Year 9 Cambridge Business: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 剑桥商务：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 9 Cambridge Business: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 剑桥商务：词汇术语速记指南

Building a strong foundation in business terminology is essential for success in Year 9 Cambridge Business. This guide presents key concepts in clear, bite‑sized pairs, with practical memory hacks to help you recall terms quickly and accurately.

在 Year 9 剑桥商务课程中，扎实掌握术语是成功的关键。这份指南以清晰的英中对照方式呈现核心概念，并附上实用的记忆技巧，帮助你快速准确地记住这些词汇。

1. Business and Business Activity | 企业与商业活动

A business is any organisation that produces goods or provides services to satisfy the needs and wants of customers, usually with the aim of making a profit.

企业是指为满足顾客需求与欲望而生产产品或提供服务的组织，通常以盈利为目的。

The term goods refers to physical, tangible items such as smartphones, furniture or food.

商品指的是有形的实物，例如智能手机、家具或食品。

Services are intangible activities provided to consumers, like haircuts, transport or education.

服务是提供给消费者的无形活动，如理发、交通或教育。

Understanding the difference between needs (essentials for survival, e.g. water, shelter) and wants (desires that are not essential, e.g. a video game) is fundamental.

理解需求（生存必需品，如水、住所）与欲望（非必需渴望，如电子游戏）的区别是基础。

Memorisation tip: Think of ‘Goods can be Good to hold, Services are Something you experience’.
记忆小窍门：想象“商品能拿在手里（Good = Goods），服务是你体验的（Services = Experience）”。

2. Types of Business Organisation | 企业类型

A sole trader is a business owned and run by one person. The owner has unlimited liability, meaning personal assets are at risk if the business fails.

个体经营者是由一人拥有并经营的企业。所有者承担无限责任，意味着如果企业倒闭，个人财产也面临风险。

A partnership involves two or more people sharing ownership and responsibility. A deed of partnership outlines the terms, but partners typically have unlimited liability unless there is a limited partner.

合伙企业由两人或以上共同拥有与负责。合伙契约规定合作条款，但合伙人通常也承担无限责任，除非存在有限合伙人。

A private limited company (Ltd) is a business that can sell shares privately. Owners have limited liability, so they only lose the amount they invested. Shares cannot be sold to the public on the stock market.

私人有限公司（Ltd）可以私下发售股份。所有者承担有限责任公司，最多损失投资额。股份不能在股票市场公开出售。

A public limited company (plc) can sell shares to the general public on the stock exchange. It must have a minimum share capital and publish its accounts.

公众有限公司（plc）可在证券交易所向公众发售股份，有最低股本要求，并须公开账目。

Feature	Sole Trader	Partnership	Ltd	plc
Ownership	One person	2 or more	Shareholders	Shareholders
Liability	Unlimited	Unlimited (mostly)	Limited	Limited
Shares traded	No	No	Privately	Publicly

Memorisation tip: ‘Sole’ means single; ‘Partnership’ = partners share; ‘Ltd’ = private, limited loss; ‘plc’ = public, lots of cash (capital).
记忆小窍门： “Sole” 指唯一；”Partnership” 伙伴合伙；”Ltd” 私人有限；”plc” 公众多金。

3. Business Objectives | 商业目标

A business objective is a specific target a business sets out to achieve. Common objectives include survival, profit maximisation, growth, increasing market share, and providing a social or ethical service.

商业目标是企业设定的具体指标。常见目标包括生存、利润最大化、成长、扩大市场份额以及提供社会或道德服务。

Market share is the percentage of total sales in a market held by one brand or company. For example, if a smartphone brand sells 1 million units in a market of 10 million, its market share is 10%.

市场份额指某一品牌或公司在市场总销售额中所占的百分比。例如，某智能手机品牌在总销量1000万台的市场中售出100万台，其市场份额为10%。

Social enterprise is a business that trades for social or environmental purposes, reinvesting most of its profits back into the cause rather than distributing them to owners.

社会企业是为社会或环境目的而开展经营的企业，大部分利润重新投入其事业，而不是分配给所有者。

Memorisation tip: Use the acronym ‘SPGMS’ – Survival, Profit, Growth, Market share, Social good.
记忆小窍门：使用首字母缩写 “SPGMS” —— 生存、利润、成长、市场份额、社会公益。

4. Stakeholders | 利益相关者

Stakeholders are individuals or groups who have an interest in a business and can be affected by its decisions. They include owners, employees, customers, suppliers, the government, and the local community.

利益相关者是对企业有利害关系，并可能受其决策影响的个人或群体，包括所有者、员工、顾客、供应商、政府和当地社区。

Internal stakeholders work within the business, such as owners and employees. External stakeholders are outside the business, like customers, suppliers, the government, and the community.

内部利益相关者在企业内部工作，如所有者与员工。外部利益相关者在企业外部，如顾客、供应商、政府和社区。

A business must consider the stakeholder conflict that can arise. For example, increasing wages for employees (internal stakeholder) might reduce profit for owners (another internal stakeholder).

