📚 Year 10 WJEC Biology: Core Knowledge Review | Year 10 WJEC 生物：核心知识点梳理
Year 10 WJEC Biology introduces fundamental concepts that underpin the study of living organisms. This article summarises the key topics you need to revise, from cell biology to ecosystems and genetics. Understanding these concepts will help you prepare for your assessments and build a solid foundation for Year 11.
Year 10 WJEC 生物课程涵盖了许多支撑生命科学研究的基础概念。本文梳理了核心知识点，从细胞生物学到生态系统和遗传学，帮助你有针对性地复习，为评测做好准备，并为 Year 11 的深入学习打下坚实基础。
1. Cell Structure and Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
All living organisms are made of cells. Animal and plant cells share common organelles such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes, but plant cells also possess a cell wall, a large permanent vacuole and chloroplasts.
所有生物体都由细胞构成。动物细胞和植物细胞都含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体等共同的细胞器，但植物细胞还具有细胞壁、中央大液泡和叶绿体。
| Organelle (细胞器) | Function (English) | 功能 (中文) |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus (细胞核) | Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities. | 含有遗传物质 (DNA)，控制细胞活动。 |
| Cytoplasm (细胞质) | Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. | 胶状物质，是化学反应发生的场所。 |
| Cell membrane (细胞膜) | Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. | 控制物质进出细胞。 |
| Mitochondria (线粒体) | Site of aerobic respiration; releases energy. | 有氧呼吸场所，释放能量。 |
| Ribosomes (核糖体) | Site of protein synthesis. | 蛋白质合成场所。 |
| Cell wall (细胞壁) – plant only | Made of cellulose; provides support and structure. | 由纤维素构成，起支持与结构作用（仅植物细胞）。 |
| Vacuole (液泡) – plant only | Filled with cell sap; maintains turgor pressure. | 含有细胞液，维持膨压（仅植物细胞）。 |
| Chloroplasts (叶绿体) – plant only | Contain chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis. | 含有叶绿素，光合作用场所（仅植物细胞）。 |
Cells become specialised to perform specific functions. For example, red blood cells have no nucleus to carry more oxygen, sperm cells have a tail for movement, and root hair cells increase surface area for water uptake.
细胞会发生特化以执行特定功能。例如，红细胞没有细胞核以携带更多氧气，精细胞具有尾部以游动，根毛细胞增大表面积以吸收水分。
2. Cell Transport: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport | 细胞运输：扩散、渗透、主动运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient, without the use of energy. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of cells by diffusion.
扩散是指粒子顺着浓度梯度从高浓度区域向低浓度区域净移动，不需要消耗能量。氧气和二氧化碳通过扩散进出细胞。
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. In plant cells, water entering by osmosis makes the cell turgid, while water loss causes plasmolysis.
渗透是水分子通过半透膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液扩散的过程。在植物细胞中，渗透吸水使细胞变得硬挺，而失水则引起质壁分离。
Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, from a lower concentration to a higher concentration, using energy released by respiration. Examples include the uptake of mineral ions by root hair cells and glucose absorption in the small intestine.
主动运输逆着浓度梯度将物质从低浓度区域运输到高浓度区域，需要呼吸作用释放的能量。例子包括根毛细胞吸收矿质离子和小肠吸收葡萄糖。
3. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions without being used up. They are proteins with a specific active site. The lock-and-key model explains that each enzyme binds to a specific substrate. Enzyme activity is affected by temperature and pH; extreme conditions cause denaturation.
酶是生物催化剂，能够加速代谢反应而自身不被消耗。酶是具有特定活性位点的蛋白质。锁钥模型解释一种酶只与特定底物结合。酶的活性受温度和 pH 影响，极端条件会导致变性。
| Enzyme (酶) | Site of Production (产生部位) | Substrate → Products (底物 → 产物) |
|---|---|---|
| Amylase (淀粉酶) | Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine | Starch → Maltose (淀粉 → 麦芽糖) |
| Protease (蛋白酶) | Stomach, pancreas, small intestine | Proteins → Amino acids (蛋白质 → 氨基酸) |
| Lipase (脂肪酶) | Pancreas, small intestine | Lipids → Glycerol and fatty acids (脂质 → 甘油和脂肪酸) |
Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. It neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats, providing a larger surface area for lipase action.
