Year 10 CAIE Physical Education: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 CAIE Physical Education: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the specialised vocabulary in IGCSE Physical Education is the first step to excelling in both theory and practical assessments. This guide breaks down essential CAIE syllabus terms into logical sections and pairs them with bilingual explanations, allowing you to build a mental glossary efficiently. By linking each English term with its Chinese counterpart and visualising real sport examples, you will speed up recall and boost exam confidence.

掌握IGCSE体育课程的专业术语是在理论与实操评估中脱颖而出的第一步。本指南将CAIE大纲的核心词汇拆分成逻辑清晰的小节，并配以双语解释，帮助你高效构建心理词汇库。通过将每个英文术语与其中文对应词挂钩，并联想真实的运动实例，你将加速记忆、提升考试信心。

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1. Anatomical Terms & Body Movements | 解剖方位与身体运动

Anterior refers to the front of the body, while posterior indicates the back. For example, the pectorals are anterior muscles. Flexion decreases the angle at a joint, such as bending the elbow; extension increases the angle, like straightening the knee.

前侧指身体前方，后侧指身体后方。例如，胸大肌属于前侧肌肉。屈曲减小关节角度，如屈肘；伸展增大关节角度，如伸直膝盖。

Abduction moves a limb away from the midline of the body (lifting the arm sideways). Adduction brings it back towards the midline. Rotation is turning a body part around its long axis, and circumduction combines flexion, extension, abduction and adduction in a circular motion.

外展将肢体向远离身体中线的方向移动（如侧平举手臂）。内收则使其回到中线。旋转是围绕肢体长轴转动，环转则同时包含了屈、伸、外展和内收的圆周运动。

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2. Skeletal System Terminology | 骨骼系统术语

The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribcage) and the appendicular skeleton (limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles). Long bones, such as the femur, act as levers; short bones like the carpals provide stability; flat bones, e.g. the sternum, protect organs; and irregular bones like the vertebrae have varied shapes for specific functions.

骨骼分为中轴骨（颅骨、脊柱、胸廓）和附肢骨（四肢、肩带骨和盆带骨）。长骨（如股骨）充当杠杆；短骨（如腕骨）提供稳定；扁骨（如胸骨）保护器官；不规则骨（如椎骨）形状特殊，功能各异。

Synovial joints are freely movable and contain synovial fluid to reduce friction. Hinge joints (elbow, knee) allow flexion and extension only. Ball-and-socket joints (shoulder, hip) permit movement in all planes, including rotation.

滑膜关节可自由活动，内含滑液以减少摩擦。屈戌关节（肘、膝）只允许屈曲与伸展。球窝关节（肩、髋）允许包括旋转在内的全方位运动。

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3. Muscular System Keywords | 肌肉系统关键词

The origin of a muscle is the fixed attachment to a stable bone, while the insertion attaches to the bone that moves. The agonist (prime mover) contracts to produce movement; the antagonist relaxes to allow it. For a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist and the triceps brachii is the antagonist.

肌肉的起点是附着在稳定骨上的固定端，止点则附着在移动的骨上。主动肌（原动肌）收缩产生动作，拮抗肌放松以允许动作发生。在肱二头肌弯举中，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。

Isotonic contractions involve movement and can be concentric (muscle shortens) or eccentric (muscle lengthens under tension). An isometric contraction generates force without changing muscle length, such as holding a plank.

等张收缩涉及动作，可分为向心收缩（肌肉缩短）和离心收缩（张力下肌肉拉长）。等长收缩在不改变肌肉长度的情况下产生力量，例如平板支撑。

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4. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Terms | 心血管与呼吸术语

Heart rate (HR) is the number of beats per minute. Stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped per beat. Cardiac output (Q) = HR × SV. Resting HR averages around 70 bpm for untrained individuals, while SV may be 70 mL per beat, giving a resting Q of about 5 L/min.

