📚 Year 10 WJEC Chinese: Formula & Rules Quick Reference Handbook | WJEC 中文：公式定理速查手册
This reference guide breaks down the most important grammatical formulas and patterns you will need for the WJEC Year 10 Chinese exam. Think of each section as a ready-to-use formula that you can apply when speaking, reading, and writing. Pairing clear English explanations with Chinese examples, this handbook will help you build accurate and natural sentences quickly.
这份速查手册为你梳理了WJEC 中文 Year 10 考试中最重要的语法公式和句型模式。你可以把每个小节看作一个可以随时套用的公式，用在口语、阅读和写作中。手册将清晰的英文解释与中文例句配对，帮助你又快又准地构建出自然的中文句子。
1. Core Word Order Formula | 核心语序公式
The bedrock of Chinese sentence structure is Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object. Anything that sets the scene – when, where – comes before the action.
中文句子结构的根基是：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。凡是交代背景的部分——何时、何地——都要放在动作之前。
S + Time + Place + V + O
主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语
Formula: Subject – When – Where – Action – What
公式：主语 – 何时 – 何地 – 动作 – 何物
Example: She studies at school every day. → She everyday at school studies.
例句：她每天都在学校学习。 (Tā měitiān dōu zài xuéxiào xuéxí.)
Example: We ate dinner at home last night. → We last night at home ate dinner.
例句：我们昨天晚上在家吃了晚饭。 (Wǒmen zuótiān wǎnshang zài jiā chīle wǎnfàn.)
2. Yes/No Questions with 吗 (ma) | 用“吗”的是非问句
The easiest way to turn a statement into a yes/no question is to add the particle 吗 at the very end. No word order changes are needed.
把陈述句变成是非问句最简单的方法，就是在句子末尾加上“吗”，完全不用改变语序。
Statement + 吗 ？
陈述句 + 吗 ？
Example: You are a student. → Are you a student?
例句：你是学生。 → 你是学生吗？ (Nǐ shì xuéshēng ma?)
Example: He likes coffee. → Does he like coffee?
例句：他喜欢咖啡。 → 他喜欢咖啡吗？ (Tā xǐhuān kāfēi ma?)
Important: Use 吗 only for yes/no questions, not for question-word questions.
注意：“吗”只用于是非问句，不用于带疑问词的问句。
3. Three Key Aspect Markers: 了, 过, 着 | 三大时态助词
Chinese verbs do not conjugate, but aspect is shown with markers placed directly after the verb. These aren’t tenses, but indicators of completion, experience, or ongoing action.
中文动词没有变位，而是通过在动词后加助词来表示“态”。这些不是时态，而是表示动作完成、经历或持续进行的标记。
V + 了 (completed action)
V + 过 (past experience)
V + 着 (ongoing state)
Completion 了: I bought a book. → I buy-le a book.
完成“了”：我买了一本书。 (Wǒ mǎile yī běn shū.)
Experience 过: I have been to China. → I go-guo China.
经历“过”：我去过中国。 (Wǒ qùguo Zhōngguó.)
Ongoing 着: He is smiling. → He smile-zhe.
持续“着”：他笑着。 (Tā xiàozhe.)
4. Comparison Using 比 (bǐ) | 用“比”的比较结构
To compare two things, use the 比 pattern. The quality being compared always comes after 比. Never use ‘more’ (更) directly before an adjective in a basic 比 sentence.
比较两个事物，用“比”字句。被比较的性质一定放在“比”之后。在基本的“比”字句里，形容词前不能加“更”。
A + 比 + B + Adjective
A + 比 + B + 形容词
Example: I am taller than you. → I compare you tall.
例句：我比你高。 (Wǒ bǐ nǐ gāo.)
Example: This book is more interesting than that one. → This book compare that one interesting.
例句：这本书比那本有意思。 (Zhè běn shū bǐ nà běn yǒuyìsi.)
To add degree, place 得多 (much more) or 一点儿 (a little) after the adjective.
要表示程度，把“得多”或“一点儿”放在形容词后面：我比你高得多。
5. The 把 (bǎ) Construction | “把”字句结构
The 把 sentence shifts the object before the verb to emphasise how the object is disposed of or affected. It follows a strict pattern: Subject – 把 – Object – Verb – Complement/Result.