胆汁由肝脏产生，储存在胆囊中。它能中和胃酸并乳化脂肪，为脂肪酶的作用提供更大的表面积。
4. The Respiratory System and Gas Exchange | 呼吸系统与气体交换
The respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Air enters through the nose or mouth, passes down the trachea, and moves into the lungs. The ribcage and diaphragm work together to ventilate the lungs. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the ribcage moves up and out, increasing lung volume and decreasing pressure so air rushes in.
呼吸系统包括气管、支气管、细支气管和肺泡。空气通过鼻腔或口腔进入，经过气管进入肺部。肋骨和膈肌协同工作以完成肺的通气。吸气时，膈肌收缩变平，肋骨上移并外扩，胸腔体积增大、压强降低，空气被吸入。
Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli, which have thin walls, a large surface area and a rich blood supply. Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out.
气体交换发生在肺泡。肺泡壁薄，表面积大且有丰富血液供应。氧气扩散进入血液，二氧化碳由血液扩散至肺泡被呼出。
Aerobic respiration releases energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen. The word equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy. The balanced symbol equation is: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O. Anaerobic respiration in human muscles produces lactic acid, while in yeast it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
有氧呼吸在氧气参与下释放葡萄糖中的能量。文字方程式：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + 能量。配平的化学方程式为：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O。人体肌肉中的无氧呼吸产生乳酸，而酵母菌的无氧呼吸产生乙醇和二氧化碳。
5. The Circulatory System and Blood | 循环系统与血液
Humans have a double circulatory system: the pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs and back to the heart, and the systemic circuit carries blood to the rest of the body. The heart has four chambers – right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle. Valves prevent backflow of blood.
人体具有双循环系统：肺循环将血液输送至肺部再回到心脏，体循环将血液输送至全身其余部位。心脏有四个腔室——右心房、右心室、左心房和左心室。瓣膜防止血液倒流。
Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure and have thick, elastic walls. Veins return blood to the heart at lower pressure and contain valves. Capillaries are tiny vessels with walls one cell thick, allowing exchange of substances.
动脉将血液在高压下运离心脏，管壁厚且富有弹性。静脉在较低压下将血液送回心脏，内有瓣膜。毛细血管是管壁仅由一层细胞构成的微小血管，利于物质交换。
Blood consists of red blood cells (carry oxygen using haemoglobin), white blood cells (part of the immune system), platelets (involved in clotting), and plasma (transports nutrients, hormones and waste products).
血液由红细胞（利用血红蛋白运输氧气）、白细胞（参与免疫）、血小板（参与凝血）和血浆（运输营养、激素与废物）组成。
6. Plant Structure and Photosynthesis | 植物结构与光合作用
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (in the presence of light and chlorophyll). The balanced symbol equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
光合作用是绿色植物和其他某些生物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（在光和叶绿体存在下）。配平的化学方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。
The leaf is adapted for photosynthesis: it has a large surface area, a thin structure for short diffusion distances, stomata for gas exchange, and palisade mesophyll cells packed with chloroplasts.
叶片适应光合作用：表面积大，结构薄利于短扩散距离，气孔进行气体交换，栅栏组织细胞含大量叶绿体。
Limiting factors of photosynthesis include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature. A graph of rate versus these factors shows a plateau when another factor becomes limiting.
光合作用的限制因素包括光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。速率与这些因素的关系图中会出现平台期，表明另一个因素成为限制因素。
7. Transpiration and Translocation | 蒸腾作用与转运
Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from plant leaves through stomata. It creates a transpiration stream that pulls water and dissolved mineral ions up through xylem vessels from the roots. Xylem is made of dead, hollow cells strengthened by lignin.
蒸腾作用是水蒸气通过气孔从叶片散失的过程。它产生蒸腾流，将水和溶解的矿质离子从根部经木质部导管向上牵引。木质部由死亡、中空并被木质素加固的细胞构成。
Factors affecting transpiration rate include light intensity (increases rate as stomata open), temperature (increases evaporation), wind speed (removes humid air) and humidity (high humidity reduces concentration gradient).
影响蒸腾速率的因素包括：光照强度（气孔张开时速率增加）、温度（加快蒸发）、风速（吹走潮湿空气）和湿度（高湿度减小浓度梯度）。
Translocation is the movement of sucrose and other dissolved substances through phloem tubes from source to sink. Phloem is made of living cells with sieve plates and companion cells.