心率（HR）是每分钟心跳次数。每搏输出量（SV）是每次心跳泵出的血量。心输出量（Q）= HR × SV。未经训练者静息心率约70次/分，每搏输出量约70毫升，静息心输出量约5升/分。

Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per normal breath; vital capacity is the maximum air expelled after a full inspiration. VO₂ max represents the maximum volume of oxygen the body can utilise per minute per kilogram of body mass during intense exercise.

潮气量是每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量；肺活量是完全吸气后最大呼出空气量。最大摄氧量（VO₂ max）代表在剧烈运动中，身体每分钟每公斤体重所能利用的最大氧气体积。

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5. Components of Fitness | 体适能组成要素

Health-related components include cardiorespiratory endurance (efficiency of heart and lungs), muscular strength (maximal force), muscular endurance (repeated contractions), flexibility (range of motion), and body composition (ratio of fat to fat-free mass).

健康相关体适能包括心肺耐力（心脏和肺的效率）、肌肉力量（最大力量）、肌肉耐力（重复收缩能力）、柔韧性（关节活动度）和身体成分（脂肪与去脂体重的比例）。

Skill-related components are agility (rapid direction change), balance (maintaining equilibrium), coordination (using senses and body parts smoothly), power (strength × speed), reaction time (time to respond), and speed (rapid movement).

技能相关体适能包括灵敏性（快速变向）、平衡性（维持稳定）、协调性（感官与身体部位的流畅配合）、爆发力（力量×速度）、反应时（反应所需时间）和速度（快速移动）。

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6. Principles of Training (SPORT & FITT) | 训练原则（SPORT与FITT）

The SPORT acronym covers: Specificity (training relevant to the sport), Progression (gradually increasing demand), Overload (work above normal levels), Reversibility (fitness declines when training stops), and Tedium (variety prevents boredom).

SPORT缩写涵盖：专项性（训练与项目相关）、渐进性（逐步增加负荷）、超负荷（超出平常水平的刺激）、可逆性（停止训练后体能下降）和多样性（变化练习以防枯燥）。

FITT governs how overload is applied: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (duration), and Type (mode of exercise). For example, to improve aerobic endurance, an athlete might train 3 times per week at 60–80% MHR for 30 minutes using continuous running.

FITT原则规定如何施加超负荷：频度（多久一次）、强度（多难）、时间（持续时长）和类型（运动方式）。例如，为提高有氧耐力，运动员可每周训练3次，以60–80%最大心率进行30分钟的持续跑步。

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7. Methods of Training Vocabulary | 训练方法词汇

Continuous training involves steady, moderate-intensity exercise for at least 20 minutes without rest, improving aerobic fitness. Interval training alternates high-intensity bursts with recovery periods, developing anaerobic endurance. Fartlek is ‘speed play’, mixing fast and slow running over varied terrain.

持续训练法指持续至少20分钟的稳定中等强度运动，无休息，可提高有氧能力。间歇训练法将高强度冲刺与恢复期交替进行，发展无氧耐力。法特莱克跑意为’速度游戏’，在不同地形上混合快跑和慢跑。

Circuit training is a series of exercise stations targeting different muscle groups with minimal rest. Weight (resistance) training uses free weights or machines to build strength and endurance. Plyometrics involves explosive movements like jump squats to develop power.

循环训练法是一系列针对不同肌群的练习站，站间休息极短。重量（抗阻）训练使用自由重量或器械来增强力量和耐力。增强式训练包括深蹲跳等爆发性动作，发展爆发力。

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8. Biomechanical Levers & Planes | 生物力学杠杆与平面

A first-class lever has the fulcrum between effort and load, like the neck raising the head. A second-class lever has the load between fulcrum and effort, e.g., a calf raise where the ball of the foot is the fulcrum. A third-class lever places the effort between fulcrum and load, as in a bicep curl; most body levers are third-class.

第一类杠杆支点在力点和阻力点之间，如颈部抬头。第二类杠杆阻力在支点和力点之间，例如提踵时前脚掌为支点。第三类杠杆力点在支点和阻力之间，如肱二头肌弯举；人体多数杠杆属于第三类。

The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right, and movements such as flexion and extension occur here (e.g., running forward). The frontal plane splits the body into front and back, common in abduction and adduction (e.g., star jumps). The transverse plane divides the body into top and bottom, allowing rotation (e.g., a discus spin).

