📚 Common Mistakes in CIE IGCSE German and How to Fix Them | CIE 德语常见误区与纠正方法
Every year, students preparing for the CIE IGCSE German examination lose valuable marks not because they haven’t studied, but because they repeat the same predictable errors. These mistakes often stem from interference from English, incomplete understanding of German grammar rules, or simply a lack of careful proofreading. Understanding these common pitfalls and actively practising the correct forms can dramatically boost your score across reading, writing, listening, and speaking papers. This article sets out the most frequent errors observed in Year 11 German learners and provides clear, actionable corrections to help you avoid them.
每年，准备 CIE IGCSE 德语考试的学生丢分往往不是因为没复习，而是因为反复踩中同样的老坑。这些错误通常来自英语的干扰、对德语语法规则的一知半解，或是缺乏仔细检查。弄清楚这些常见陷阱、刻意练习正确形式，就能让你的阅读、写作、听力和口语分数大幅提升。本文列举了 Year 11 德语学习者最容易犯的错误，并给出清晰可操作的纠正方法，帮你稳稳避开这些雷区。
1. Confusing the Four Cases | 混淆主格、宾格、与格和属格
English speakers often struggle to distinguish between nominative, accusative, dative and genitive because English relies heavily on word order rather than case endings. A typical mistake is using the nominative form ‘der’ when the accusative ‘den’ is required, e.g. ‘Ich sehe der Mann’ instead of ‘Ich sehe den Mann’. The direct object of a verb must be in the accusative case; after certain prepositions such as ‘mit’, ‘von’, ‘zu’, the dative is compulsory, yet students frequently write ‘mit der Freund’ rather than ‘mit dem Freund’.
英语母语者经常分不清主格、宾格、与格和属格，因为英语主要靠语序而非格词尾来表意。最常见的错误是该用宾格 ‘den’ 时却用了主格 ‘der’，比如把 ‘Ich sehe den Mann’ 写成 ‘Ich sehe der Mann’。动词的直接宾语必须用宾格；在 ‘mit’、’von’、’zu’ 等介词后必须用与格，但很多学生会写成 ‘mit der Freund’ 而非 ‘mit dem Freund’。
To correct this, first identify the function of the noun in the sentence. Use a colour-coding system while revising: blue for masculine nominative (der), red for accusative (den), green for dative (dem). Drill the article tables daily until they become automatic. When you encounter a preposition, instantly recall whether it is accusative-only, dative-only, or two-way, and check the context.
要纠正这一点，先判断名词在句中的功能。复习时可以用颜色标记法：主格阳性用蓝 (der)，宾格用红 (den)，与格用绿 (dem)。每天默写冠词表格，直到条件反射。遇到介词时，立刻判断它是只接宾格、只接与格还是两用介词，再结合语境选择。
2. Adjective Ending Nightmares | 形容词词尾变化噩梦
Adjective endings cause panic because they depend on gender, case, and whether the article is definite, indefinite, or absent. A common error is adding ‘-e’ everywhere: ‘ein guter Buch’ instead of ‘ein gutes Buch’, or ‘die alt Mann’ instead of ‘der alte Mann’. The rule is that after a definite article like ‘der’, the adjective takes -e in nominative singular for all genders except masculine which takes -e, but after ‘ein’ the adjective must signal the gender clearly, so it takes -er for masculine, -es for neuter, and -e for feminine.
形容词词尾让学生头疼，因为它既要看性、格，又要看前面是定冠词、不定冠词还是零冠词。常见错误是到处加 ‘-e’，比如 ‘ein guter Buch’（正确：ein gutes Buch），或 ‘die alt Mann’（正确：der alte Mann）。规则是：在定冠词如 ‘der’ 后，形容词主格单数阳、中、阴基本都加 -e（阳 -e，中 -e，阴 -e），但不带冠词或不定冠词时，形容词必须承担示性功能，所以阳性加 -er，中性加 -es，阴性加 -e。
Memorise the three tables: strong, weak, and mixed declension. Then practise with simple sentences: ‘Das kleine Kind spielt mit dem roten Ball.’ Repetition builds the pattern. When in doubt in your writing, ask: is there an article? Which one? What gender and case? The ending is then predictable.
记住强变化、弱变化和混合变化三张表，然后用简单句反复练习，比如 ‘Das kleine Kind spielt mit dem roten Ball.’。写作时拿不准就问自己：前面有冠词吗？是哪个？名词是什么性和什么格？词尾自然就能推出来。
3. Verb Position and Word Order | 动词位置与语序错误
English follows a rigid Subject-Verb-Object order, but German is a V2 (verb-second) language in main clauses. Students often produce sentences like ‘Gestern ich habe meine Hausaufgaben gemacht’ instead of ‘Gestern habe ich meine Hausaufgaben gemacht’. The conjugated verb must be the second element, not necessarily the second word, but the second idea. When a time phrase or adverbial starts the sentence, the subject must move after the verb.
英语严格遵循主-谓-宾语序，但德语主句是动词二位 (V2) 语言。学生常写出 ‘Gestern ich habe meine Hausaufgaben gemacht’，而正确形式是 ‘Gestern habe ich meine Hausaufgaben gemacht’。变位动词必须是第二个句子成分，不一定是第二个单词，但位置第二。当时间状语或副词开头时，主语必须后移到动词后面。
Another common mistake is forgetting to send the second verb to the end in subordinate clauses. In ‘weil’ sentences, the conjugated verb goes to the end: ‘weil ich müde bin’, not ‘weil ich bin müde’. The same applies with ‘dass’, ‘wenn’, and other subordinating conjunctions.
另一个常见错误是在从句中忘记把变位动词放到句末。在以 ‘weil’ 开头的从句里，动词必须去末尾：’weil ich müde bin’，而不是 ‘weil ich bin müde’。’dass’、’wenn’ 等连词引导的从句也一样。
Train yourself to spot the ‘time, manner, place’ rule and practice inversion with adverbs: ‘Normalerweise stehe ich um 7 Uhr auf.’ Read German sentences aloud and actively highlight the verb position until it becomes intuitive.
有意识地识别 “时间、方式、地点” 规则，并练习状语开头的倒装句，比如 ‘Normalerweise stehe ich um 7 Uhr auf.’。大声朗读德语句子，用荧光笔标出动词位置，直到形成语感。
4. Prepositions and Fixed Cases | 介词与强制格位
Many students treat prepositions as if they don’t govern a fixed case. Mixing up ‘in die Stadt’ (accusative, motion) and ‘in der Stadt’ (dative, location) is extremely common. Two-way prepositions (an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen) take accusative when indicating movement towards, and dative when indicating static location. The question ‘wohin?’ demands accusative, ‘wo?’ demands dative.
很多学生完全不管介词后跟的固定格位。把表示移动的 ‘in die Stadt’（宾格）和表示静态的 ‘in der Stadt’（与格）搞混是家常便饭。两用介词（an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen）在表示方向、移动时用宾格，在表示静止地点时用与格。记住，问 ‘wohin?’（去哪儿）用宾格，问 ‘wo?’（在哪儿）用与格。
There are also pure dative prepositions: aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, which always trigger dative regardless of motion. Errors like ‘bei dem Wetter’ becoming ‘bei das Wetter’ persist. Learn them as a rhyme or set list: ‘aus bei mit nach, seit von zu, immer Dativ dazu.’
还有一些纯与格介词：aus, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu，不论是否有移动都强制与格。像 ‘bei das Wetter’ 这样的错误依然常见。可以编成口诀来背：’aus bei mit nach seit von zu，永远后面跟三格。’
Create flashcards with one side showing the preposition and the other its required case(s) and an example sentence. Practise daily until you can instantly recall the case.
制作抽认卡，一面写介词，另一面写它要求的格位和一个例句，每天练习直到秒反应。
5. Modal Verbs and the Double Infinitive Trap | 情态动词与双动词结构
Modal verbs (können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen, mögen) are followed by an infinitive at the end of the clause. Errors like ‘Ich muss zu gehen’ or ‘Wir können fahren nach Berlin’ are classic. The modal verb takes the second position, and the main verb infinitive goes to the very end: ‘Ich muss gehen’, ‘Wir können nach Berlin fahren’. The same applies when using ‘werden’ for the future tense.
情态动词（können, müssen, dürfen, sollen, wollen, mögen）后面接动词原形，原形动词放在句末。经典的错误是 ‘Ich muss zu gehen’ 或 ‘Wir können fahren nach Berlin’。正确形式是情态动词在第二位，主要动词不定式去句末：’Ich muss gehen’，’Wir können nach Berlin fahren’。用 ‘werden’ 构成将来时也一样。
When using the perfect tense with a modal verb, students often forget the double infinitive construction: ‘Ich habe nicht kommen können’ not ‘Ich habe nicht kommen gekonnt’. This so-called ‘Ersatzinfinitiv’ replaces the past participle of the modal with its infinitive when another infinitive precedes it.
当情态动词与现在完成时搭配时，学生常忘记双重不定式结构：’Ich habe nicht kommen können’，而不是 ‘Ich habe nicht kommen gekonnt’。这就是所谓的替换不定式，当前面已有另一个不定式时，情态动词的过去分词要变回不定式。
Write out sentences in the ‘verb bracket’ format: modal = left bracket, infinitive = right bracket. Practice making complex sentences: ‘Ich habe meinen Freund besuchen wollen, aber ich konnte nicht.’
用 “动词括号” 的思路来写句子：情态动词是左括号，实义动词是右括号。练习写复合句：’Ich habe meinen Freund besuchen wollen, aber ich konnte nicht.’
6. Perfect Tense vs. Preterite Misuse | 现在完成时与过去时误用
In spoken and informal written German, the perfect tense (‘Perfekt’) is the norm for past events, yet many learners overuse the preterite (‘Präteritum’), which is mainly reserved for narrative writing and the verbs ‘sein’, ‘haben’, and modal verbs. Saying ‘Ich aß einen Apfel’ in conversation sounds stilted; ‘Ich habe einen Apfel gegessen’ is natural. In CIE writing tasks, especially dialogues and informal emails, the perfect is essential.
在口语和非正式书面语中，德语用现在完成时 (Perfekt) 表达过去事件，而很多学生过度使用过去时 (Präteritum)，后者主要用于书面叙事以及 sein、haben 和情态动词。日常对话中说 ‘Ich aß einen Apfel’ 很生硬，’Ich habe einen Apfel gegessen’ 才自然。在 CIE 写作任务中，特别是对话和非正式邮件，现在完成时是必须的。
The formation of the past participle also causes errors. Students omit the ‘ge-‘ prefix or misuse ‘sein’ vs ‘haben’ as the auxiliary. For example, ‘Ich habe gegangen’ is wrong; ‘gehen’ takes ‘sein’: ‘Ich bin gegangen’. Learn which verbs indicate a change of state or movement from A to B — they usually use ‘sein’. Separable verbs like ‘aufstehen’ insert ‘-ge-‘ between the prefix and stem: ‘aufgestanden’.
过去分词的构成也容易出错。学生常常丢掉 ‘ge-‘ 前缀，或者混用助动词 sein 和 haben。比如 ‘Ich habe gegangen’ 是错的，gehen 用 sein：’Ich bin gegangen’。记住，表示状态变化或从 A 到 B 位移的动词通常用 sein。可分动词如 ‘aufstehen’ 把 ‘-ge-‘ 插在前缀和词干之间：’aufgestanden’。
To fix this, categorise verbs into ‘sein’ verbs and ‘haben’ verbs and memorise them. Practise converting present tense sentences to perfect: ‘Er steht um 7 auf.’ → ‘Er ist um 7 aufgestanden.’
纠正方法：把动词分为 sein 类和 haben 类并牢记。反复做现在时转完成时的练习：’Er steht um 7 auf.’ → ‘Er ist um 7 aufgestanden.’
7. Pronunciation: Umlauts and the ‘ch’ Sound | 发音误区：变音与 ‘ch’ 音
The umlauts ä, ö, ü are not merely decorative; they distinguish meaning. Pronouncing ‘schon’ (already) as ‘schön’ (beautiful) can cause serious confusion. The trick for ü is to say ‘ee’ (as in ‘see’) with rounded lips. For ö, say ‘e’ (as in ‘bed’) with rounded lips. Practice minimal pairs: ‘fühlen’ vs ‘fühlen’, ‘Höhle’ vs ‘Hölle’. Neglecting the umlaut in writing (e.g. ‘schon’ instead of ‘schön’) is a spelling error that loses marks in the writing paper.