转运是指蔗糖和其他溶解物质通过韧皮部管从源到库的运输过程。韧皮部由活细胞构成，具有筛板和伴胞。
8. Ecosystems and Energy Flow | 生态系统与能量流动
An ecosystem consists of a community of organisms interacting with their abiotic environment. Feeding relationships can be shown in food chains and food webs. Each step in a food chain is a trophic level. Energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, but about 90% of energy is lost as heat, movement and uneaten material.
生态系统由生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用构成。取食关系可用食物链和食物网表示。食物链的每一级为一个营养级。能量从一个营养级传递到下一个，但约 90% 的能量以热、运动及未食物质形式损耗。
Pyramids of biomass represent the dry mass of living material at each trophic level; they are usually pyramid-shaped because biomass decreases at higher levels. Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead matter, recycling nutrients into the soil for plants.
生物量金字塔表示各营养级生物体的干重；通常呈金字塔形，因为生物量在更高营养级减少。分解者（细菌和真菌）分解死亡物质，将营养物回收到土壤中供植物利用。
Carbon is cycled through photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition and combustion. The carbon cycle highlights the roles of producers, consumers and decomposers.
碳通过光合作用、呼吸作用、摄食、分解和燃烧进行循环。碳循环强调了生产者、消费者和分解者的作用。
9. Variation and Inheritance | 变异与遗传
Differences between individuals of the same species are called variation. Continuous variation shows a range of values (e.g. height) and is influenced by many genes and the environment. Discontinuous variation falls into distinct categories (e.g. blood group) and is usually controlled by a single gene.
同一物种个体之间的差异称为变异。连续变异呈现一系列数值（如身高），受多基因与环境影响。不连续变异分为明显不同的类别（如血型），通常由单基因控制。
DNA is a polymer made of two strands coiled into a double helix. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Alleles are different versions of the same gene. Gametes are haploid and contain one set of chromosomes, so fertilisation restores the diploid number.
DNA 是由两条链螺旋盘绕成双螺旋的聚合物。基因是编码特定蛋白质的 DNA 片段。等位基因是同一基因的不同形式。配子是单倍体，含一套染色体，受精后恢复二倍体数。
In a monohybrid cross, a dominant allele masks a recessive allele in the heterozygous condition. A Punnett square can predict offspring genotypes. For example, crossing two heterozygous parents (Tt × Tt) gives a 3:1 phenotype ratio.
在单基因杂交中，显性等位基因在杂合状态下掩盖隐性等位基因。旁氏方格可以预测后代基因型。例如，两个杂合亲本杂交（Tt × Tt）产生 3:1 的表型比。
Examples of inherited disorders include cystic fibrosis (recessive allele) and polydactyly (dominant allele). Genetic testing and family pedigree analysis help assess the risk of passing on these conditions.
遗传病例子包括囊性纤维化（隐性等位基因）和多指症（显性等位基因）。基因检测与家系谱图分析有助于评估传递这些疾病的风险。
10. Evolution and Natural Selection | 进化与自然选择
Natural selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on advantageous alleles. This leads to gradual change in the genetic composition of a population over generations.
自然选择是指更适应环境的生物存活并繁殖，将有利等位基因传递下去的过程。这导致种群遗传组成在世代中逐渐变化。
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Evidence includes fossils, antibiotic resistance in bacteria and the pentadactyl limb structure in different vertebrates.
达尔文和华莱士提出了自然选择的进化理论。证据包括化石证据、细菌的抗生素抗性以及不同脊椎动物的五趾型肢结构。
The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a clear example of natural selection. Random mutations may give some bacteria resistance. When antibiotics are used, non-resistant bacteria die while resistant ones survive, reproduce and spread the resistance allele.
细菌产生抗生素抗性是自然选择的典型例子。随机突变可能使某些细菌获得抗性。使用抗生素时，非抗性菌死亡，抗性菌存活、繁殖并传播抗性等位基因。
Fossils provide evidence for evolution by showing how organisms have changed over time. They can be formed by preservation of hard parts, mould and cast formation, or preservation in ice or amber.
化石展示出生物随时间发生的变化，为进化提供证据。它们可通过硬体保存、模型与铸型形成，或在冰层、琥珀中保存而形成。
Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply