📚 Year 9 Cambridge Biology Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 9 剑桥生物词汇术语速记指南
Biology is a subject full of specialised vocabulary – from organelles like ‘mitochondria’ to processes like ‘photosynthesis’. For Year 9 Cambridge students, mastering these terms is the foundation for exam success. This guide breaks down key terms into bite‑sized groups, pairing each with a memory trick and a clear definition in both English and Chinese. Use it to build your confidence and speed up your revision.
生物学是一门充满专业词汇的学科——从“线粒体”等细胞器到“光合作用”等过程。对 Year 9 剑桥学生来说，掌握这些术语是考试成功的基础。本指南将关键术语分解成易于消化的分组，每个术语都配上记忆窍门和中英双语清晰定义。用它来建立你的信心并加快复习速度。
1. Cells and Organelles | 细胞与细胞器
Cell membrane – the thin, flexible outer layer that controls what enters and leaves the cell. Trick: imagine a ‘bouncer’ at a club, only letting approved substances pass.
细胞膜 – 控制物质进出细胞的薄而柔韧的外层。窍门：想象俱乐部门口的“保镖”，只允许获准的物质通过。
Nucleus – the control centre containing DNA. Trick: link ‘nucleus’ to ‘nerve centre’ – it’s the boss of the cell, giving all the orders.
细胞核 – 含有 DNA 的控制中心。窍门：把“nucleus”和“神经中枢”联系起来——它是细胞的老板，发号施令。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) – the ‘powerhouses’ that release energy through respiration. Trick: think ‘mighty‑chondria’ – they pack a mighty energy punch, like tiny batteries.
线粒体 – 通过呼吸作用释放能量的“发电站”。窍门：联成“强力‑chondria”——它们像小电池一样提供强力能量。
Chloroplast – found only in plant cells, contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Trick: ‘chloro’ means green, ‘plast’ like plastic container – green containers that turn sunlight into food.
叶绿体 – 仅存在植物细胞中，含叶绿素进行光合作用。窍门：“chloro”意为绿色，“plast”像塑料容器——把阳光变成食物的绿色容器。
Vacuole – a large sap‑filled space in plant cells that maintains turgor pressure. Trick: imagine a water balloon inside the cell – full of liquid to keep the cell stiff.
液泡 – 植物细胞内充满细胞液的大空腔，维持膨压。窍门：想象细胞内的水气球——充满液体使细胞坚挺。
2. Tissues, Organs and Systems | 组织、器官与系统
Tissue – a group of similar cells working together, e.g. muscle tissue. Trick: consider tissues as ‘teams’ of identical workers; each team does one job.
组织 – 一组相似细胞共同工作，如肌肉组织。窍门：将组织看作由相同员工组成的“团队”；每个团队完成一项任务。
Organ – made of different tissues, performing a specific function, e.g. the heart. Trick: an organ is like a department in a factory, combining several skills to produce one result.
器官 – 由不同组织构成，执行特定功能，如心脏。窍门：器官就像工厂的车间，结合多种技能输出一个结果。
Organ system – a group of organs working together, e.g. the digestive system. Trick: systems are entire production lines, linking departments to make a final product (digested food, in this case).
器官系统 – 一组协同工作的器官，如消化系统。窍门：系统是整条生产线，连接各个部门以制造最终产品（此处为消化的食物）。
Differentiation – the process by which a cell becomes specialised. Trick: think of students ‘differentiating’ into specialists – one becomes a doctor, another an engineer, all from the same basic training.
分化 – 细胞变得特化的过程。窍门：想象学生“分化”成专家——一个成了医生，另一个成了工程师，都来自相同的基础培训。
3. Nutrition and Digestion | 营养与消化
Balanced diet – intake of all nutrients in correct proportions. Trick: picture a ‘balanced plate’ with carbs, protein, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water, like a rainbow on your plate.
均衡膳食 – 按正确比例摄入所有营养素。窍门：想象“均衡餐盘”，包含碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质、纤维和水，像盘中的彩虹。
Enzyme – a biological catalyst that speeds up reactions without being used up. Trick: think of enzymes as tiny ‘keys’ fitting specific ‘locks’ (substrates), unlocking reactions quickly.
酶 – 生物催化剂，加速反应而自身不被消耗。窍门：将酶想象成小“钥匙”契合特定的“锁”（底物），迅速开启反应。
Peristalsis – wave‑like muscle contractions that push food along the alimentary canal. Trick: pronounce it as ‘peri‑stall‑sis’ and picture a snake swallowing its prey, squeezing it down the tube.
蠕动 – 将食物沿消化道推进的波浪状肌肉收缩。窍门：发音联想“peri‑stall‑sis”，想象蛇吞猎物时挤压食道的画面。
Villus (plural: villi) – tiny finger‑like projections in the small intestine that absorb nutrients. Trick: villi look like the fingers of a glove, massively increasing surface area for absorption.