“把”字句把宾语提前到动词之前，强调对宾语的处置或影响。它有严格的格式：主语 – 把 – 宾语 – 动词 – 补语/结果。
S + 把 + O + V + Result/Complement
主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 结果/补语
Example: I finished my homework. → I ba homework finish-le.
例句：我把作业写完了。 (Wǒ bǎ zuòyè xiěwán le.)
Example: Please close the door. → Please ba door close-shang.
例句：请把门关上。 (Qǐng bǎ mén guānshàng.)
Use 把 when the action produces a change, a result, or a direction. Never use it with a bare verb without a result.
当动作产生变化、结果或方向时用“把”字句。动词后面必须有结果或补语，不能光杆动词。
6. The 被 (bèi) Passive Structure | “被”字被动结构
The 被 construction marks the passive voice. The receiver of the action becomes the subject, and the agent can be introduced by 被. In spoken Chinese, 让 or 叫 are sometimes used.
“被”字句表示被动。动作的承受者变为主语，施动者由“被”引出。口语中有时用“让”或“叫”代替。
Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + V + Result
承受者 + 被（+ 施动者）+ 动词 + 结果
Example: The cake was eaten by me. → Cake bei me eat-le.
例句：蛋糕被我吃了。 (Dàngāo bèi wǒ chīle.)
Example: The window was broken. → Window bei break-le.
例句：窗户被打破了。 (Chuānghu bèi dǎpòle.)
Only use 被 for actions that are usually adverse or unwanted, though modern usage has widened.
“被”一般用于不如意或遭受的事情，不过现代用法已有所放宽。
7. Modal Verb + Action Verb | 情态动词 + 行为动词
Modal verbs like 想 (would like), 会 (can/will), 能 (can/able to), and 可以 (may/permitted to) are placed directly before the main verb. The structure is rigid: Subject + Modal + Verb + Object.
情态动词如“想、会、能、可以”直接放在主要动词前。结构固定：主语 + 情态动词 + 动词 + 宾语。
S + Modal + V + O
主语 + 情态动词 + 动词 + 宾语
Example: I can speak Chinese. → I can speak Chinese.
例句：我会说中文。 (Wǒ huì shuō Zhōngwén.)
Example: May I sit here? → I may sit here ma?
例句：我可以坐在这儿吗？ (Wǒ kěyǐ zuò zài zhèr ma?)
Pay attention to the nuances: 会 implies learned ability or future likelihood; 能 focuses on physical ability or objective possibility; 可以 is for permission.
注意细微差别：“会”表示学会的能力或将来可能性；“能”侧重身体能力或客观可能；“可以”表示许可。
8. Linking Descriptions with 的 (de) | “的”字连接修饰语
The particle 的 is the most common way to link a noun to any kind of modifier – possessives, adjectives, relative clauses. The formula is Modifier + 的 + Noun.
“的”是把名词与任何修饰语连接起来的最常用方式，包括所有格、形容词、关系从句。公式是：修饰语 + 的 + 名词。
Possessor/Pronoun + 的 + Noun
Adjective + 的 + Noun
Phrase + 的 + Noun
Example: my mother, my mum.
例句：我的妈妈 (wǒ de māma)
Example: a beautiful flower.
例句：漂亮的花 (piàoliang de huā)
Example: the book I bought yesterday.
例句：我昨天买的书 (wǒ zuótiān mǎi de shū) – the whole phrase ‘I yesterday bought’ modifies ‘book’.
In casual speech, 的 is sometimes dropped with close personal relationships or monosyllabic adjectives, but in writing it is safer to keep it.
口语中，亲密关系或单音节形容词有时省略“的”，但在书面表达中保留更稳妥。
9. Essential Question Words | 必备疑问词
When using question words (什么, 谁, 哪儿, 怎么, 为什么, 多少), the word order stays exactly the same as a statement – the question word simply replaces the unknown element. Never add 吗.
使用疑问词（什么、谁、哪儿、怎么、为什么、多少）时，语序与陈述句完全相同——疑问词直接替换未知部分，句末不加“吗”。
S + QW + V + O ?
