Eduqas Year 10 Science: Essential Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Eduqas Year 10 科学：核心词汇术语速记指南

📚 Eduqas Year 10 Science: Essential Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Eduqas Year 10 科学：核心词汇术语速记指南

Mastering scientific terminology is the foundation for understanding ideas across Biology, Chemistry and Physics. In the Eduqas Year 10 course, you will meet dozens of new words – from ‘mitochondria’ to ‘neutralisation’ – and knowing exactly what each term means will boost your confidence in exams and practicals. This guide pulls together the essential vocabulary, gives clear definitions in both English and Chinese, and includes memory shortcuts to make revision stick. Use it alongside your class notes to turn tricky words into real understanding.

掌握科学术语是理解生物、化学和物理概念的基础。在 Eduqas Year 10 课程中，你会接触到数十个新词 – 从 ‘mitochondria’ 到 ‘neutralisation’ – 准确了解每个术语的含义能极大增强你在考试和实验中的信心。本指南汇集了核心词汇，用清晰的中英双语给出了定义，并融入了记忆窍门，让复习更加牢固。将它与你的课堂笔记一起使用，把难词变成真正的理解。

1. Cell Structure & Function | 细胞结构与功能

Nucleus: The membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that stores genetic material (DNA). It acts as the control centre, directing protein synthesis and cell division. Memory trick: think of it as the ‘brain’ of the cell; without it, the cell cannot function properly.

细胞核：真核细胞中由膜包围的细胞器，储存遗传物质 DNA。它作为控制中心，指挥蛋白质合成与细胞分裂。记忆窍门：把它想象成细胞的 ‘大脑’；没有它，细胞无法正常运作。

Cytoplasm: A jelly-like fluid that fills the cell interior, made mostly of water and dissolved substances. It is the site of many metabolic reactions, including glycolysis. Envision a watery factory floor where chemical workers (enzymes) move around.

细胞质：充满细胞内部的凝胶状液体，主要由水和溶解物组成。它是许多代谢反应发生的场所，包括糖酵解。可以想象成一个水性工厂车间，化学工人（酶）在其中穿梭。

Cell membrane: A partially permeable barrier made of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out through diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Think of a bouncer at a club – only selected molecules get entry.

细胞膜：由磷脂和蛋白质组成的部分通透性屏障，包围着细胞。它通过扩散、渗透和主动运输控制物质的进出。想象成俱乐部门卫 – 只有被选中的分子才可进入。

Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion): Oval-shaped organelles with folded inner membranes (cristae) where aerobic respiration occurs. They release energy from glucose in the form of ATP. Remember: ‘mighty mitochondria’ power the cell, like batteries.

线粒体（单数：mitochondrion）：具有折叠内膜（嵴）的椭圆形细胞器，有氧呼吸在这里进行。它们以 ATP 形式释放葡萄糖中的能量。记忆：’强大的线粒体’ 为细胞提供能量，像电池一样。

Ribosomes: Tiny structures floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. They are the site of protein synthesis, where amino acids are assembled into chains. Picture them as 3D printers producing specific proteins on demand.

核糖体：漂浮在细胞质中或附着在粗面内质网上的微小结构。它们是蛋白质合成的场所，将氨基酸组装成链。可以想象成随需生产特定蛋白质的 3D 打印机。

Cell wall (in plants and fungi): A rigid outer layer made of cellulose (plants) that provides structural support and prevents bursting. It is fully permeable, unlike the cell membrane. Think of a cardboard box protecting the delicate cell contents.

细胞壁（植物和真菌中）：由纤维素（植物）构成的坚硬外层，提供结构支持并防止细胞破裂。它与细胞膜不同，是全通透的。想象成保护脆弱细胞内容物的硬纸盒。

Chloroplasts: Organelles containing the green pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. They convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Only found in plant cells and some algae. Mnemonic: ‘chlorophyll fills’ chloroplasts, and both start with ‘chloro-‘ from Greek for green.

