📚 Year 10 WJEC Computer Science: Summer Preparation and Bridging Course | 暑期预习与衔接课程
Starting Year 10 can be an exciting yet challenging time, especially when beginning a GCSE course like WJEC Computer Science. This summer bridging guide will help you build a solid foundation before the term starts, so you feel confident with key concepts from programming basics to hardware and data representation. Let’s get a head start!
开启Year 10的学习既令人兴奋又充满挑战，特别是开始像WJEC计算机科学这样的GCSE课程。这份暑期衔接指南将帮助你在开学前打下坚实基础，让你轻松掌握从编程基础到硬件和数据表示的关键概念。让我们一起领先一步！
1. Why Preparation Matters | 为什么预习很重要
Preparing ahead reduces anxiety and gives you time to absorb complex topics. Computer Science is cumulative — early mastery of fundamentals like programming logic and binary will make later units on algorithms and networks much easier. A summer preview helps you identify tricky areas before the pressure of exams builds.
提前预习能减少焦虑，留出时间消化复杂主题。计算机科学是层层递进的——尽早掌握编程逻辑和二进制等基础知识，会让后续的算法和网络单元轻松许多。暑期预览能帮助你在考试压力到来前发现自己的薄弱环节。
2. Overview of WJEC GCSE Computer Science | WJEC GCSE 计算机科学概览
The WJEC GCSE Computer Science specification is divided into three components: Understanding Computer Science (written exam, 50%), Computational Thinking and Programming (on-screen exam, 30%), and a programming project (20%). Topics include hardware, software, data representation, networks, cybersecurity, algorithms, and Python programming.
WJEC GCSE计算机科学课程分为三个部分：理解计算机科学（笔试，占比50%）、计算思维与编程（上机考试，占比30%）以及编程项目（占比20%）。主题涵盖硬件、软件、数据表示、网络、网络安全、算法和Python编程。
Unit 1 requires you to explain how computers work, while Unit 2 tests your ability to read, write and debug Python code. The project allows you to design, code and test a solution to a given problem. Having a clear picture of the course structure will help you plan your study effectively.
单元1要求你解释计算机的工作原理，而单元2考察你阅读、编写和调试Python代码的能力。项目部分让你设计、编写并测试一个特定问题的解决方案。清晰了解课程结构有助于你有效规划学习。
3. Python Programming Basics | Python 编程基础
Python will be your main language throughout the course. Download and install Python from python.org, and choose a beginner-friendly IDE such as Thonny, IDLE (comes with Python), or Mu. These tools let you write, save and run scripts, and provide a shell for instant feedback.
Python将是你整个课程中使用的主要语言。从python.org下载并安装Python，然后选择一个对初学者友好的IDE，如Thonny、IDLE（随Python附带）或Mu。这些工具可以让你编写、保存和运行脚本，并提供一个即时反馈的交互式shell。
Start by writing the classic first program: print("Hello, World!"). Experiment with the interactive shell to evaluate expressions like 2 + 3. Get into the habit of saving your work with .py files and running them daily — regular practice builds muscle memory for syntax.
从编写经典的第一个程序开始：print("Hello, World!")。在交互式shell中尝试计算表达式，如2 + 3。养成将工作保存为.py文件并每天运行的习惯——定期练习可以形成语法肌肉记忆。
4. Variables, Data Types and Input/Output | 变量、数据类型与输入输出
Variables act as labelled boxes that store data. In Python you don’t need to declare a type — it is inferred automatically. The key data types are int (whole numbers, e.g. 7), float (decimals, e.g. 3.14), str (text, e.g. “hello”) and bool (True or False). Use the type() function to check a variable’s type.
变量就像贴有标签的盒子，用于存储数据。在Python中你无需声明类型——它会自动推断。关键数据类型有int（整数，如7）、float（小数，如3.14）、str（文本，如”hello”）和bool（布尔值True或False）。可以使用type()函数检查变量的类型。
User interaction is fundamental: input() reads a line from the keyboard and always returns a string. To perform arithmetic you must convert strings to numbers with int() or float(). For example: age = int(input("Enter your age: ")). Output is achieved with print(), and you can join strings and variables using commas or + after converting numbers to strings.
用户交互是基础：input()从键盘读取一行输入，且始终返回字符串。要进行算术运算，必须用int()或float()将字符串转换为数字。例如：age = int(input("Enter your age: "))。输出则使用print()，你可以用逗号或将数字转换为字符串后用+来连接字符串和变量。
5. Selection: if-elif-else | 选择结构：if-elif-else
Selection allows your program to branch based on conditions. The simplest form is if condition: followed by an indented block. Add elif (short for else if) for additional checks, and a final else to catch everything else. Comparison operators include ==, !=, <, >, <= and >=.
选择结构让程序能够根据条件进行分支。最简单的形式是if 条件:，后跟缩进的代码块。可以添加elif（else if的缩写）进行更多检查，最后用else捕获其余所有情况。比较运算符包括==、!=、<、>、<=和>=。
Combine conditions using Boolean operators and, or and not. For instance, check if a number is between 10 and 20: if num >= 10 and num <= 20:. Always be mindful of indentation — it defines the block structure in Python.
使用布尔运算符and、or和not组合条件。例如，检查一个数是否在10到20之间：if num >= 10 and num <= 20:。始终注意缩进——它定义了Python中的代码块结构。
6. Iteration: for and while Loops | 迭代：for 与 while 循环
Loops let you repeat code efficiently. A for loop iterates over a sequence: for i in range(5): print(i) outputs numbers 0 to 4. range(start, stop, step) gives you fine control. A while loop keeps running while a condition is True — useful when the number of repetitions is unknown beforehand. Example: while score < 100: score += 10.
