📚 CCEA GCSE Computer Science: Glossary Quick-Memorisation Guide | CCEA Year 11 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
In CCEA GCSE Computer Science, a clear grasp of key technical terms can dramatically boost your confidence when tackling exam questions, writing algorithms, or analysing systems. This guide groups the most frequently tested vocabulary into logical categories, providing a compact English-Chinese explanation for each term. Read through the pairs actively: say the word, understand its English definition, then reinforce the meaning in Chinese. Repetition builds automatic recall, helping you use the correct terminology under time pressure.
在 CCEA 的 GCSE 计算机科目中，扎实掌握核心术语能够大大提升你在解答试题、编写算法和分析系统时的信心。这份指南将考试中高频出现的词汇按逻辑分成若干类别，每个术语都配有英—中对照释义。请主动阅读这些配对：先念出术语，看懂英文释义，再用中文巩固理解。反复记忆能够帮助你形成条件反射，在紧张的考试中准确使用专业词汇。
1. Data Representation Terms | 数据表示术语
Binary is a base‑2 number system that uses only the digits 0 and 1. Computers store all data as binary bits, and every image, sound or instruction is coded using patterns of these two states.
二进制是一种基数为2的数字系统，只使用数字0和1。计算机将所有数据都以二进制位的形式存储，每一幅图像、每段声音和每条指令都用这两种状态的组合进行编码。
Hexadecimal (hex) is a base‑16 system employing digits 0‑9 and letters A‑F. Because one hex digit represents exactly 4 bits (a nibble), it is widely used as a compact, human‑friendly shorthand when displaying memory addresses or colour codes.
十六进制是基数为16的系统，采用数字0‑9和字母A‑F。由于一个十六进制位恰好对应4个二进制位（半个字节），它常被用作查看内存地址或颜色代码时的紧凑简写方式。
Overflow occurs when the result of a calculation requires more bits than the register or storage location can hold. For example, adding two 8‑bit numbers may produce a 9‑bit value, causing the most significant bit to be lost and giving an incorrect result.
溢出发生在运算结果所需的位数超过寄存器或存储位置所能容纳的位数时。比如，两个8位二进制数相加可能产生9位的结果，这会使最高有效位丢失，从而得到错误的答案。
2. Programming Fundamentals Terms | 编程基础术语
A variable is a named memory location that stores a value which can change while the program runs. Variables have a data type (integer, string, Boolean, etc.) that determines what kind of information they can hold.
变量是一个命名的内存位置，用于存储在程序运行期间可以改变的值。每个变量都有一种数据类型（如整型、字符串、布尔型），这决定了它能储存何种信息。
Selection is a control structure that lets a program choose between alternative paths. In most languages it is implemented using IF, ELSE IF and ELSE statements, and the decision relies on a Boolean condition that evaluates to TRUE or FALSE.
选择是一种控制结构，让程序在不同路径之间做出抉择。在大多数语言中，它通过 IF、ELSE IF 和 ELSE 语句实现，其判断基于一个布尔条件，该条件的求值结果只能是 TRUE 或 FALSE。
Iteration means repeating a block of code. Count‑controlled loops (FOR) repeat a set number of times, while condition‑controlled loops (WHILE, DO…WHILE) continue until a Boolean condition becomes false.
迭代是指重复执行一段代码。计数控制循环（如 FOR 循环）按预定次数重复，而条件控制循环（如 WHILE、DO…WHILE）会一直重复直到某个布尔条件变为假。
3. Algorithm Design Terms | 算法设计术语
An algorithm is a finite, step‑by‑step sequence of instructions for solving a problem. Every algorithm must be unambiguous, have a clear start and end, and produce the correct output for all valid inputs.
算法是求解问题的一套有限而有序的步骤。任何算法都必须含义明确、有清晰的起止点，并能对所有合法输入给出正确的输出。
Pseudocode is a way of describing an algorithm using plain, structured statements that resemble code but are not tied to any specific programming language. It allows programmers to plan logic before writing actual syntax.