企业必须考虑可能出现的利益相关者冲突。例如，为员工（内部）加薪可能减少所有者（另一内部）的利润。

Memorisation tip: Think of a ‘stake’ in the ground – everyone with a connection has a stake in the business.
记忆小窍门：想象一根”桩”（stake），所有与这个桩有联系的人都对企业有利害关系。

5. Marketing Basics – The Marketing Mix | 市场营销基础——市场组合

The marketing mix is often called the ‘4 Ps’: Product (what you sell), Price (how much you charge), Place (where it is sold and how it reaches customers), and Promotion (how you communicate with customers).

市场组合常被称为”4P”：产品（你卖什么）、价格（你收费多少）、渠道（在哪里销售以及如何到达顾客手中）和促销（你如何与顾客沟通）。

A target market is a specific group of consumers at whom a product or service is aimed. Businesses identify target markets by segmenting based on age, income, lifestyle, or location.

目标市场是产品或服务所瞄准的特定消费者群体。企业通过按年龄、收入、生活方式或地点进行细分来确定目标市场。

Unique selling point (USP) is a feature of a product that makes it different from and better than competitors’ offerings.

独特卖点（USP）是使产品区别于并优于竞争对手的产品特性。

Memorisation tip: The 4 Ps: ‘Product, Price, Place, Promotion’ – remember it as ‘PPPPP’ (four Ps, one extra for fun).
记忆小窍门：4P: Product, Price, Place, Promotion – 可以记为”4个P，再加一个P”来加深印象。

6. Market Research | 市场研究

Market research is the process of gathering, analysing and interpreting information about a market, customers and competitors. It can be primary (field research) or secondary (desk research).

市场研究是收集、分析和解读关于市场、顾客及竞争对手信息的过程。可分为一手研究（实地调查）和二手研究（案头研究）。

Primary research involves collecting new data directly from the market, e.g. through questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, and observations. It is specific but expensive.

一手研究指直接从市场收集新数据，例如通过问卷、访谈、焦点小组和观察。这种数据针对性强但成本高。

Secondary research uses data that already exists, such as internet sources, government reports, newspapers, and internal sales records. It is quicker and cheaper but may not be tailored to the business’s needs.

二手研究使用已有数据，如互联网资料、政府报告、报纸和内部销售记录。这种方法更快、更便宜，但可能不完全符合企业需求。

Quantitative data is numerical information (e.g. 40% of teenagers prefer Brand A), while qualitative data is descriptive (e.g. reasons why customers like a brand).

定量数据是数字信息（如40%的青少年偏爱A品牌），定性数据是描述性信息（如顾客喜欢某品牌的原因）。

Memorisation tip: Primary = you are the first to collect it; Secondary = second-hand data.
记忆小窍门：一手（Primary）= 你第一个收集；二手（Secondary）= 二手数据。

7. Production and Operations | 生产与运营

Production is the process of converting resources (inputs) into finished goods or services (outputs). The three main types of production are job production, batch production, and flow production.

生产是将资源（投入）转化为成品或服务（产出）的过程。三种主要生产方式是单件生产、批量生产和流水生产。

Job production creates one unique item at a time, often to customer specifications, e.g. a custom‑made wedding cake.

单件生产一次制作一件独特产品，通常按客户要求定制，如定制婚礼蛋糕。

Batch production produces a group of identical items together; after completing one batch, production may switch to a different design, e.g. baking a batch of muffins then a batch of cupcakes.

批量生产同时生产一组相同的产品；完成一批后，可切换生产不同设计，如先烤一批松饼，再烤一批杯子蛋糕。

Flow (mass) production involves continuous, large‑scale manufacture of standardised products on an assembly line, e.g. soft drinks or cars.

流水（大规模）生产是在装配线上连续大批量生产标准化产品，如饮料或汽车。

Lean production aims to minimise waste and maximise efficiency. Techniques like just‑in‑time (JIT) keep stock levels low by ordering materials only when needed.

精益生产旨在最小化浪费、最大化效率。准时制（JIT）等技术仅在需要时才订购材料，保持低库存。

Memorisation tip: Job = one unique, Batch = bunch, Flow = forever moving.
记忆小窍门：单件(Job)= 一项独特；批量(Batch)= 一批；流水(Flow)= 一直流动。

8. Human Resources – Motivation and Recruitment | 人力资源——激励与招聘

Human resources (HR) is the function that deals with employing, training and supporting workers. Recruitment is the process of finding and hiring the right people for a job.

人力资源（HR）是负责雇佣、培训和支持员工的职能。招聘是找到并聘用合适人员填补职位的过程。

Internal recruitment involves filling a vacancy with someone already working in the business, while external recruitment looks for candidates from outside the organisation.