循环让你高效地重复执行代码。for循环遍历一个序列：for i in range(5): print(i)会输出0到4的数字。range(start, stop, step)可让你精细控制。while循环在条件为True时持续运行——当重复次数事先未知时特别有用。例如：while score < 100: score += 10。
Beware of infinite loops — ensure the condition will eventually become False. You can break out early using break and skip an iteration with continue. Nested loops (a loop inside another) are also common, for example when processing tables or grids.
要当心无限循环——确保条件最终会变为False。你可以使用break提前跳出循环，用continue跳过当前迭代。嵌套循环（循环内还有循环）也很常见，例如在处理表格或网格时。
7. Binary and Hexadecimal Number Systems | 二进制与十六进制数制
Computers use binary (base-2) with digits 0 and 1. A single binary digit is a bit; 4 bits form a nibble and 8 bits form a byte. Hexadecimal (base-16) is a shorthand for binary, using digits 0–9 and letters A–F (A=10, B=11, …, F=15). One hex digit represents exactly one nibble.
计算机使用二进制（底数为2），数字为0和1。单个二进制位称为比特（bit）；4位组成一个半字节（nibble），8位组成一个字节（byte）。十六进制（底数为16）是二进制的简写，使用数字0–9和字母A–F（A=10, B=11, …, F=15）。一个十六进制数字恰好代表一个半字节。
To convert binary to denary, add up the place values where a 1 appears. For 8-bit numbers the place values (from left) are 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1. So 1010₂ = 8+2 = 10₁₀. Converting denary to hex is easiest by first converting to binary, then grouping into nibbles and converting each nibble to a hex digit.
将二进制转换为十进制，只需将出现1的位权相加。对于8位二进制数，位权（从左至右）依次是128、64、32、16、8、4、2、1。因此1010₂ = 8+2 = 10₁₀。将十进制转换为十六进制，最简单的方法是先转为二进制，然后每4位一组转换成相应的十六进制数字。
| Denary | Binary (4-bit) | Hexadecimal |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0000 | 0 |
| 5 | 0101 | 5 |
| 10 | 1010 | A |
| 15 | 1111 | F |
Practice converting a few denary numbers to binary and hex each day — this skill is essential for Unit 1. Check your answers by converting back: for example, 1A₁₆ = 0001 1010₂ = 16+8+2 = 26₁₀.
每天练习将几个十进制数转换为二进制和十六进制——这项技能对单元1至关重要。通过反向转换检查答案：例如，1A₁₆ = 0001 1010₂ = 16+8+2 = 26₁₀。
8. Logic Gates and Truth Tables | 逻辑门与真值表
Logic gates are the physical building blocks that process binary signals in a CPU. The three fundamental gates are AND, OR and NOT. An AND gate outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1. An OR gate outputs 1 if at least one input is 1. A NOT gate inverts its single input.
逻辑门是CPU中处理二进制信号的物理构建块。三种基本门是与门（AND）、或门（OR）和非门（NOT）。与门仅在所有输入均为1时输出1；或门只要至少有一个输入为1就输出1；非门将其唯一的输入取反。
Truth tables list all input combinations and the corresponding output. The table below shows a 2-input AND gate:
真值表列出了所有输入组合及其对应的输出。下表展示了一个2输入与门：
| Input A | Input B | Output Q |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
You will also meet NAND, NOR and XOR gates at GCSE. NAND is an AND followed by a NOT; NOR is an OR followed by a NOT; XOR (exclusive OR) outputs 1 when the inputs are different. Learn to draw the circuit symbols and fill out truth tables for each.
在GCSE中你还会遇到与非门（NAND）、或非门（NOR）和异或门（XOR）。NAND是AND后接NOT；NOR是OR后接NOT；XOR（异或）在输入不同时输出1。学习绘制每种门的电路符号并填写真值表。
9. Computer Hardware Components | 计算机硬件组件
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of the computer. It follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle: it fetches an instruction from memory, decodes what it means, and then executes it. Clock speed (in GHz), number of cores and cache size affect performance.
CPU（中央处理器）是计算机的大脑。它遵循取指-译码-执行周期：从存储器中取出一条指令，译码确定其含义，然后执行。时钟速度（单位GHz）、核心数量和缓存大小会影响性能。
Primary memory includes RAM (volatile, stores currently running programs and data) and ROM (non-volatile, stores boot instructions like BIOS). Secondary storage holds data permanently — examples are HDD, SSD, optical discs and USB flash drives. Input devices (keyboard, mouse, microphone) send data into the computer; output devices (monitor, printer, speakers) present information to the user.
主存储器包括RAM（易失性，存储当前运行的程序和数据）和ROM（非易失性，存储如BIOS之类的引导指令）。辅助存储器永久保存数据——例子有HDD、SSD、光盘和USB闪存驱动器。输入设备（键盘、鼠标、麦克风）将数据送入计算机；输出设备（显示器、打印机、扬声器）将信息呈现给用户。
Embedded systems are specialised computers inside larger devices like washing machines or car engine controllers. You should be able to describe the purpose and characteristics of each component in exams.
嵌入式系统是位于洗衣机或汽车引擎控制器等大型设备内部的专用计算机。在考试中你应该能够描述每个组件的用途和特性。
10. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
A network allows computers to share resources such as files, printers and internet connections. A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small geographical area like a school or office; a WAN (
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