AQA GCSE Computer Science Glossary Quick-Reference Guide | AQA GCSE 计算机术语速记指南

📚 AQA GCSE Computer Science Glossary Quick-Reference Guide | AQA GCSE 计算机术语速记指南

Mastering the terminology is half the battle in AQA GCSE Computer Science. This guide pairs every key term with a concise English definition and a clear Chinese translation, helping you build a bilingual mental map that sticks. Whether you are revising for Paper 1 or Paper 2, keep this glossary handy for quick drills and self-testing.

掌握术语是攻克 AQA GCSE 计算机科学的关键一步。本指南为每个核心术语配上了简明的英文定义和清晰的中文翻译，帮助你构建双语的思维导图，让记忆更牢固。无论你在复习试卷一还是试卷二，都可以随时翻阅这份术语表进行快速练习和自我检测。

1. Algorithmic Thinking and Problem Solving | 算法思维与问题解决

Algorithm: A step‑by‑step set of instructions designed to solve a problem or complete a task. Algorithms can be expressed in pseudocode, flowcharts, or programming code.

算法：为解决问题或完成任务而设计的一组逐步指令。算法可以用伪代码、流程图或编程语言来表达。

Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable sub‑problems. Each sub‑problem can then be solved individually.

分解：将一个复杂问题拆分成更小、更易管理的子问题，然后分别解决每个子问题。

Abstraction: Picking out the important details of a problem and ignoring the irrelevant ones. It helps to create a simplified model of a real‑world situation.

抽象：提取问题的重要细节而忽略不相关的部分，有助于建立真实世界情境的简化模型。

Pattern Recognition: Identifying similarities or patterns among sub‑problems or data, making it easier to reuse solutions or predict outcomes.

模式识别：识别子问题或数据中的相似性（即模式），从而更容易复用解决方案或预测结果。

Sequence: The order in which instructions are executed, one after the other, in a program.

顺序：程序中指令一条接一条执行的先后次序。

Selection: A programming construct that allows a choice to be made between different paths – typically using IF…ELSE statements or SWITCH/CASE.

选择：一种程序结构，允许在不同路径之间做出抉择——通常使用 IF…ELSE 或 SWITCH/CASE 语句。

Iteration: Repeated execution of a block of code, either a definite number of times (count‑controlled, e.g. FOR loop) or until a condition is met (condition‑controlled, e.g. WHILE loop).

迭代：反复执行一段代码块，可以是指定次数（计数控制，如 FOR 循环），也可以直到某个条件满足为止（条件控制，如 WHILE 循环）。

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2. Programming Concepts | 编程概念

Variable: A named memory location that stores a value which can change while a program runs. It has a data type, an identifier, and a current value.

变量：一个命名的内存空间，存储程序运行期间可以改变的值。它包含数据类型、标识符和当前值。

Constant: A named memory location whose value does not change during program execution. Using constants makes code easier to read and maintain.

常量：一个命名的内存空间，其值在程序运行期间不发生改变。使用常量能提高代码的可读性和可维护性。

Data Type: The classification of a piece of data (e.g. integer, real/float, Boolean, character, string). The data type determines what operations can be performed on the data.

数据类型：对数据的分类（如整型、实型/浮点型、布尔型、字符型、字符串）。数据类型决定了可以对数据执行哪些操作。

Integer: A whole number, positive or negative, without a fractional part (e.g. 7, -3, 0).

整型：不带小数部分的正或负整数（如 7、-3、0）。

Float / Real: A number that contains a decimal point or an exponent (e.g. 3.14, -0.01). In many languages, ‘float’ represents a floating‑point number.

浮点型 / 实型：包含小数点或指数的数字（如 3.14、-0.01）。在许多语言中 ‘float’ 表示浮点数。

Boolean: A data type with only two possible values: TRUE or FALSE. Used extensively in selection and iteration conditions.

布尔型：只有两种可能取值的数据类型：TRUE（真）或 FALSE（假）。广泛用于选择和迭代的条件判断中。

String: A sequence of characters, typically enclosed in quotation marks (e.g. ‘hello’, ‘A-level’). Strings can be concatenated, sliced, and compared.

字符串：由字符组成的序列，通常用引号包围（例如 ‘hello’、’A-level’）。字符串可以进行拼接、切片和比较操作。

Array: A fixed‑size, indexed data structure that stores multiple elements of the same data type in contiguous memory locations. In Python, lists are often used similarly.