绒毛 – 小肠内微小的指状突起，吸收养分。窍门：绒毛像手套的手指，大幅增加吸收的表面积。
4. Breathing and Gas Exchange | 呼吸与气体交换
Alveoli (singular: alveolus) – microscopic air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Trick: imagine a bunch of grapes, each grape is an alveolus, providing a huge surface area for O₂ and CO₂ to swap.
肺泡 – 肺内进行气体交换的微型气囊。窍门：想象一串葡萄，每颗葡萄是一个肺泡，提供了巨大的表面积让氧气和二氧化碳交换。
Diaphragm – a dome‑shaped muscle that flattens to draw air into the lungs. Trick: think of a plunger – when you push it down, space opens up and fluid is drawn in.
横膈膜 – 穹顶状肌肉，变扁平时将空气吸入肺部。窍门：想象一个皮搋子——压下时隔膜打开空间，空气被吸入。
Ventilation – the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Trick: link ‘ventilation’ to ‘vent’ – opening a vent lets fresh air in. It’s not breathing, it’s the mechanical part.
通气 – 空气进出肺部的运动。窍门：把“ventilation”和“vent（通风口）”联系起来——打开通风口让新鲜空气进入。这不是呼吸，而是机械运动。
5. Circulatory System | 循环系统
Artery – a thick‑walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart (usually oxygenated). Trick: ‘A’ for artery, ‘A’ for away – arteries take blood away from the heart. Walls are thick to withstand high pressure.
动脉 – 管壁较厚的血管，将血液带离心脏（通常含氧血）。窍门：“A”代表 artery、“A”代表 away（离开）——动脉把血液带离心脏。管壁厚以承受高压。
Vein – a thin‑walled vessel that returns blood to the heart, containing valves to prevent backflow. Trick: veins are ‘vulnerable’, thin‑walled, and have ‘doors’ (valves) to keep blood moving one way.
静脉 – 管壁薄，将血液送回心脏，含有瓣膜防止倒流。窍门：静脉（vein）很脆弱（vulnerable），管壁薄，且有“门”（瓣膜）确保血液单向流动。
Capillary – a microscopic vessel where substances are exchanged with tissues. Trick: capillaries are ‘capillary‑size’ – as thin as a hair, with walls just one cell thick for easy diffusion.
毛细血管 – 与组织交换物质的微小血管。窍门：毛细血管（capillary）如头发（hair）般细，管壁仅一个细胞厚，便于扩散。
Plasma – the liquid part of blood that transports cells, nutrients, hormones and waste. Trick: plasma is like the river water that carries boats (cells) and cargo.
血浆 – 血液的液体部分，运输细胞、营养、激素和废物。窍门：血浆像河流的水，运载船只（细胞）和货物。
6. Nervous System and Hormones | 神经系统与激素
Neuron (nerve cell) – a specialised cell that transmits electrical impulses. Trick: think of a ‘neon’ sign lighting up in sequence – impulses race along neurons like electricity through a wire.
神经元（神经细胞）– 传递电信号的特化细胞。窍门：想象“霓虹灯”依次亮起——脉冲沿神经元狂奔，像电流通过电线。
Synapse – the gap between neurons where chemical messengers cross. Trick: ‘synapse’ sounds like ‘sin‑gap’ – a tiny gap that signals must jump across using neurotransmitters.
突触 – 神经元之间的间隙，化学信使在此传递。窍门：“synapse”听起来像“sin‑gap” – 一个小间隙，信号必须借助神经递质跳过去。
Reflex arc – a rapid, automatic response pathway that bypasses the brain. Trick: think of a ‘reflex’ as a shortcut – the spinal cord handles it before the brain even notices, like a knee‑jerk reaction.
反射弧 – 绕过大脑的快速自动反应通路。窍门：把“反射”想象成捷径——脊髓在脑注意到之前就处理了，如膝跳反应。
Hormone – a chemical messenger transported in the blood to target organs. Trick: ‘hormone’ sounds like ‘harmony’ – they help maintain body harmony, like a conductor’s baton signalling different players.
激素 – 通过血液运输到靶器官的化学信使。窍门：“hormone”谐音“harmony”——它们维持身体和谐，如指挥棒向不同乐手发出信号。
7. Reproduction | 生殖
Gamete – a sex cell (sperm or egg) with half the normal chromosome number. Trick: ‘gamete’ sounds like ‘game it’ – reproduction is a game of passing half your chromosomes.
配子 – 具有正常染色体数一半的性细胞（精子或卵子）。窍门：“gamete” 联想 “game it” – 生殖就是传递一半染色体的游戏。
Fertilisation – fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Trick: think of fertilisation as a ‘key and lock’ – sperm unlocks the egg to restore full chromosome set.
