AQA GCSE Chemistry Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | AQA GCSE 化学词汇术语速记指南

📚 AQA GCSE Chemistry Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | AQA GCSE 化学词汇术语速记指南

Mastering chemistry terminology is essential for success in AQA GCSE Chemistry. This guide provides clear definitions and memory aids for key terms across all topics. By reading the paired explanations, you will reinforce both understanding and recall.

掌握化学术语对于 AQA GCSE 化学的成功至关重要。本指南为各主题关键术语提供清晰定义与记忆辅助。通过阅读配对的解释，你将加深理解并强化记忆。

1. Atomic Structure | 原子结构

Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist. It consists of a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells. Memory tip: ‘atom’ comes from Greek ‘atomos’ meaning indivisible.

原子: 元素能够存在的最小粒子。它由含质子和中子的中心原子核以及核外分层排布的电子构成。记忆提示：’atom’ 源于希腊语 ‘atomos’，意为不可分割。

Proton: A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus, with a relative mass of 1. The number of protons defines the element. Remember: Proton = Positive.

质子: 原子核中带正电的亚原子粒子，相对质量为 1。质子数决定元素的种类。记忆：Proton 与 Positive（正）都带 ‘P’。

Neutron: A neutral subatomic particle in the nucleus, relative mass 1. Neutrons add mass and vary in isotopes. ‘Neutron’ sounds like ‘neutral’.

中子: 原子核中不带电的亚原子粒子，相对质量为 1。中子增加质量，在同位素中数目不同。’Neutron’ 与 ‘neutral’（中性）发音相近。

Electron: A tiny negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus in energy levels (shells). Relative mass ≈ 1/1835. Chemical bonding involves electrons. Think: Electron = Electricity (negative).

电子: 极小的带负电粒子，在核外能级（电子层）中运动。相对质量约为 1/1835。化学键涉及电子。联想：电子带来负电。

Atomic number (Z): The number of protons in an atom. It determines the type of element and its position in the periodic table. Z = number of protons.

原子序数 (Z): 原子中的质子数。它决定元素的种类和在周期表中的位置。Z 即质子数。

Mass number (A): The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Atoms of the same element can have different mass numbers (isotopes). A = protons + neutrons.

质量数 (A): 原子核内质子数与中子数的总和。同种元素的原子可以有不同的质量数（同位素）。A = 质子数 + 中子数。

Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, hence different mass numbers. Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14. Iso- means same.

同位素: 质子数相同但中子数不同的同种元素原子，因此质量数不同。例如碳-12 和碳-14。’Iso-‘ 表示相同。

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2. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表

Period: A horizontal row in the periodic table. Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells. The period number indicates the number of shells.

周期: 周期表中的横行。同一周期的元素具有相同的电子层数。周期序数等于电子层数。

Group: A vertical column in the periodic table. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell, giving similar chemical properties.

族: 周期表中的纵列。同族元素最外层电子数相同，因此化学性质相似。

Alkali metals (Group 1): Very reactive soft metals that form ionic compounds with non-metals. They react vigorously with water producing hydrogen and an alkali. Trend: reactivity increases down the group.

碱金属（第1族）: 非常活泼的软金属，与非金属形成离子化合物。它们与水剧烈反应，产生氢气和碱。趋势：同族从上到下活泼性增强。

Halogens (Group 7): Very reactive non-metals that exist as diatomic molecules (e.g., F₂, Cl₂). They form salts with metals and become less reactive down the group.

卤素（第7族）: 非常活泼的非金属，以双原子分子存在（如 F₂，Cl₂）。它们与金属形成盐，同族向下活泼性减弱。

Noble gases (Group 0): Inert, monatomic gases with a full outer electron shell. They are very unreactive. Uses include helium for balloons and argon in light bulbs.

稀有气体（第0族）: 惰性的单原子气体，最外层电子已满。它们极不活泼。用途包括氦充气球、氩充灯泡。

Transition metals: Hard, dense metals in the centre of the table. They have high melting points, form coloured compounds, and are often used as catalysts. Iron, copper, and zinc are examples.

过渡金属: 位于周期表中部的坚硬、致密金属。熔点高，形成有色化合物，常作催化剂。例子有铁、铜、锌。

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3. Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构

Ion: A charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons. Metals lose electrons to form positive ions (cations); non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions (anions). Cation: pawsitive (cat-ions).

离子: 原子得失电子后形成的带电粒子。金属失去电子形成阳离子（正离子）；非金属得到电子形成阴离子（负离子）。阳离子：带正电。

Ionic bond: The strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a giant ionic lattice. Example: NaCl, where Na⁺ and Cl⁻ are held together. Ionic compounds have high melting points and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved.

离子键: 巨大离子晶格中带相反电荷离子间的强静电吸引力。例如 NaCl 中 Na⁺ 和 Cl⁻ 相互吸引。离子化合物熔点高，熔融或溶于水时导电。

Covalent bond: A shared pair of electrons between two non-metal atoms, creating a strong bond. Single, double, or triple bonds can exist. Example: H₂O, where each H shares a pair with O.

共价键: 两个非金属原子间共享的一对电子，形成强键。可形成单键、双键或三键。例如 H₂O 中每个 H 与 O 共享一对电子。

Metallic bond: The strong electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons. This explains metal properties like conductivity and malleability. ‘Sea’ of electrons allows layers to slide.

金属键: 正金属离子晶格与离域电子海之间的强静电吸引力。这解释了金属的导电性、延展性等性质。电子海使原子层可滑动。

Giant covalent structure: A huge network of atoms bonded by covalent bonds throughout the structure. Diamond (each C bonded to 4 others) and graphite (layers of C bonded in hexagons) are examples. They have very high melting points.

巨大共价结构: 通过共价键在三维空间无限延伸形成的大网络。金刚石（每个碳原子与4个碳键合）和石墨（六边形层状结构）是例子。它们具有极高的熔点。

Simple molecular substance: Made of small molecules with weak intermolecular forces, so they have low melting and boiling points. Examples: H₂O, CO₂, O₂. Do not conduct electricity.

简单分子物质: 由小分子构成，分子间作用力弱，因此熔沸点低。例如 H₂O, CO₂, O₂。它们不导电。

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4. States of Matter and Changes | 物质的状态与变化

Solid: Particles are closely packed in a regular arrangement, vibrating in fixed positions. Solids have a fixed shape and volume. State symbol: (s).

固体: 粒子紧密排列，规则地固定在位置上振动。固体有固定的形状和体积。状态符号：(s)。

Liquid: Particles are close together but can move past each other. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container. Symbol: (l).

液体: 粒子相互靠近但可以相对滑动。液体有固定体积但形状随容器改变。符号：(l)。

Gas: Particles have lots of space and move rapidly in all directions. Gases have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed. Symbol: (g).

气体: 粒子间距离大，快速向各个方向运动。气体没有固定形状和体积，可被压缩。符号：(g)。

Aqueous solution: A substance dissolved in water. State symbol (aq) is used in equations. Example: NaCl(aq) means sodium chloride dissolved in water.

水溶液: 物质溶于水形成的溶液。方程式中用符号 (aq) 表示。例如 NaCl(aq) 表示氯化钠溶于水。

Melting point: Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid. The stronger the forces between particles, the higher the melting point. Pure substances have sharp melting points.

熔点: 固体变为液体时的温度。粒子间作用力越强，熔点越高。纯物质有明确的熔点。

Boiling point: Temperature at which a liquid rapidly turns into a gas throughout the liquid. Water boils at 100°C (at standard pressure).

沸点: 液体内部迅速变为气体的温度。水在标准压力下于 100°C 沸腾。

Sublimation: Process where a solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state. Example: solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes. Also iodine and ammonium chloride.

升华: 固体不经过液态直接变为气体的过程。例如固体二氧化碳（干冰）升华。碘和氯化铵也可升华。

Diffusion: The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Gases diffuse faster than liquids because particles move more quickly.

扩散: 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域运动的过程。气体扩散比液体快，因为粒子运动更迅速。

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5. Quantitative Chemistry | 定量化学

Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): The average mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom, taking isotopes into account. Think: Aᵣ compares an atom to carbon-12.

相对原子质量 (Aᵣ): 某个元素一个原子的平均质量与一个碳-12 原子质量的 1/12 相比的比值，考虑了同位素丰度。联想：Aᵣ 与碳-12 比较。

Relative formula mass (Mᵣ): The sum of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in the formula unit. For covalent substances, it is called relative molecular mass. Memory: Mᵣ = add all Aᵣ in formula.

相对式量 (Mᵣ): 化学式单元中所有原子的相对原子质量之和。对于共价物质也称为相对分子质量。记忆：Mᵣ 是化学式中各 Aᵣ 相加。

Mole: The unit for amount of substance. One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant). The mass of one mole of a substance is its relative formula mass in grams.

摩尔: 物质的量的单位。1 摩尔含有 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。1 摩尔某物质的质量为其相对式量的克数。

moles = mass / Mᵣ

摩尔数 = 质量 / 相对式量

Concentration: The amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent. Units: g/dm³ or mol/dm³. Calculated as mass/volume or moles/volume. A more concentrated solution has more solute per dm³

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