矢状面将身体分为左右两部分，屈曲和伸展等动作发生在此平面（如向前跑）。额状面将身体分为前后两部分，常见于外展和内收（如开合跳）。水平面将身体分为上下两部分，允许旋转动作（如铁饼旋转）。

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9. Health, Exercise & Well-being | 健康、锻炼与幸福

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease. Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. Exercise is planned, structured physical activity intended to improve or maintain fitness. A sedentary lifestyle is one with minimal physical activity, increasing the risk of hypokinetic diseases such as obesity, heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

健康是身体、心理和社会适应的完好状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。体适能是满足环境需求的能力。锻炼是为提高或保持体适能而进行的计划性、结构化的身体活动。久坐生活方式指身体活动极少，会增加运动不足症的风险，如肥胖、心脏病和2型糖尿病。

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10. Sports Injuries & Prevention | 运动损伤与预防

A sprain is damage to a ligament, often caused by a twist. A strain involves muscle or tendon fibres being overstretched or torn. A fracture is a crack or break in a bone. Concussion is a mild brain injury resulting from a blow to the head, requiring immediate removal from play.

扭伤是韧带损伤，常由扭转引起。拉伤涉及肌肉或肌腱纤维过度拉伸或撕裂。骨折是骨头出现裂纹或断裂。脑震荡是由头部撞击引起的轻度脑损伤，需立即停止运动。

The RICE protocol is used for acute soft tissue injuries: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. Warm-ups prepare the body gradually, increasing blood flow and flexibility, while cool-downs aid recovery by removing lactic acid and lowering the heart rate steadily.

RICE原则用于急性软组织损伤：休息（Rest）、冰敷（Ice）、加压（Compression）和抬高（Elevation）。热身使身体逐步进入状态，增加血流量和柔韧性；整理活动通过清除乳酸并稳定降低心率来促进恢复。

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11. Quick Memorisation Techniques | 快速记忆技巧

Use familiar acronyms as mental hooks: SPORT and FITT for training principles, RICE for injury management. For the components of fitness, create a story linking each word, e.g. ‘Carl’s Pet Monkey Eats Five Bananas’ (Cardiorespiratory, Power, Muscular endurance, Flexibility, Body composition).

用熟悉的缩写作为记忆挂钩：训练原则用SPORT和FITT，损伤处理用RICE。对于体适能要素，可编一个串联单词的故事，例如’Carl’s Pet Monkey Eats Five Bananas’（心肺、爆发力、肌肉耐力、柔韧性、身体成分）。

Flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese equivalent plus a quick definition on the other are highly effective. Try drawing simple diagrams next to biomechanical terms – a sagittal plane sketch with an arrow running forwards can cement the concept.

一面写英文术语、另一面写中文对应词和简要定义的闪卡极为高效。尝试在生物力学术语旁画简图——一幅带向前箭头的矢状面草图便能巩固概念。

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12. Glossary Building & Exam Tips | 词汇表构建与考试技巧

Build a personalised glossary by adding 5–8 new terms each week. Write each entry as: Term (English) – Definition in your own words – Chinese translation – Practical example from sport. Review the growing glossary using active recall: cover the definition and try to explain the term aloud.

通过每周添加5–8个新术语来构建个性化词汇表。每条写成：术语（英文）– 用自己的话释义 – 中文翻译 – 运动实例。用主动回忆复习不断扩充的词汇表：遮住释义，尝试大声解释术语。

In CAIE exam questions, defining a term correctly often earns marks before application is required. Use the exact wording from the syllabus where possible. For example, state ‘Agility is the ability to change direction quickly without losing balance’ rather than a vague description.

在CAIE考试中，准确定义术语往往在应用之前就可得分的。尽量使用大纲中的原话。例如，写明’灵敏性是快速改变方向而不失去平衡的能力’，而非模糊描述。

Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com

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