叶绿体：含有绿色色素叶绿素的细胞器，叶绿素吸收光能用于光合作用。它们将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气。仅存在于植物细胞和某些藻类中。助记：’叶绿素填充’ 叶绿体，两者都以 ‘chloro-‘（希腊语绿色）开头。

Permanent vacuole (plant cells): A large, fluid-filled sac containing cell sap. It maintains turgor pressure against the cell wall, keeping the plant upright. When full, the cell is firm; when empty, the plant wilts. Associate ‘vacuole’ with ‘vacuum’ – both hold space.

永久液泡（植物细胞）：一个充满细胞液的大囊泡。它维持对细胞壁的膨压，使植物保持直立。充满时细胞坚挺；排空时植物萎蔫。将 ‘vacuole’ 与 ‘vacuum’（真空）关联 – 都占据空间。

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2. Transport in Cells | 细胞运输

Diffusion: The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is a passive process that requires no energy. Example: oxygen diffusing from alveoli into blood. Think of spreading a drop of ink in water – particles move until evenly distributed.

扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，沿浓度梯度向下。这是一个被动过程，不消耗能量。例子：氧气从肺泡扩散到血液中。想象一滴墨水滴入水中 – 粒子移动直到均匀分布。

Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one. Also passive. In plant cells, osmosis causes turgor; in animal cells, it can lead to lysis or crenation. ‘Osmosis’ focuses only on water.

渗透：水分子通过部分通透性膜从稀溶液向浓溶液的扩散。也是被动过程。在植物细胞中，渗透引起膨压；在动物细胞中，可导致细胞溶解或皱缩。’渗透’ 仅指水。

Active transport: The movement of molecules or ions across a membrane against their concentration gradient, using energy from ATP. It involves carrier proteins. Example: uptake of mineral ions by root hair cells. Remember ‘active’ means energy is needed, like climbing a hill instead of sliding down.

主动运输：分子或离子逆浓度梯度跨膜移动，需要消耗 ATP 提供的能量。涉及载体蛋白。例子：根毛细胞吸收矿质离子。记住 ‘主动’ 意为需要能量，如同爬山而非滑下。

Concentration gradient: The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas. Steeper gradients increase the rate of diffusion. Visualise a steep ramp – balls roll faster down a steeper slope; similarly, particles diffuse faster with a greater difference.

浓度梯度：物质在两个区域之间的浓度差。梯度越陡，扩散速率越快。想象一个陡坡 – 球沿更陡的斜坡滚得更快；类似地，浓度差越大粒子扩散越快。

Partially permeable membrane: A membrane that allows some small molecules or ions to pass through but restricts others. It is key to osmosis and many cellular processes. Think of a sieve that only lets through certain sizes.

部分通透性膜：允许某些小分子或离子通过但限制其他物质的膜。这对于渗透和许多细胞过程至关重要。想象成一个只让特定大小通过的筛子。

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3. Atoms, Elements & Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物

Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist while still retaining the chemical properties of that element. It consists of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons. The word ‘atom’ comes from Greek ‘atomos’ meaning indivisible.

原子：能够保持元素化学性质的最小粒子。它由原子核（质子和中子）以及围绕的电子组成。’原子’ 一词来自希腊语 ‘atomos’，意为不可分割。

Element: A pure chemical substance consisting of only one type of atom, characterised by its atomic number. Examples: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon. There are about 118 known elements arranged in the periodic table.

元素：仅由一种类型的原子组成的纯净物，由原子序数定义。例如：氢、氧、碳。已知元素约有 118 种，排列在周期表中。

Compound: A substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together in fixed proportions. A compound has properties different from its constituent elements. For instance, sodium chloride (table salt) is very different from reactive sodium metal and toxic chlorine gas.

化合物：两种或多种不同元素以固定比例通过化学键结合形成的物质。化合物的性质与其组成元素不同。例如，氯化钠（食盐）与活泼的金属钠和有毒的氯气完全不同。

Molecule: A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. It can be an element (e.g., O₂) or a compound (e.g., H₂O). The term specifically refers to covalently bonded particles, not ionic lattices.

分子：由两个或多个原子通过共价键结合在一起的基团。它可以是单质（如 O₂）或化合物（如 H₂O）。该术语特指共价键合的粒子，而非离子晶格。

Ion: An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in an electric charge. Metals tend to form positive ions (cations), while non-metals form negative ions (anions). Example: Na⁺, Cl⁻. Remember ‘cation’ is paws-itive (cat-ions have paws!).

