📚 Year 10 WJEC Computer Science Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | WJEC 十年级计算机科学词汇速记指南
Mastering computer science starts with understanding its language. This guide breaks down the core terms from the Year 10 WJEC specification into bite-sized explanations paired with memorable mnemonics, so you can quickly commit them to memory and apply them with confidence in exams and coding tasks.
掌握计算机科学从理解它的语言开始。本指南将 WJEC 十年级大纲中的核心术语分解成小块解释，并配上易记的口诀，帮助你快速记忆，在考试和编程任务中自信地运用。
1. Computational Thinking | 计算思维
Decomposition – Breaking a complex problem into smaller, manageable parts; think of unpacking a big jigsaw puzzle by grouping edge pieces first.
分解 —— 将一个复杂问题拆分成更小、更易处理的部分；就像先挑出边缘拼图块来整理一大盒拼图。
Pattern Recognition – Spotting similarities or trends in problems; you can remember it as ‘What looks familiar?’ to reuse solutions.
模式识别 —— 发现问题中的相似点或趋势；可以用“什么看起来眼熟？”来记住复用解决方案的思路。
Abstraction – Hiding unnecessary details and focusing on the key features; imagine drawing a stick figure instead of a photorealistic portrait to convey the idea of a person.
抽象 —— 隐藏不必要的细节，聚焦于关键特征；想象画一个火柴人来表达人的概念，而不是画一幅逼真的肖像。
Algorithm – A step-by-step sequence of instructions to solve a problem; link ‘Al-go-rhythm’ as a dance of logical steps.
算法 —— 逐步解决问题的一系列指令；把“算法”谐音联想为“算着走”，一步一步执行。
2. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary – A number system using only 0 and 1 (Base 2); recall ‘Bi-‘ means two, just like a bicycle has two wheels.
二进制 —— 只使用 0 和 1 的数制（基数为 2）；“Bi-”表示二，就像自行车有两个轮子。
Denary/Decimal – The everyday Base 10 system using digits 0–9; think ‘dec-‘ as in decade (10 years).
十进制 —— 日常使用的基数为 10 的系统，使用数字 0–9；“dec-”词根表示十，如十年。
Hexadecimal – Base 16 system using 0–9 and A–F; remember ‘hex’ as six plus ‘decimal’ ten gives sixteen.
十六进制 —— 基数为 16 的系统，使用 0–9 和 A–F；记住 ‘hex’ 表示六，加上十进制就是十六。
Bit – A single binary digit (0 or 1); the smallest unit of data, like a tiny light switch.
比特 —— 单个二进制位（0 或 1）；数据的最小单位，像一个小灯开关。
Nibble – 4 bits; imagine nibbling half a byte.
半字节 —— 4 个比特；想象 nibble（小口咬）一个 byte 的一半。
Byte – 8 bits; a group of eight bits, often used to store one character.
字节 —— 8 个比特；通常用于存储一个字符。
Overflow – An error that occurs when a calculation produces a value too large for the allocated number of bits; picture water spilling over a cup.
溢出 —— 当计算结果超出分配位数能表示的最大值时发生的错误；像水从杯子上方溢出。
3. Logic Gates & Truth Tables | 逻辑门与真值表
Logic Gate – A tiny electronic circuit that performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs; think of it as a binary decision-maker.
逻辑门 —— 对一或多个二进制输入执行逻辑运算的微型电子电路；把它看作二进制决策器。
AND gate – Outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1; remember ‘Andy always wants both’.
与门 —— 仅当所有输入都为 1 时输出 1；记住“与”就是“全都满足”。
OR gate – Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1; think ‘Olly offers one’.
或门 —— 只要至少一个输入为 1，就输出 1；想到“或”是“任一即可”。
NOT gate – Reverses the input (input 1 → output 0); ‘Notty flips things’.
非门 —— 反转输入（输入 1 → 输出 0）；“非”就是反过来。
Truth Table – A table showing every possible input combination and the corresponding output; see it as the logic gate’s menu.