数组：一种固定大小、带索引的数据结构，在连续内存位置中存储多个同类型元素。在 Python 中常用列表实现类似功能。

2D Array: An array of arrays, arranged in rows and columns, used to represent grids, tables, or matrices.

二维数组：数组的数组，按行和列排列，常用于表示网格、表格或矩阵。

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3. Data Representation | 数据表示

Binary: A base‑2 number system that uses only the digits 0 and 1. All computer data and instructions are stored and processed in binary.

二进制：一种只使用数字 0 和 1 的基 2 数字系统。所有计算机数据和指令都以二进制形式存储和处理。

Denary / Decimal: The base‑10 number system that uses ten digits (0–9). It is the most familiar numbering system to humans.

十进制：使用十个数字 (0–9) 的基 10 数字系统，是人类最熟悉的计数方式。

Hexadecimal: A base‑16 system using digits 0–9 and letters A–F (where A=10, B=11, … F=15). It is a compact way to represent binary values and is widely used for memory addresses and colour codes.

十六进制：一种基 16 系统，使用数字 0–9 和字母 A–F（A=10, B=11, … F=15）。它是二进制的紧凑表示形式，广泛用于内存地址和颜色编码。

Bit: The smallest unit of data in a computer, representing a binary digit (0 or 1).

比特 / 位：计算机中最小的数据单位，表示一个二进制位（0 或 1）。

Nibble: A group of 4 bits (half a byte). For example, the nibble 0110 equals denary 6.

半字节：由 4 个比特组成的一组（半个字节）。例如半字节 0110 等于十进制的 6。

Byte: A group of 8 bits. Most data sizes are measured in bytes, and a byte can represent 256 different values (0‑255).

字节：由 8 个比特组成的一组。大多数数据大小以字节为单位，一个字节可以表示 256 个不同的值（0–255）。

Kilobyte (KB): Approximately 1000 bytes (technically 10³ bytes, often 1024 bytes in older systems). Used for small text files or low‑resolution images.

千字节 (KB)：约 1000 字节（准确为 10³ 字节，旧系统中常为 1024 字节）。常用于小型文本文件或低分辨率图片。

Megabyte (MB): Approximately 1 million bytes (10⁶ bytes). MP3 files and high‑resolution images are often measured in MB.

兆字节 (MB)：约 100 万字节（10⁶ 字节）。MP3 文件和高分辨率图片常以 MB 为单位。

Gigabyte (GB): Approximately 1 billion bytes (10⁹ bytes). RAM and storage drives are commonly specified in GB.

吉字节 (GB)：约 10 亿字节（10⁹ 字节）。内存和硬盘容量常用 GB 表示。

Terabyte (TB): Approximately 1 trillion bytes (10¹² bytes). Modern external drives and cloud storage plans often use TB.

太字节 (TB)：约 1 万亿字节（10¹² 字节）。现代外置硬盘和云存储方案常以 TB 为单位。

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4. Computer Systems | 计算机系统

Hardware: The physical components of a computer system, including internal parts (CPU, RAM, motherboard) and peripherals (keyboard, monitor, printer).

硬件：计算机系统的物理部件，包括内部组件（CPU、RAM、主板）和外设（键盘、显示器、打印机）。

Software: The programs and operating information that tell a computer what to do. Software is divided into system software and application software.

软件：告诉计算机做什么的程序和操作信息。软件分为系统软件和应用软件。

Central Processing Unit (CPU): The ‘brain’ of the computer that executes instructions. It contains the Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and registers.

中央处理器 (CPU)：计算机的’大脑’，负责执行指令。它包含控制单元 (CU)、算术逻辑单元 (ALU) 和寄存器。

Control Unit (CU): The part of the CPU that manages the fetch‑decode‑execute cycle, controls data flow, and coordinates other components.

控制单元 (CU)：CPU 中负责管理取指‑译码‑执行周期、控制数据流并协调其他组件的部分。

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT) during instruction execution.

算术逻辑单元 (ALU)：在执行指令过程中完成算术运算（加减）和逻辑运算（AND、OR、NOT）。

Register: A small, high‑speed storage location inside the CPU. Key registers include the Program Counter (PC), Memory Address Register (MAR), Memory Data Register (MDR), and Accumulator (ACC).

寄存器：CPU 内部的小型高速存储位置。关键寄存器包括程序计数器 (PC)、内存地址寄存器 (MAR)、内存数据寄存器 (MDR) 和累加器 (ACC)。

Fetch‑Decode‑Execute Cycle: The process by which the CPU repeatedly fetches an instruction from memory, decodes it, and then executes it. This cycle is repeated billions of times per second.