伪代码是一种用类似代码的结构化自然语言描述算法的方法，它不依赖任何特定的编程语言。程序员可以借此先规划逻辑，再动手编写真实的程序代码。
A trace table is a manual tool used to test an algorithm by recording the value of each variable after every step. It helps identify logic errors early and is commonly required in CCEA written exams.
追踪表是一种手工测试工具，通过记录每一步后各变量的值来检验算法。它能尽早发现逻辑错误，也是 CCEA 笔试中经常要求考生绘制的表格。
4. Data Structures Terms | 数据结构术语
An array is a static, ordered collection of elements of the same data type, stored under a single identifier. Each element can be accessed directly using its index (starting from 0 in most languages).
数组是一种静态的、有序的同类型元素集合，共用一个标识符。每个元素可以通过索引直接访问（在多数语言中索引从0开始）。
A 2D array is an array of arrays, organised in rows and columns. It resembles a table or grid and is useful for representing matrices, board games, or pixel data.
二维数组可以看作数组的数组，按行和列组织。它类似于表格或网格，适合表示矩阵、棋盘游戏或像素数据。
A record is a data structure that groups related items together, even if they have different data types. For instance, a student record might combine a string (name), an integer (ID) and a date of birth.
记录是一种将彼此相关的数据项聚合在一起的结构，即使这些项具有不同的数据类型。例如，一条学生记录可以把字符串（姓名）、整型（学号）和出生日期组合起来。
5. Computer Hardware Terms | 计算机硬件术语
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) executes instructions by repeatedly carrying out the fetch‑decode‑execute cycle. It contains the control unit, which directs operations, and the ALU, which performs arithmetic and logical calculations.
中央处理器 (CPU) 通过反复执行取指—译码—执行循环来运行指令。它内部包含控制单元（负责指挥操作）和算术逻辑单元（负责算术与逻辑运算）。
RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile primary storage that temporarily holds the data and programs currently in use. When the power is turned off, all content in RAM is lost.
随机存取存储器 (RAM) 是易失性主存储器，临时保存正在使用的数据和程序。一旦断电，RAM 中的所有内容都会消失。
ROM (Read‑Only Memory) is non‑volatile memory that permanently stores instructions needed to start the computer, such as the BIOS. Its contents are written during manufacture and cannot be easily erased or changed.
只读存储器 (ROM) 是非易失性存储器，永久保存启动计算机所需的指令（如 BIOS）。其内容在制造时写入，且不易被擦除或修改。
6. Networking Concepts Terms | 网络概念术语
A LAN (Local Area Network) connects computers within a limited geographical area, such as a school or an office. LANs offer fast data transfer speeds and are usually owned and managed by a single organisation.
局域网 (LAN) 连接有限地理范围内的计算机，例如学校或办公楼的网络。局域网传输速度快，通常由单个组织拥有和管理。
A protocol is a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received across a network. Protocols such as HTTP, TCP/IP and FTP ensure that devices from different manufacturers can communicate reliably.
协议是一套管理网络数据传输与接收的规则。像 HTTP、TCP/IP 和 FTP 这样的协议能够确保不同厂商的设备之间可以可靠地通信。
An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to every device connected to a network. IPv4 uses a 32‑bit address (e.g. 192.168.1.1), while IPv6 uses 128 bits to allow far more unique addresses.
IP 地址是分配给网络中每台设备的唯一数字标签。IPv4 采用32位地址（如 192.168.1.1），而 IPv6 采用128位，可提供数量极多的唯一地址。
7. Cybersecurity Terms | 网络安全术语
Malware (malicious software) is any program intentionally designed to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. Viruses, worms, ransomware and spyware are all examples of malware.
恶意软件指任何被故意设计来破坏、干扰计算机系统或未经授权访问该系统的程序。病毒、蠕虫、勒索软件和间谍软件均属于恶意软件。
Phishing is a social‑engineering attack where criminals send fraudulent emails or messages that appear to come from a trusted source, tricking recipients into revealing sensitive information such as passwords or bank details.
网络钓鱼是一种社会工程攻击，犯罪分子发送看似来自可信来源的欺诈邮件或消息，诱使收件人泄露密码或银行资料等敏感信息。
Encryption scrambles plaintext data into unreadable ciphertext using an algorithm and a key. Only someone with the correct decryption key can turn the data back into its original form, protecting confidentiality.
加密利用算法和密钥将原始明文数据打乱成难以理解的密文。只有拥有正确解密密钥的人才能将数据还原为原始形态，从而保护机密性。
8. Software Development Terms | 软件开发术语
An IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a software suite that integrates tools such as a code editor, a compiler or interpreter, a debugger and graphical‑user‑interface builders to streamline program creation.
集成开发环境 (IDE) 是将代码编辑器、编译器或解释器、调试器和图形界面构建器等工具集成在一起的软件套装，旨在简化程序的编写过程。
A compiler translates the entire source code written in a high‑level language into machine code before execution. The resulting executable file can be run independently, and compilation error messages list all issues found at once.
编译器在执行前将整个高级语言源代码翻译成机器码。生成的可执行文件可以独立运行，编译错误信息会一次性列出发现的所有问题。
An interpreter processes source code line by line, translating and executing each instruction immediately. It is useful for testing and debugging because errors are reported as they occur, but execution tends to be slower than compiled code.
解释器逐行处理源代码，即时翻译并执行每条指令。它便于测试和调试，因为错误会在发生时立即报告，但执行速度通常比编译后的代码慢。
9. Databases and SQL Terms | 数据库与 SQL 术语
A database is an organised collection of structured data, typically stored electronically. Most relational databases organise information into tables made of rows (records) and columns (fields), allowing efficient querying and updating.
数据库是有组织的结构化数据集合，通常以电子方式存储。大多数关系型数据库将信息组织成由行（记录）和列（字段）组成的表格，便于高效查询和更新。
A primary key is a unique identifier for each record in a table. It ensures that no two rows have the same value in that column, and it cannot contain NULL entries. Common primary keys are student ID or employee number.
主键是表中每条记录的唯一标识。它确保该列中的值不会重复，且不允许包含空值。常见的主键有学号或员工编号。
SQL (Structured Query Language) is the language used to manage and manipulate relational databases. A simple ‘SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Grade = ‘A” statement retrieves all records that meet a given condition.
SQL（结构化查询语言）是用于管理和操作关系型数据库的语言。一句简单的 ‘SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Grade = ‘A” 语句能检索出所有满足条件的记录。
10. Ethical and Legal Terms | 伦理与法律术语
The Data Protection Act regulates how personal data can be collected, stored and used. It requires organisations to keep data secure, accurate and not to hold it longer than necessary, giving individuals rights over their own information.
《数据保护法》对个人数据的收集、存储和使用进行规范。它要求组织保持数据安全、准确且在必要期限后不再持有，同时赋予个人对自己信息的访问和删除等权利。
Copyright gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution. Using copyrighted software, music or images without permission is illegal, even for educational purposes, unless a licence or fair‑use exception applies.
版权赋予原创作品的作者对其作品的使用和分发享有专有权利。未经许可使用受版权保护的软件、音乐或图像属于违法行为，即使出于教育目的也不例外，除非适用授权许可或合理使用例外。
The Computer Misuse Act makes it an offence to gain unauthorised access to computer material, to commit further crimes using that access, or to impair the operation of a computer system through malware or denial‑of‑service attacks.
《计算机滥用法》将未经授权访问计算机资料、利用该访问实施进一步犯罪，或通过恶意软件、拒绝服务攻击等方式损害计算机系统运行的行为定为刑事犯罪。
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