为大脑能处理的形式；储存是随时间保持信息；提取是随后获取信息。
The multi-store model describes three linked stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Information transfers between them via attention and rehearsal.
多贮存模型描述了三个相连的贮存器：感觉登记、短时记忆 (STM) 和长时记忆 (LTM)。信息通过注意和复述在它们之间传递。
Short-term memory has a limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items) and duration of around 18-30 seconds unless rehearsed. Long-term memory is believed to have unlimited capacity and can last a lifetime.
短时记忆容量有限（7 ± 2 个项目），持续时间约 18-30 秒，除非进行复述。长时记忆被认为容量无限，可维持终生。
Chunking is grouping individual pieces of information into larger units to increase STM capacity. Rehearsal is repeating information to keep it in STM or transfer it into LTM.
组块是将单个信息片段组合成更大单元以提高 STM 容量。复述是重复信息以将其保持在 STM 中或转入 LTM。
8. Social Psychology: Conformity and Obedience | 社会心理学：从众与服从
Conformity is a change in a person’s behaviour or beliefs due to real or imagined group pressure. Asch’s line experiments showed people will give obviously wrong answers to match a unanimous group.
从众是由于真实或想象的群体压力而导致个人行为或信念的改变。Asch 的线段实验表明，人们会为了与一致群体匹配而给出明显错误的答案。
Normative social influence occurs when we conform to be liked or accepted; informational social influence occurs when we conform because we believe the group has the right information.
规范社会影响发生在我们为了被喜欢或接纳而从众时；信息社会影响发生在我们因为相信群体持有正确信息而从众时。
Obedience is following a direct command, usually from an authority figure. Milgram’s studies demonstrated how far ordinary people would obey an order to administer electric shocks.
服从是遵循通常来自权威人物的直接命令。Milgram 的研究证明了普通人会多大程度服从实施电击的命令。
Factors affecting obedience include proximity of the authority figure, prestige of the setting, and whether peers are seen to obey or rebel. Personal responsibility and gradual commitment also shape obedience levels.
影响服从的因素包括权威人物的亲近性、环境声望以及同伴是否被看到服从或反抗。个人责任和逐步承诺也塑造着服从水平。
9. Sleep and Dreams: Key Terms | 睡眠与梦：关键术语
Circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour biological cycle, such as the sleep-wake cycle. It is regulated by internal pacemakers like the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and external zeitgebers like light.
昼夜节律是约 24 小时的生物周期，例如睡眠-觉醒周期。它受内部起搏器（如视交叉上核 SCN）和外部授时因子（如光线）调节。
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep is a stage where the brain is very active, vivid dreams occur, and voluntary muscles are paralysed. NREM sleep is divided into stages 1-3, with deep sleep occurring in stage 3.
快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠是一个大脑非常活跃、出现生动梦境、随意肌瘫痪的阶段。非快速眼动 (NREM) 睡眠分为 1-3 期，深度睡眠发生在第 3 期。
The restoration theory states that sleep is essential for physical repair and brain recovery. The evolutionary (ecological) theory suggests sleep evolved to keep animals safe during periods of vulnerability.
恢复理论认为睡眠对身体修复和大脑恢复至关重要。进化（生态）理论认为，睡眠进化是为了让动物在脆弱期间保持安全。
Dream theories include the activation-synthesis model, where dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural signals during REM, and Freud’s wish-fulfilment theory, where dreams express unconscious desires.
梦境理论包括激活-合成模型（梦是大脑试图理解 REM 期间随机神经信号的结果）和 Freud 的愿望达成理论（梦表达无意识欲望）。
10. Data Handling and Presentation | 数据处理与呈现
Quantitative data is numerical, such as scores on a memory test; qualitative data is descriptive, e.g. interview transcripts. Quantitative data is easier to analyse statistically, while qualitative data provides richer detail.
定量数据是数值数据，例如记忆测试得分；定性数据是描述性数据，例如访谈转录。定量数据更易于进行统计分析，而定性数据提供更丰富的细节。
Measures of central tendency include the mean (average), median (middle value) and mode (most frequent). They summarise a data set with a single representative figure.
集中趋势量数包括平均数（均值）、中位数（中间值）和众数（最频繁值）。它们用一个代表数字总结数据集。
Range is a measure of dispersion calculated by subtracting the lowest score from the highest. It indicates how spread out the data are but is affected by extreme values.
全距是一种离中量数，由最高分减去最低分算出。它表示数据的分散程度，但受极端值影响。
Participants’ results are often presented in bar charts, histograms or tables. A clear presentation must include labelled axes, a title, and appropriate scaling.
被试结果通常以柱状图、直方图或表格呈现。清晰呈现必须包含标记的坐标轴、标题和适当的比例。
11. Revision Strategies for Terminology | 术语复习策略
Use active recall by writing a term on one side of a flashcard and its definition with an example on the other. Self-test regularly rather than just re-reading notes.
用主动回忆法：在抽认卡一面写术语，另一面写定义及示例。定期自测，而不仅仅是重读笔记。
Create bilingual glossaries, grouping terms by topic (research, memory, social, sleep). This mirroring of English and Chinese strengthens understanding for both exam writing and classroom discussion.
创建双语词汇表，将术语按主题分组（研究、记忆、社会、睡眠）。中英文对照能加强考试写作和课堂讨论的理解。
Apply terminology to real-world examples: explain why a TV study uses repeated measures, or label the IV/DV in news reports. This deepens your ability to reason with the language of psychology.
将术语应用于现实例子：解释为何某个电视研究使用重复测量，或在新闻报道中标记 IV/DV。这能加深你用心理学语言推理的能力。
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