受精 – 雄性和雌性配子融合形成受精卵。窍门：想象受精为“钥匙和锁” – 精子打开卵子以恢复全套染色体。
Placenta – organ that allows exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and fetus. Trick: the placenta is a ‘life‑line belt’ – a disc where mother’s blood and baby’s blood come close but don’t mix.
胎盘 – 允许母体和胎儿交换营养和废物的器官。窍门：胎盘是“生命传送带”——母血和胎儿血靠近但不混合的圆盘。
8. Inheritance and Genetics | 遗传与遗传学
Gene – a section of DNA that codes for a protein. Trick: think of a gene as a ‘recipe’ in a cookbook (DNA); each recipe makes one protein dish.
基因 – 编码蛋白质的一段 DNA。窍门：把基因看作食谱书（DNA）中的一份“食谱”；每份食谱烹饪一道蛋白质菜肴。
Allele – different version of the same gene. Trick: alleles are ‘alternatives’ – like different flavours of the same recipe, e.g. blue eyes vs brown eyes.
等位基因 – 同一基因的不同版本。窍门：等位基因是“选择项”——相同食谱的不同口味，如蓝眼与棕眼。
Dominant / Recessive – a dominant allele always shows its effect, recessive only when two copies are present. Trick: dominant = ‘bossy’ twin who always wins, recessive = ‘shy’ twin who only appears when alone.
显性 / 隐性 – 显性等位基因总能表现，隐性仅在有两个拷贝时才表现。窍门：显性 = 专横的双胞胎总是赢，隐性 = 害羞的双胞胎只有独处时才露面。
Genotype / Phenotype – genotype is the allele combination, phenotype is the appearance. Trick: ‘genotype’ = ‘gene‑type’ (the code), ‘phenotype’ = ‘photo‑type’ (the picture you see).
基因型 / 表型 – 基因型是等位基因组合，表型是外观。窍门：“genotype” = “基因类型”（代码），“phenotype” = “照片类型”（你看到的样子）。
9. Ecology and Ecosystems | 生态学与生态系统
Species – a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Trick: ‘species’ sounds like ‘special breed’ – a group that only breeds successfully with its own kind.
物种 – 能够相互交配并产生可育后代的一群生物。窍门：“species” 联想“special breed” – 只能与同类成功繁殖的特殊种群。
Population – all members of one species living in an area. Trick: ‘population’ = ‘people’‑lation – count every individual of that one species in the habitat.
种群 – 居住在同一区域同一物种的所有个体。窍门：“population” 想象成“people”‑lation – 数一数栖息地中该物种的每个个体。
Food web – a network of interconnected food chains. Trick: a food web is like the ‘web’ of a spider – many threads linking feeding relationships together, not just one straight line.
食物网 – 相互关联的食物链组成的网络。窍门：食物网像蜘蛛的“网”——许多线将摄食关系连在一起，而非一条直线。
Decomposer – an organism that breaks down dead matter, e.g. fungi and bacteria. Trick: ‘de‑composer’ means ‘to break apart’ – they decompose complex materials into simple ones, nature’s recyclers.
分解者 – 分解死物质的生物，如真菌和细菌。窍门：“de‑composer”意为“分解”——它们将复杂物质分解为简单物质，大自然的回收者。
10. Key Processes: Photosynthesis and Respiration | 关键过程：光合作用与呼吸作用
Photosynthesis – the process by which plants use sunlight to convert CO₂ and H₂O into glucose and O₂. The equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Trick: ‘photo’ = light, ‘synthesis’ = putting together – using light to build sugar.
光合作用 – 植物利用阳光将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。窍门：“photo” = 光，“synthesis” = 合成——用光来制造糖。
Respiration – the chemical reaction in cells that releases energy from glucose, often summarised as: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O. Trick: respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis; think of it as ‘burning’ sugar for energy in your body’s engine.
呼吸作用 – 细胞中从葡萄糖释放能量的化学反应，常概括为：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O。窍门：呼吸作用是光合作用的逆向过程；想象成身体引擎“燃烧”糖分获取能量。
Diffusion – net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration. Trick: imagine a crowd spreading out from a packed room – they naturally drift to empty spaces.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净运动。窍门：想象人群从拥挤的房间散开——自然飘向空旷之处。
Osmosis – diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane. Trick: ‘osmosis’ sounds like ‘oh‑slow‑sis’ – water seeping slowly through a coffee filter, from where there’s more water to where there’s less.
渗透 – 水通过部分渗透膜的扩散。窍门：“osmosis” 谐音“哦‑慢‑渗”——水像通过咖啡滤纸慢慢渗过，从水多的地方到水少的地方。
Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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