取指‑译码‑执行周期：CPU 反复从内存中取出一条指令、译码并执行的流程。这个周期每秒重复数十亿次。

Clock Speed: The number of cycles a CPU can execute per second, measured in Hertz (Hz). A higher clock speed generally means faster processing, though other factors also matter.

时钟速度：CPU 每秒能执行的周期数，以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位。较高的时钟速度通常意味着更快的处理速度，但也受其他因素影响。

Embedded System: A dedicated computer system built to perform a specific function within a larger device (e.g. microwave controller, car engine management, smart watch). It has limited resources and is often programmed once.

嵌入式系统：一种专为在更大设备内完成特定功能而设计的专用计算机系统（如微波炉控制器、汽车引擎管理、智能手表）。其资源有限，通常一次性编程。

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5. Networks | 网络

Network: Two or more computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources (files, printers, internet) or communicating.

网络：为了共享资源（文件、打印机、互联网）或通信而连接在一起的两台或更多计算机。

Local Area Network (LAN): A network covering a small geographical area, such as a school, office, or home. LANs typically offer high data transfer rates and use Ethernet or Wi‑Fi.

局域网 (LAN)：覆盖较小地理区域（如学校、办公室或家庭）的网络。局域网通常提供高数据传输率，使用以太网或 Wi‑Fi。

Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that spans a large geographical area, such as a city, country, or the entire world. The internet is the largest WAN. WANs often use leased telecommunications lines.

广域网 (WAN)：跨越较大地理区域（如城市、国家或全球）的网络。互联网是最大的广域网。广域网通常使用租用的电信线路。

IP Address: A unique numeric address assigned to each device on a network, enabling it to be identified and located. IPv4 uses 32‑bit addresses (e.g. 192.168.1.1), while IPv6 uses 128‑bit addresses.

IP 地址：分配给网络上每个设备的唯一数字地址，使其能被识别和定位。IPv4 使用 32 位地址（如 192.168.1.1），IPv6 使用 128 位地址。

MAC Address: A unique hardware identifier assigned to a network interface card (NIC). It is a 48‑bit (or 64‑bit) hexadecimal number, fixed at manufacture, and used within LANs.

MAC 地址：分配给网络接口卡 (NIC) 的唯一硬件标识符。它是一个 48 位（或 64 位）十六进制数，出厂时固定，在局域网内使用。

Protocol: A set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received across a network. Protocols ensure devices can ‘speak the same language’.

协议：一组管理数据如何在网络上发送和接收的规则。协议确保设备能’讲同一种语言’。

TCP/IP: The fundamental suite of protocols that powers the internet. IP handles addressing and routing of packets, while TCP ensures reliable delivery by dividing data into packets and reassembling them.

TCP/IP 协议栈：支撑互联网的基础协议族。IP 负责数据包的寻址和路由，而 TCP 通过将数据分割为数据包并重新组装来确保可靠传输。

HTTP / HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Secure) is used for transferring web pages. HTTPS adds encryption using SSL/TLS to protect data in transit.

HTTP / HTTPS：超文本传输协议（安全版）用于传输网页。HTTPS 通过 SSL/TLS 加密来保护传输中的数据。

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6. Network Security | 网络安全

Malware: Malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. Examples include viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, and ransomware.

恶意软件：旨在破坏、扰乱或未经授权访问计算机系统的恶意软件。例子包括病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马、间谍软件和勒索软件。

Phishing: A social engineering attack that uses deceptive emails or websites to trick users into revealing personal information (passwords, credit card numbers).

网络钓鱼：一种社会工程攻击，利用欺骗性的电子邮件或网站诱骗用户泄露个人信息（密码、信用卡号）。

Denial of Service (DoS) Attack: An attack that floods a server or network with traffic, making it unavailable to legitimate users by exhausting its resources.

拒绝服务 (DoS) 攻击：用流量淹没服务器或网络，耗尽资源，使其无法为合法用户提供服务的攻击。

Firewall: A system (hardware or software) that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks.

防火墙：一种基于预定安全规则监控和控制进出网络流量的系统（硬件或软件）。它充当可信内部网络与不可信外部网络之间的屏障。

Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, so that only authorised parties with the correct key can decode it. It ensures confidentiality and integrity of data.