离子：原子或分子获得或失去一个或多个电子后形成的带电粒子。金属趋向形成正离子（阳离子），非金属形成负离子（阴离子）。例：Na⁺，Cl⁻。记忆：’cation’ 与 ‘cat’ 相似，小猫有爪子（paws）是 ‘positive’ 联想。

Isotope: Atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to different numbers of neutrons. Example: Carbon-12 and Carbon-14. Isotopes have similar chemical properties but may differ in physical stability.

同位素：同种元素中原子序数相同但质量数不同的原子，因中子数不同所致。例：碳-12 和碳-14。同位素化学性质相似，但物理稳定性可能不同。

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4. Chemical Bonding | 化学键

Ionic bonding: The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed when a metal atom transfers electrons to a non-metal atom. The resulting compound is an ionic lattice, e.g., sodium chloride (Na⁺Cl⁻). Tip: Ionic = ‘I owe’ an electron, as in transfer.

离子键：金属原子将电子转移给非金属原子后，相反电荷离子之间的静电吸引力。形成的化合物为离子晶格，如氯化钠 (Na⁺Cl⁻)。窍门：Ionic = ‘我欠’ 一个电子，表示转移。

Covalent bonding: The strong attraction where two non-metal atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve full outer shells. Examples: H₂, H₂O, Cl₂. Remember ‘co-‘ means together, sharing valence electrons like a handshake.

共价键：两个非金属原子共享一对或多对电子以达到满外层而产生的强吸引力。例：H₂、H₂O、Cl₂。记住 ‘co-‘ 意为共同，像握手一样共享价电子。

Metallic bonding: The attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. This explains properties like electrical conductivity and malleability. Picture metal ions floating in a soup of free electrons.

金属键：正金属离子晶格与离域电子 ‘海’ 之间的吸引力。这解释了导电性和延展性等性质。想象金属离子漂浮在自由电子的汤羹中。

Valency: The combining power of an element, measured by the number of electrons an atom needs to gain, lose or share to fill its outer shell. For example, carbon has a valency of 4, oxygen has 2. Think of valency as ‘hands’ that reach out to form bonds.

化合价：元素的结合能力，以原子为填满外层所需获得、失去或共享的电子数衡量。例如，碳的化合价为 4，氧为 2。将化合价想象成向外伸出形成键的 ‘手’。

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5. Forces & Motion | 力与运动

Scalar quantity: A physical quantity that has magnitude only, no direction. Examples include speed, distance, mass and time. When measuring temperature, you don’t need a direction – that’s scalar thinking.

标量：仅有大小、没有方向的物理量。例如速率、距离、质量和时间。测量温度时不需要方向 – 这就是标量思维。

Vector quantity: A quantity with both magnitude and direction, such as velocity, displacement, force and acceleration. Engineers use vectors to ensure bridges withstand forces from specific directions.

矢量：既有大小又有方向的量，如速度、位移、力和加速度。工程师利用矢量确保桥梁能承受特定方向的作用力。

Resultant force: The single force that represents the vector sum of all forces acting on an object. If forces are unbalanced, the object accelerates. If balanced, it remains at constant velocity or stays still. Find it by adding forces along a straight line, considering direction.

合力：代表作用在物体上所有力的矢量和的单一力。若力不平衡，物体会加速；若平衡，则保持匀速或静止。通过在直线上考虑方向相加来求得。

F = m × a (Newton’s second law)

Newton’s First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external resultant force. Often called the law of inertia. A passenger lurching forward when a bus brakes suddenly demonstrates this.

牛顿第一定律：除非受到外合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。常被称为惯性定律。巴士急刹车时乘客前冲就是这一定律的体现。

weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m × g)

Speed is the rate of change of distance (scalar), while velocity is the rate of change of displacement (vector). Use speed = distance ÷ time for average calculations. On a distance-time graph, the gradient gives speed.

速率 是距离的变化率（标量），而 速度Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Science Revision Series | aleveler.com

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