真值表 —— 显示所有可能输入组合及其对应输出的表格；把它看作逻辑门的菜单。
| A | B | A AND B | A OR B | NOT A |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
4. Programming Basics | 编程基础
Variable – A named memory location that stores a value which can change; picture a labelled box where you can swap contents.
变量 —— 一个有名称的内存位置，存储可以改变的值；想象一个贴了标签的盒子，可以更换里面的东西。
Constant – Similar to a variable but the value cannot be changed during execution; think of a locked safe.
常量 —— 类似变量，但值在程序执行期间不可更改；像一个锁住的保险箱。
Data Type – Defines the kind of data a variable can hold, e.g., integer, real, string, Boolean; check the type before you store.
数据类型 —— 定义变量可以持有的数据种类，如整数、实数、字符串、布尔值；存储前检查类型。
Assignment – Giving a value to a variable using the ‘=’ operator; read it as ‘becomes’, not ‘equals’.
赋值 —— 使用 “=” 运算符给变量一个值；把它读作“变为”，而不是“等于”。
Selection – Decision-making in code using IF statements; select the path like choosing a fork in a road.
选择 —— 使用 IF 语句在代码中做决策；就像在岔路口选择一条路。
5. Iteration and Loops | 迭代与循环
Iteration – Repeating a set of instructions; looping until a goal is met.
迭代 —— 重复执行一组指令；循环直到满足目标。
FOR loop (Count-controlled) – Repeats a block of code a fixed number of times; ‘FOR a known count’.
FOR 循环（计数控制） —— 将一段代码重复执行固定的次数；’FOR’ 用于已知次数。
WHILE loop (Condition-controlled) – Repeats as long as a condition is true; ‘WHILE it’s true, go on’.
WHILE 循环（条件控制） —— 只要条件为真就重复；’WHILE’ 条件成立就继续。
Infinite Loop – A loop that never ends because the condition never becomes false; like a stuck record player.
无限循环 —— 因条件恒为真而永不停止的循环；像卡住的唱片机。
Nested Loop – A loop inside another loop; think of a clock’s minute hand moving inside every hour slot.
嵌套循环 —— 一个循环内部还有另一个循环；像时钟的分针在每小时区间内移动。
6. Data Structures | 数据结构
Array – A collection of elements of the same data type stored under a single identifier; imagine a row of numbered lockers.
数组 —— 相同数据类型元素的集合，存储在单一标识符下；想象一排编号的储物柜。
Index – The position number in an array, usually starting at 0; count lockers from zero.
索引 —— 数组中的位置编号，通常从 0 开始；数柜子从 0 开始。
String – A sequence of characters; think of a string of beads where each bead is a letter.
字符串 —— 字符序列；像一串珠子，每颗珠子是一个字母。
2D Array – A list of lists, like a grid or table with rows and columns; imagine a spreadsheet.
二维数组 —— 列表的列表，像具有行和列的网格或表格；想象一个电子表格。
7. Networking | 网络
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network covering a small geographical area, like a school building; ‘Local’ is small.
局域网 —— 覆盖小地理区域的网络，如学校大楼；“Local”就是本地小范围。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – Connects LANs over large distances, e.g., the Internet; ‘Wide’ spans the world.
广域网 —— 连接远距离局域网的网络，如互联网；“Wide”就是广。
Protocol – A set of rules for data transmission; think of a diplomatic protocol for how messages are exchanged.
协议 —— 数据传输的一套规则；像外交礼仪规定如何交换消息。
IP Address – A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network; like a postal address for data.
IP 地址 —— 网络中每台设备分配的唯一数字标签；像数据的邮寄地址。
Packet Switching – Breaking data into packets that travel independently and reassemble at the destination; picture a puzzle sent in separate envelopes.
分组交换 —— 将数据分成独立传输的数据包，在目的地重新组装；想象一副拼图放在不同信封里寄出。
8. Cyber Security | 网络安全
Malware – Malicious software designed to damage or disrupt; ‘Mal’ means bad, like ‘malfunction’.
恶意软件 —— 旨在破坏或干扰的软件；“Mal” 表示坏，如“malfunction (故障)”。
Phishing – Fraudulent emails tricking users into revealing personal information; think of ‘fishing’ for passwords.
钓鱼邮件 —— 欺骗用户泄露个人信息的欺诈邮件；像“钓鱼”获取密码。
Encryption – Scrambling data so only authorised parties can read it; picture a secret code ring.
加密 —— 将数据打乱，使只有授权方才能读取；像秘密解码戒指。
Brute Force Attack – Trying every possible password combination; like trying all keys on a keyring until the door opens.
暴力破解 —— 尝试每一种可能的密码组合；像试遍钥匙串上每一把钥匙直到开门。
Firewall – A security barrier that monitors incoming/outgoing network traffic; like a security guard filtering visitors.
防火墙 —— 监控进出网络流量的安全屏障；像过滤访客的保安。
9. Databases | 数据库
Database – A structured collection of persistent data; think of a digital filing cabinet.
数据库 —— 持久数据的有组织集合；像一个数字文件柜。
Table – A set of related records organized in rows and columns; a single sheet in the filing cabinet.
表 —— 按行和列组织的一组相关记录；文件柜里的一张活页。
Record – A single row in a table representing one entity; one card in the file.
记录 —— 表中的一行，表示一个实体；文件中的一张卡片。
Field – A single attribute column in a table, e.g., ‘Surname’.
字段 —— 表中的单个属性列，如“姓氏”。
Primary Key – A unique field that identifies each record; like a national ID number, never duplicated.
主键 —— 唯一标识每条记录的字段；像身份证号，绝不重复。
SQL – Structured Query Language used to manage databases; say ‘Sequel’ to remember it’s for queries.
SQL —— 用于管理数据库的结构化查询语言；读作“Sequel”以记住它是用于查询的。
10. Ethical & Legal Issues | 伦理与法律问题
Data Protection Act – Legislation governing how personal data is used; ‘Protection’ means safeguarding privacy.
数据保护法 —— 规定个人数据使用方式的法律；“保护”意味着守护隐私。
Copyright – Legal right preventing unauthorized copying of original work; ‘copy’ is not ‘right’ without permission.
版权 —— 防止未经授权复制原创作品的法律权利；未经许可不得“复制权利”。
Digital Divide – The gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not; think of a bridge that some cannot cross.
数字鸿沟 —— 能接触与不能接触技术的人群间的差距；像一座有些人过不去的桥。
Plagiarism – Presenting someone else’s work as your own; easy to remember as ‘play-giarism’ if you play around with copying.
剽窃 —— 将他人的作品据为己有；以“剽”来记，取“占领”之意。
11. Software & Operating Systems | 软件与操作系统
System Software – Programs that run the computer’s hardware and provide a platform for other software; like the backstage crew in a theatre.
系统软件 —— 运行计算机硬件并为其他软件提供平台的程序；像剧院的后台工作人员。
Operating System (OS) – The core system software managing resources (Windows, Linux, macOS); the ‘boss’ that allocates memory.
操作系统 —— 管理资源的核心系统软件（Windows、Linux、macOS）；像分配内存的“老板”。
Utility Software – Performs maintenance tasks (antivirus, defragmentation); helpful ‘utility’ tools.
实用程序 —— 执行维护任务的软件（杀毒、碎片整理）；有用的“实用”工具。
GUI – Graphical User Interface using windows, icons, menus, and pointers; ‘Graphical’ = pictures you interact with.
图形用户界面 —— 使用窗口、图标、菜单和指针的界面；“Graphical”就是你可以交互的图形。
12. Web Technologies | 网页技术
HTML – HyperText Markup Language; the skeleton of a webpage built with tags.
HTML —— 超文本标记语言；用标签构建网页的骨架。
CSS – Cascading Style Sheets; it styles the HTML skeleton, like clothes on a mannequin.
CSS —— 层叠样式表；为 HTML 骨架添加样式，像穿在人体模型上的衣服。
Hyperlink – A clickable link that navigates to another location; ‘hyper’ = jump beyond.
超链接 —— 可点击的链接，导航到另一个位置；“超”就是跳到外边。
URL – Uniform Resource Locator; the address of a resource on the web.
URL —— 统一资源定位符；网络中资源的地址。
Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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