变音字母 ä、ö、ü 绝非装饰，它们区别词义。把 ‘schon’（已经）发成 ‘schön’（美丽）会造成严重误解。发 ü 的诀窍是先发 ‘ee’（像英语 ‘see’ 中的音），同时把嘴唇弄圆。发 ö 则是在发 ‘e’（像 ‘bed’）的时候嘴唇收圆。练习最小对立对：’fühlen’ 和 ‘füllen’，’Höhle’ 和 ‘Hölle’。写作中漏掉变音符号（如把 ‘schön’ 写成 ‘schon’）是拼写错误，会在写作部分扣分。
The ‘ch’ sound has two allophones: the soft ‘ich-Laut’ after front vowels (i, e, ä, ö, ü) and the hard ‘ach-Laut’ after back vowels (a, o, u). Saying ‘ich’ as ‘ick’ or ‘ish’ is a giveaway of an English speaker. The soft ‘ch’ is produced by raising the tongue towards the hard palate and letting air escape through a narrow gap, similar to the ‘h’ in ‘huge’ but stronger.
‘ch’ 音有两种变体：在前元音 (i, e, ä, ö, ü) 后是软腭音 ‘ich-Laut’，在后元音 (a, o, u) 后是小舌音 ‘ach-Laut’。把 ‘ich’ 发成 ‘ick’ 或 ‘ish’ 是典型的英语口音。软腭音 ch 是把舌面抬起靠近硬腭，让气流从窄缝泄出，有点像英语 ‘huge’ 中的 h 但更强烈。
Record yourself reading words like ‘Milch’, ‘Küche’, ‘Bach’, ‘Woche’ and compare with native speaker audio. For the CIE speaking exam, clear and accurate pronunciation of these sounds directly affects your communication score.
录下自己读 ‘Milch’, ‘Küche’, ‘Bach’, ‘Woche’ 等词的发音，跟母语音频对比。在 CIE 口语考试中，这些音的清晰准确直接影响沟通得分。
8. False Friends (Falsche Freunde) | 貌合神离的 “假朋友”
Words that look like English but mean something completely different can lead to embarrassing mistakes. ‘Bekommen’ means ‘to receive’, not ‘to become’. ‘Eventuell’ means ‘possibly’, not ‘eventually’. ‘Gift’ means ‘poison’ in German, not a present. ‘Chef’ is a boss, not a cook. These false friends can turn a sentence into nonsense, especially in the reading comprehension paper where precise understanding is tested.
看起来像英语但意思完全不同的词会造成令人尴尬的错误。’bekommen’ 意思是 “得到”，而不是 “变成”（变成是 werden）。’eventuell’ 意思是 “可能”，不是 “最终”。’Gift’ 在德语里是 “毒药”，不是礼物。’Chef’ 是老板，不是厨师。这些假朋友会让句子变得荒唐可笑，尤其在考验精确理解的阅读理解卷中格外致命。
Other dangerous pairs include ‘Wand’ (wall) vs. ‘wand’ (English), ‘Rock’ (skirt) vs. ‘rock’ music, ‘Meinung’ (opinion) vs. ‘meaning’, and ‘sensibel’ (sensitive) vs. ‘sensible’ (which is ‘vernünftig’). Create a dedicated list of the top 30 false friends and test yourself regularly.
其他危险的词对还包括 ‘Wand’（墙）vs. wand（魔杖），’Rock’（裙子）vs. rock 音乐，’Meinung’（观点）vs. meaning（含义），’sensibel’（敏感的）vs. sensible（明智的，德语是 vernünftig）。专门整理一份 Top 30 假朋友清单，定期自测。
When you encounter a familiar-looking word in a German text, pause and ask: does the English meaning fit here? If not, look it up immediately. This habit alone can prevent numerous misinterpretations.
阅读德语文本时一旦看到眼熟的词，先停下来问问自己：英语意思用在这里通顺吗？如果不通，马上查词。单凭这个习惯就能避免大量理解偏差。
9. Missing Reflexive Pronouns | 反身代词的缺失
Many German verbs require a reflexive pronoun (mich, dich, sich, uns, euch) where English does not. Students frequently omit them, writing ‘Ich erinnere den Termin’ instead of ‘Ich erinnere mich an den Termin’. Common reflexive verbs include ‘sich freuen’, ‘sich beeilen’, ‘sich erkälten’, ‘sich interessieren für’, and ‘sich kümmern um’. Without the reflexive pronoun, the sentence is grammatically incomplete.