内部招聘指用企业内部现有员工填补空缺，外部招聘则从组织外寻找候选人。

Motivation is what drives people to work hard. A well‑known theory is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which starts with basic pay and safety and moves up to self‑fulfilment.

激励是促使员工努力工作的因素。著名的马斯洛需求层次理论从基本的薪酬与安全开始，逐渐上升到自我实现。

Financial motivation includes wages, salaries, commission, and profit sharing. Non‑financial motivation includes praise, opportunities for promotion, and a good working environment.

财务激励包括工资、薪金、佣金和利润分享。非财务激励包括表扬、晋升机会和良好的工作环境。

Memorisation tip: ‘Hire inside or hire outside’ – internal vs external. ‘Money or praise’ – financial vs non‑financial.
记忆小窍门：“内部招还是外部招”——内部 vs 外部。”钱还是表扬”——财务 vs 非财务。

9. Finance and Profit | 金融与利润

Profit is the financial gain a business makes after subtracting all costs from its revenue. The basic profit formula is:

利润是企业收入扣除所有成本后的财务收益。基本利润公式如下：

Profit = Total Revenue − Total Costs

利润 = 总收入 − 总成本

Revenue is the money a business earns from selling goods or services, calculated as:

收入是企业通过销售产品或服务获得的资金，计算方式为：

Revenue = Selling Price × Quantity Sold

收入 = 销售单价 × 销售数量

Fixed costs remain the same regardless of output, e.g. rent and insurance. Variable costs change directly with the level of production, e.g. raw materials.

固定成本不随产量变化，如租金和保险。可变成本随生产水平直接变化，如原材料。

Break‑even point is where total revenue equals total costs, meaning the business makes neither profit nor loss.

盈亏平衡点是总收入等于总成本的产量点，此时企业既不盈利也不亏损。

Memorisation tip: The ‘profit sandwich’ – revenue on top, costs in the middle, profit left at the bottom.
记忆小窍门：“利润三明治”——上面是收入，中间是成本，最后剩下利润。

10. Global Business and Trade | 全球商业与贸易

International trade is the buying and selling of goods and services across national borders. Exports are goods sold to another country; imports are goods bought from another country.

国际贸易是跨境买卖商品和服务。出口是卖给其他国家的商品；进口是从其他国家购买的商品。

A multinational company (MNC) is a business with operations in more than one country, e.g. Nike or Coca‑Cola. MNCs benefit from cost savings and new markets but can face ethical criticism.

跨国公司（MNC）是在多国经营的企业，如耐克或可口可乐。跨国公司能获得成本节约和新市场，但可能面临道德批评。

Globalisation is the increasing interconnection of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, driven by technology, trade, and investment. It brings both opportunities and challenges for businesses.

全球化是世界经济、文化和人口日益紧密联系的过程，受技术、贸易和投资推动。它给企业带来了机遇，也带来了挑战。

Exchange rates can affect international trade. If the value of a country’s currency falls, its exports become cheaper and more competitive, but imports become more expensive.

汇率影响国际贸易。如果一国货币贬值，其出口会变得更便宜、更具竞争力，但进口会变得更昂贵。

Memorisation tip: Export = Exit the port; Import = Into the port. Exchange rate: ‘Strong currency, cheap imports’ – like a strong man lifting easy loads.
记忆小窍门：Export = 出口（Exit port）；Import = 进口（Into port）。汇率：”强货币，进口便宜”——就像大力士轻松举重。

11. Putting It All Together – Speed Revision Strategies | 综合速记策略

Create flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese definition plus a memory trigger on the other. Use colour coding for different topics, e.g. green for Finance, blue for Marketing.

制作抽认卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文定义和记忆线索。用不同颜色标注不同主题，例如绿色代表金融，蓝色代表市场营销。

Build mnemonic chains: For the 4 Ps, invent a story – ‘Paul the Product met Penny the Price at Palace Place, promoting a party.’ The more vivid, the better.

构建记忆联想链：以4P为例，编一个故事——”Product 保罗在 Place 宫殿遇见 Price 佩妮，一起 Promotion 宣传派对。”越生动越好。

Use the Feynman technique: try to explain a business term in simple English (or Chinese) as if teaching someone younger. If you struggle, revisit the definition.

运用费曼学习法：试着用简单的英语或中文解释一个商务术语，就像教低年级学生一样。如果解释不清，就重新回顾定义。

Draw a concept map linking stakeholders, objectives, and business types. Visual connections help your brain store and retrieve information more efficiently.

绘制概念图，将利益相关者、目标和商业类型连接起来。视觉联系能帮助大脑更高效地存储和提取信息。

Quick check: Can you name the three types of liability? (Unlimited, limited, limited by guarantee). What is the difference between a good and a service? (Tangible vs intangible).
快速自测：你能说出三种责任类型吗？（无限、有限、担保有限）。商品和服务的区别是什么？（有形 vs 无形）。

Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）

Year 9 Cambridge Business: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 9 剑桥商务：词汇术语速记指南