加密：使用算法和密钥将明文转换为密文的过程，只有持有正确密钥的授权方才能解码。它保证数据的机密性和完整性。

Public Key Encryption: Uses a pair of keys – a public key (shared with everyone) and a private key (kept secret). Data encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted by the corresponding private key, enabling secure communication.

公钥加密：使用一对密钥——公钥（向所有人公开）和私钥（保密）。用公钥加密的数据只能用对应的私钥解密，从而实现安全通信。

Penetration Testing: Authorised simulated cyberattacks on a network or system to identify vulnerabilities before real attackers can exploit them.

渗透测试：经过授权的模拟网络攻击，以便在真实攻击者利用之前发现系统漏洞。

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7. Databases and SQL | 数据库与 SQL

Database: An organised collection of structured data, typically stored and accessed electronically. It allows efficient searching, sorting, and updating of information.

数据库：一个组织化的结构化数据集合，通常以电子方式存储和访问。它支持高效地搜索、排序和更新信息。

Table: A collection of related records in a database, organised into rows (records) and columns (fields). Each table holds data about one specific theme.

表：数据库中相关记录的集合，组织为行（记录）和列（字段）。每张表存储关于一个特定主题的数据。

Record: A complete set of fields related to one entity (e.g. all information about one student – name, ID, class). A record corresponds to a row in a table.

记录：与一个实体相关的一组完整字段（例如一名学生的所有信息——姓名、学号、班级）。一条记录对应表中的一行。

Field: A single piece of data within a record; represented as a column in a table. Each field has a data type (text, number, date, Boolean).

字段：记录中的单条数据，表现为表中的一列。每个字段都有数据类型（文本、数字、日期、布尔型）。

Primary Key: A field (or combination of fields) that uniquely identifies each record in a table. No two records can have the same primary key value.

主键：一个字段（或字段组合），能唯一地标识表中的每条记录。任何两条记录都不能拥有相同的主键值。

Foreign Key: A field in one table that links to the primary key in another table, creating a relationship between the two tables.

外键：一张表中链接到另一张表主键的字段，从而在两张表之间建立关联。

SQL (Structured Query Language): A domain‑specific language used to manage and query relational databases. Common statements include SELECT, FROM, WHERE, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

SQL（结构化查询语言）：一种用于管理和查询关系数据库的专门语言。常用语句包括 SELECT、FROM、WHERE、INSERT、UPDATE 和 DELETE。

SELECT…FROM…WHERE: The fundamental SQL query structure. SELECT specifies the fields to retrieve, FROM identifies the table, and WHERE filters the records based on a condition.

SELECT…FROM…WHERE：SQL 的基本查询结构。SELECT 指定要检索的字段，FROM 指定表名，WHERE 根据条件过滤记录。

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8. System Software and Operating Systems | 系统软件与操作系统

System Software: Software designed to run and manage the computer’s hardware and provide a platform for application software. Includes the operating system, utilities, and translators.

系统软件：旨在运行和管理计算机硬件并为应用软件提供平台的软件。包括操作系统、实用工具和翻译器。

Operating System (OS): A suite of programs that manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, enables multitasking, and handles file management, security, and network connections. Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux.

操作系统 (OS)：一组管理硬件资源、提供用户界面、实现多任务处理并处理文件管理、安全和网络连接的程序。例如 Windows、macOS、Linux。

Utility Software: Dedicated programs that perform specific maintenance or security tasks, such as defragmentation, backup, encryption, compression, and anti‑malware scanning.

实用工具软件：执行特定维护或安全任务的专门程序，如磁盘碎片整理、备份、加密、压缩和反恶意软件扫描。

Compiler: A translator that converts the entire high‑level source code into machine code (object code) in one go. The resulting executable file runs independently of the compiler.

编译器：一种将整个高级语言源代码一次性转换为机器码（目标代码）的翻译器。生成的可执行文件可独立于编译器运行。

Interpreter: A translator that reads, translates, and executes high‑level code line by line. It is slower at run time but is often easier for debugging as errors are reported immediately.

解释器：一种逐行读取、翻译并执行高级语言代码的翻译器。运行时较慢，但调试更方便，因为错误会立即报告。

High‑level Language: A programming language that uses English‑like keywords and is independent of the underlying hardware. Examples: Python, Java, C#. Programs written in these languages are portable and easier to write.

高级语言：一种使用类似英语的关键字且独立于底层硬件的编程语言。例如 Python、Java、C#。用这些语言编写的程序可移植且更易编写。

Low‑level Language: A programming language close to machine code, such as assembly language. It provides direct control over hardware but is harder to write and is not portable.

低级语言：接近机器码的编程语言，如汇编语言。它提供对硬件的直接控制，但编写难度大且不可移植。

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9. Ethical, Legal and Environmental Issues | 伦理、法律与环境议题

Data Protection Act (2018 / GDPR): UK legislation that governs how personal data can be collected, processed, and stored. It gives individuals rights over their data and places obligations on organisations to keep data secure and use it fairly.

数据保护法 (2018 / GDPR)：英国管理个人数据如何被收集、处理和存储的法律。它赋予个人对其数据的权利，并要求组织安全地持有数据并公平使用。

Computer Misuse Act (1990): A law that makes it illegal to access computer material without permission (unauthorised access), commit further offences (e.g. hacking with intent to commit fraud), or impair the operation of a computer (e.g. releasing malware).

计算机滥用法 (1990)：规定未经许可访问计算机材料（未经授权访问）、实施进一步犯罪（如出于欺诈目的的黑客攻击）或损害计算机运行（如发布恶意软件）均为非法的法律。

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1988): Protects the intellectual property of creators. It is illegal to copy, distribute, or use software, music, or other digital content without permission unless covered by a licence.

版权、设计和专利法 (1988)：保护创作者的知识产权。未经许可复制、分发或使用软件、音乐或其他数字内容属于违法行为，除非获得许可证授权。

Creative Commons: A licensing system that allows content creators to give others permission to use their work under certain conditions (e.g. attribution, non‑commercial use) without the need to request individual permission.

知识共享 (Creative Commons)：一种许可证体系，允许内容创作者在特定条件（如署名、非商业用途）下授予他人使用其作品的权利，无需逐个申请许可。

Open Source Software: Software whose source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. It encourages collaboration and transparency (e.g. Linux, Firefox).

开源软件：源代码公开且允许任何人查看、修改和分发的软件。它鼓励协作和透明（如 Linux、Firefox）。

Digital Divide: The gap between those who have easy access to computers and the internet and those who do not, often due to economic, geographical, or skill‑related barriers.

数字鸿沟：能轻松使用计算机和互联网的人群与无法使用的人群之间的差距，常由经济、地理或技能障碍造成。

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10. Software Development and Testing | 软件开发与测试

Integrated Development Environment (IDE): A software application that provides comprehensive facilities to programmers, including a code editor, compiler/interpreter, debugger, and build automation tools.

集成开发环境 (IDE)：一种为程序员提供全面设施的软件应用程序，包括代码编辑器、编译器/解释器、调试器和构建自动化工具。

Syntax Error: A mistake in the code that breaks the grammatical rules of the programming language. The program will not compile or interpret until the error is fixed (e.g. missing colon, misspelled keyword).

语法错误：违反编程语言语法规则的错误。在错误被纠正之前程序无法编译或解释（例如缺少冒号、关键字拼写错误）。

Logic Error: An error where the program runs without crashing but produces an unexpected or incorrect result because the underlying algorithm is flawed (e.g. using < instead of <=).

逻辑错误：程序能正常运行但产生意外或错误结果的错误，原因是底层算法存在缺陷（例如误用 < 而不是 <=）。

Trace Table: A manual testing technique used to track the values of variables step‑by‑step through the execution of an algorithm or piece of code. It helps identify logic errors.

追溯表：一种手动测试技术，用于逐步跟踪算法或代码段执行过程中变量的值。它有助于发现逻辑错误。

Normal, Boundary, and Erroneous Testing: Test types that check a program with typical (‘normal’) data, extreme (‘boundary’) values, and invalid (‘erroneous’) inputs to ensure it handles all cases correctly.

正常、边界和异常测试：分别使用典型（正常）、极端（边界）和无效（异常）输入来检查程序的测试类型，确保程序能正确处理所有情况。

Validation: The process of checking whether input data follows specified rules (e.g. format, range, presence) before it is processed, helping to prevent invalid data from entering a system.

验证：在处理前检查输入数据是否符合指定规则（如格式、范围、存在性）的过程，有助于防止无效数据进入系统。

Verification: A process that checks whether data entered matches the original source or meets accuracy requirements, for instance entering a password twice to confirm it is typed correctly.

核实：检查所输入数据是否与原始来源一致或满足准确性要求的过程，例如输入密码两次以确认输入正确。

Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com

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