许多德语动词需要反身代词（mich, dich, sich, uns, euch），而英语中却没有。学生经常漏掉，比如写 ‘Ich erinnere den Termin’，正确应是 ‘Ich erinnere mich an den Termin’。常见的反身动词有 sich freuen、sich beeilen、sich erkälten、sich interessieren für 和 sich kümmern um。缺了反身代词，句子在语法上是不完整的。
The reflexive pronoun must match the subject in person and case – accusative for most, but dative if there is a direct object: ‘Ich wasche mir die Hände’ (dative) vs ‘Ich wasche mich’ (accusative). This distinction is often overlooked.
反身代词必须与主语在人称和格上一致——大多数用宾格，但如果后面有直接宾语则为与格：’Ich wasche mir die Hände’（与格）对比 ‘Ich wasche mich’（宾格）。这个区别常被忽略。
Maintain a vocabulary section in your notebook titled ‘Reflexive Verbs’ and always learn them with the reflexive pronoun and the preposition they take: ‘sich freuen auf (+Akk)’ vs ‘sich freuen über (+Akk)’. Practice by making full sentences daily.
在笔记本里专门设一个 “反身动词” 板块，记动词时连同反身代词和搭配介词一起记：’sich freuen auf (+Akk)’ 和 ‘sich freuen über (+Akk)’。每天造完整句练习。
10. Expressing ‘There is/are’ Incorrectly | “有” 的表达错误
English uses ‘there is / there are’ ubiquitously, but German uses ‘es gibt’ (+ accusative) for general existence, and ‘es ist / es sind’ for specific location or identity. A common mistake is using ‘es gibt’ when saying where something is located: ‘Es gibt viele Bäume im Park’ should often be ‘Es gibt viele Bäume im Park’ is actually acceptable, but for location many prefer ‘Im Park sind viele Bäume’. More precisely, ‘Es gibt viele Bäume im Park’ is grammatically fine but slightly anglicised; the natural German tends to use ‘Im Park gibt es viele Bäume’ or ‘Der Park hat viele Bäume’. However, the real error is using ‘Es ist’ for general existence: ‘Es ist ein Supermarkt in der Nähe’ must be ‘Es gibt einen Supermarkt in der Nähe’ because ‘es gibt’ introduces a new thing into the discourse; ‘es ist’ is identifying: ‘Es ist der Supermarkt, den wir suchen.’
英语广泛使用 there is / there are，而德语用 ‘es gibt’（+宾格）表达普遍存在，用 ‘es ist / es sind’ 表达具体位置或身份。常见错误是用 ‘es gibt’ 说某物在哪儿：’Es gibt viele Bäume im Park’ 其实语法没错，但更自然的德语会说 ‘Im Park gibt es viele Bäume’ 或 ‘Im Park sind viele Bäume’。真正的错误是用 ‘es ist’ 表示普遍存在：’Es ist ein Supermarkt in der Nähe’ 必须改为 ‘Es gibt einen Supermarkt in der Nähe’，因为 ‘es gibt’ 是把新事物引入话题，而 ‘es ist’ 用于指认：’Es ist der Supermarkt, den wir suchen.’
Another error is the misuse of ‘man kann’ for ‘one can’. Writing ‘Es kann man hier gut essen’ is wrong; it should be ‘Man kann hier gut essen’ or ‘Hier kann man gut essen’.
另一错误是 ‘man kann’ 的语序。写 ‘Es kann man hier gut essen’ 是错的，正确形式是 ‘Man kann hier gut essen’ 或 ‘Hier kann man gut essen’。
In your writing, decide whether the sentence introduces something new or locates a known item. Use ‘es gibt’ for introductions and direct location phrases for the rest. This will make your German sound much more idiomatic.
写作时先判断句子是引入新事物还是给已知事物定位。引入新事物用 ‘es gibt’，其他情境用直接地点状语开头。这会让德语地道得多。
11. Subject-Verb Agreement Errors | 主谓一致偏差
Although German subject-verb agreement is generally straightforward, mistakes happen when the subject and verb are separated by a long relative clause or when the subject is a collective noun. Sentences like ‘Die Gruppe der Schüler fahren nach Berlin’ should be ‘Die Gruppe der Schüler fährt nach Berlin’ because ‘Gruppe’ is singular. Similarly, ‘Ein Drittel der Bevölkerung sind arm’ is incorrect; write ‘Ein Drittel der Bevölkerung ist arm’ as the verb agrees with ‘Drittel’, not ‘Bevölkerung’.
虽然德语的主谓一致基本上很清楚，但当主语和动词之间插入长定语从句，或主语是集合名词时，就容易出错。比如 ‘Die Gruppe der Schüler fahren nach Berlin’ 应改为 ‘Die Gruppe der Schüler fährt nach Berlin’，因为 ‘Gruppe’ 是单数。同样，’Ein Drittel der Bevölkerung sind arm’ 错误，应改为 ‘Ein Drittel der Bevölkerung ist arm’，动词与 ‘Drittel’ 一致，而非 ‘Bevölkerung’。
Another pitfall is when two singular subjects are joined by ‘und’ – the verb is plural: ‘Mein Bruder und ich fährt’ is wrong; ‘Mein Bruder und ich fahren’ is correct. When ‘entweder…oder’ connects subjects of different persons, the verb agrees with the nearer subject: ‘Entweder du oder ich muss gehen’ or more elegantly rephrased.
另一个陷阱是当两个单数主语用 ‘und’ 连接时，动词用复数：’Mein Bruder und ich fährt’ 错，正确是 ‘Mein Bruder und ich fahren’。当 ‘entweder…oder’ 连接不同人称时，动词与最近的主语一致：’Entweder du oder ich muss gehen’ 或更优雅地重组句子。
Proofread your essays by finding the finite verb first, then asking ‘who or what is doing this?’ Track the core subject back through the sentence, ignoring all modifiers. This simple check catches many agreement slips.
写完后校对时，先找到限定动词，然后问 “谁/什么在做这个动作？” 顺着句子往前找核心主语，忽略一切修饰成分。这个简单的检查能揪出许多一致性问题。
12. Listening: Misreading Numbers, Dates and Time | 听力中的数字、日期与时间误会
In the CIE listening exam, numbers spoken in rapid German can be misinterpreted. The biggest confusion is between ‘dreizehn’ (13) and ‘dreißig’ (30), ‘vierzehn’ (14) and ‘vierzig’ (40) because the stress differs slightly: teen numbers stress the first syllable ‘DREIzehn’, ten multiples stress the second ‘dreißIG’. Also note that German separates decimal places with a comma, not a point: ‘2,5’ means two and a half, and ‘2.500’ means two thousand five hundred. Listening for ‘Komma’ is crucial.
在 CIE 听力考试中，快速德语数字很容易听错。最大混淆是 ‘dreizehn’（13）和 ‘dreißig’（30）、’vierzehn’（14）和 ‘vierzig’（40），因为重音略有不同：十几的重音在第一个音节 ‘DREIzehn’，几十的重音在第二个音节 ‘dreißIG’。还要注意，德语用逗号作小数点，点作千位分隔符：’2,5′ 意思是二又二分之一，’2.500’ 是两千五百。听到 ‘Komma’ 要立刻反应。
Dates are often written ‘am dritten Mai’ but spoken quickly, the ‘-ten’ ending can soften. Students may hear ‘am drei Mai’ and write ‘3. Mai’ correctly, but miss the case ending. Similarly, ‘halb drei’ means half past two (half to three), not half past three. This causes frequent timing errors in travel or appointment contexts.
日期常写 ‘am dritten Mai’，但快速朗读时 ‘-ten’ 词尾会弱化。学生可能听成 ‘am drei Mai’，正确写下 ‘3. Mai’，但容易漏掉格尾。同样，’halb drei’ 表示两点半（差半小时到三点），而不是三点半。这会导致旅行、预约场景中的时间误判。
Train your ear by listening to weather reports, train announcements, and news headlines that contain numbers and times. Write down every number you hear, then check against a transcript. For the exam, anticipate the kind of numerical information you might need (price, phone number, quantity) and listen specifically for those.
用天气预报、火车广播、新闻标题等含数字和时间的材料练耳。把听到的每个数字写下来，再对照文本检查。考试时，预判可能出现的数字信息类型（价格、电话号码、数量）并有针对性地去听。
Published by TutorHao | German Revision Series | aleveler.com
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