主语 + 疑问词 + 动词 + 宾语 ？
| English | Chinese | Example |
| What | 什么 (shénme) | 你吃什么？ (What do you eat?) |
| Who | 谁 (shéi/shéi) | 他是谁？ (Who is he?) |
| Where | 哪儿/哪里 (nǎr/nǎlǐ) | 你去哪儿？ (Where are you going?) |
| How | 怎么 (zěnme) | 怎么走？ (How do I get there?) |
| Why | 为什么 (wèishénme) | 你为什么迟到了？ (Why are you late?) |
| How many/much | 多少 (duōshao) / 几 (jǐ) | 多少人？ (How many people?) |
Mastering these will let you form open-ended questions instantly.
掌握这些疑问词可以让你立刻造出开放性问题。
10. Key Logical Conjunctions | 关键逻辑连词
Chinese often uses paired conjunctions to show cause-effect, contrast, and condition. The formula is usually Conjunction1 + Clause1, Conjunction2 + Clause2.
中文常用成对连词表示因果、转折和条件。公式一般是：连词1 + 分句1，连词2 + 分句2。
因为…所以… (because…so…)
虽然…但是… (although…but…)
如果…就… (if…then…)
Example: Because it rained, so we didn’t go out.
例句：因为下雨了，所以我们没出去。 (Yīnwèi xià yǔ le, suǒyǐ wǒmen méi chūqù.)
Example: Although he is young, but he is very sensible.
例句：虽然他很年轻，但是他很懂事。 (Suīrán tā hěn niánqīng, dànshì tā hěn dǒngshì.)
Example: If you have time, then come to my place.
例句：如果你有时间，就来我家。 (Rúguǒ nǐ yǒu shíjiān, jiù lái wǒ jiā.)
Note that whilst English uses only one conjunction, Chinese pairs are often both required or preferred for rhythm.
注意，英语只用一个连词，而中文常成对使用以保持节奏。
11. Measure Words: Number + MW + Noun | 量词公式：数词 + 量词 + 名词
In Chinese, a number cannot directly precede a noun. A measure word (classifier) must sit between them. The general formula is Number + Measure Word + Noun.
中文里，数词不能直接修饰名词，中间必须用量词。通用公式是：数词 + 量词 + 名词。
Num + MW + Noun
数词 + 量词 + 名词
| Item | Measure Word | Example |
| People, things (generic) | 个 (gè) | 三个人 (three people) |
| Books, magazines | 本 (běn) | 一本书 (one book) |
| Long, thin objects | 条 (tiáo) | 一条路 (one road) |
| Flat objects (paper, tables) | 张 (zhāng) | 一张纸 (one piece of paper) |
| Clothing, events | 件 (jiàn) | 一件衣服 (one piece of clothing) |
For ‘two of something’, use 两 (liǎng) instead of 二 (èr) before a measure word: 两个人 not 二个人.
表示“两个东西”时，在量词前用“两”而不是“二”：两个人，不说“二个人”。
12. The 是…的 (shì…de) Emphasis Structure | “是……的”强调结构
Use 是…的 to highlight the time, place, or manner of a past action. 是 is placed before the element you want to stress, and 的 comes at the end (or after the verb).
用“是……的”可以强调过去动作发生的时间、地点或方式。“是”放在要强调的部分前面，“的”放在句末（或动词后）。
S + 是 + Detail + V + 的
主语 + 是 + 细节 + 动词 + 的
Example: It was yesterday that I went. (emphasis on time)
例句：我是昨天去的。 (Wǒ shì zuótiān qù de.)
Example: It was by bus that he came. (emphasis on manner)
例句：他是坐公共汽车来的。 (Tā shì zuò gōnggòng qìchē lái de.)
Example: It was in the library that we met. (emphasis on place)
例句：我们是在图书馆认识的。 (Wǒmen shì zài túshūguǎn rènshi de.)
The 是 can be omitted in casual speech, but the 的 is never dropped in this structure.
口语中“是”可以省略，但这个结构里的“的”永远不能丢掉。
Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply