📚 Year 10 CAIE Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Reference Guide | Year 10 CAIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to this quick-reference guide designed to help Year 10 CAIE Physical Education students master essential vocabulary and terminology. Understanding these key terms is crucial for exam success and practical application. This guide breaks down the syllabus into thematic sections, each with concise English definitions followed by clear Chinese translations, to support bilingual learning and memory retention.
欢迎使用这份速记指南，旨在帮助 Year 10 CAIE 体育学生掌握核心词汇与术语。掌握这些关键术语对考试成功和实际应用至关重要。本指南将大纲分解为主题板块，每个术语提供简洁的英文定义和清晰的中文翻译，支持双语学习和记忆。
1. Skeletal System Terminology | 骨骼系统术语
Axial Skeleton – The central part of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum; it protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
中轴骨 – 由颅骨、脊柱、肋骨和胸骨组成的骨骼中轴部分，保护大脑、脊髓、心脏和肺。
Appendicular Skeleton – The bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
附肢骨骼 – 四肢骨骼以及将四肢连接到中轴骨的肩带和盆带骨。
Ossification – The process by which cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue during growth and development.
骨化 – 在生长和发育过程中，软骨逐渐被骨组织替代的过程。
Ligament – A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone, providing stability at a joint.
韧带 – 连接骨与骨的坚韧纤维结缔组织，为关节提供稳定。
Tendon – A fibrous cord that attaches muscle to bone, transmitting the force generated by the muscle to produce movement.
肌腱 – 将肌肉连接到骨骼上的纤维索，传递肌肉产生的力量以引起运动。
Cartilage – A smooth, elastic tissue covering the ends of bones in synovial joints; it reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.
软骨 – 覆盖在滑液关节骨末端的平滑弹性组织，能减少摩擦并起缓冲作用。
Synovial Joint – A freely movable joint containing a fluid-filled capsule that lubricates the articulating surfaces, e.g. knee, elbow.
滑液关节 – 内含充满滑液的关节囊的可自由活动关节，润滑关节面，例如膝关节、肘关节。
2. Muscular System Terminology | 肌肉系统术语
Agonist (Prime Mover) – The muscle that contracts to produce the desired movement at a joint.
主动肌 – 收缩使关节产生所需动作的肌肉。
Antagonist – The muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow the agonist to contract smoothly, controlling the movement.
拮抗肌 – 放松并拉长以使主动肌顺利收缩，控制动作的肌肉。
Origin – The fixed attachment point of a muscle, typically on the stationary bone closer to the midline.
起点 – 肌肉的固定附着点，通常位于靠近身体中线的静止骨上。
Insertion – The movable attachment point of a muscle, usually on the bone that moves during contraction.
止点 – 肌肉的可动附着点，通常位于收缩时发生移动的骨上。
Slow-Twitch Fibres (Type I) – Muscle fibres that contract slowly, use oxygen efficiently, and are resistant to fatigue; suited for endurance activities.
慢缩肌纤维（I型） – 收缩速度慢、高效利用氧气且抗疲劳的肌纤维，适合耐力性活动。
Fast-Twitch Fibres (Type II) – Muscle fibres that contract rapidly, generate high force but fatigue quickly; used for sprinting and explosive movements.
快缩肌纤维（II型） – 收缩快、产生力量大但易疲劳的肌纤维，用于冲刺和爆发性动作。
Hypertrophy – The increase in muscle size and cross-sectional area as a result of strength training and increased protein synthesis.
肌肉肥大 – 因力量训练和蛋白质合成增加而导致的肌肉体积和横截面积增大。
3. Cardiovascular System Terminology | 心血管系统术语
Stroke Volume – The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one heartbeat.
每搏输出量 – 一次心跳左心室泵出的血液量。
Cardiac Output – The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute; calculated as Stroke Volume × Heart Rate.
心输出量 – 心脏每分钟泵出的总血量，计算为每搏输出量 × 心率。
Systolic Blood Pressure – The pressure exerted on artery walls when the heart contracts and pumps blood.
收缩压 – 心脏收缩泵血时动脉血管壁承受的压力。
Diastolic Blood Pressure – The pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats.
舒张压 – 心脏舒张期间动脉内的压力。
Systemic Circulation – The circuit that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
体循环 – 将含氧血从心脏输送至全身组织，并将脱氧血送回心脏的循环路径。
Pulmonary Circulation – The circuit that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
肺循环 – 将脱氧血从心脏输送到肺部进行气体交换，并将含氧血送回心脏的循环路径。
Haemoglobin – The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and transports it throughout the body.
血红蛋白 – 红细胞中含铁的蛋白质，与氧气结合并将其运送到全身。
4. Respiratory System Terminology | 呼吸系统术语
Tidal Volume – The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one normal breath at rest.
潮气量 – 平静呼吸时一次吸入或呼出的气体量。
Vital Capacity – The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
肺活量 – 最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大气量。
Minute Ventilation – The total volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one minute; calculated as Tidal Volume × Breathing Rate.
每分通气量 – 一分钟内吸入和呼出的气体总量，计算为潮气量 × 呼吸频率。
Gaseous Exchange – The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli.
气体交换 – 氧气从肺泡扩散入血液，二氧化碳从血液扩散入肺泡的过程。
Alveoli – Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place; they have thin walls and are surrounded by capillaries.
肺泡 – 肺部进行气体交换的微小气囊，壁薄且被毛细血管围绕。
Diaphragm – A dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and plays a major role in breathing.
膈肌 – 分隔胸腔和腹腔的穹顶形肌肉，在呼吸中起重要作用。
EPOC (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption) – The increased oxygen intake after strenuous exercise to repay the oxygen deficit and restore the body to a resting state.
运动后过量氧耗 – 剧烈运动后为偿还氧亏并恢复身体至静息状态而增加的氧气摄入量。
5. Movement and Joint Actions | 运动与关节动作
Flexion – Decreasing the angle between two bones at a joint, e.g. bending the elbow.
屈 – 关节处两骨之间角度减小，如屈肘。
Extension – Increasing the angle between two bones at a joint, e.g. straightening the knee.
伸 – 关节处两骨之间角度增大，如伸膝。
Abduction – Moving a limb away from the midline of the body, e.g. raising the arm sideways.
外展 – 肢体远离身体中线，如手臂侧平举。
Adduction – Moving a limb towards the midline of the body, e.g. bringing the arm back to the side.
内收 – 肢体向身体中线靠拢，如手臂收回体侧。
Rotation – Movement around an axis, e.g. turning the head from side to side.
旋转 – 围绕轴进行的转动，如头部左右转动。
Plantar Flexion – Pointing the toes downward, increasing the angle at the ankle joint.
跖屈 – 足尖向下，增大踝关节角度。
Dorsiflexion – Lifting the foot upwards towards the shin, decreasing the angle at the ankle joint.
背屈 – 脚向上提向胫骨，减小踝关节角度。
Circumduction – A circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in sequence.
环转 – 依次组合屈、伸、外展和内收的圆周运动。
6. Principles of Training | 训练原则
Specificity – Training must be relevant and appropriate to the sport or activity and the energy systems used.
针对性 – 训练必须与运动项目、活动方式及所动用能量系统密切相关。
Progressive Overload – Gradually increasing the intensity, duration, or frequency of training to continue making improvements without causing injury.
渐进超负荷 – 逐步增加训练强度、时间或频率，以持续提升而避免受伤。
Reversibility – The loss of fitness gains when training is stopped or reduced significantly; often summarised as “use it or lose it”.
可逆性 – 停止或显著减少训练后体能增益的丧失，常概括为“用进废退”。
FITT Principle – A framework for designing an exercise programme: Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type of exercise.
FITT 原则 – 设计运动计划的框架：频率、强度、时间和运动类型。
Training Threshold – The minimum level of exercise intensity required to cause a training effect; often expressed as a target heart rate zone.
训练阈 – 引起训练效果所需的最低运动强度，常以目标心率区间表示。
Warm-up – A period of low-intensity exercise and dynamic stretching before the main activity, prepares the body and reduces injury risk.
热身 – 主活动前进行的低强度运动和动态拉伸，为身体做好准备并降低受伤风险。
Cool-down – Gentle exercise and static stretching after the main activity to gradually lower heart rate and remove waste products.
整理活动 – 主活动后的缓和运动和静态拉伸，逐步降低心率并清除代谢废物。
7. Components of Fitness | 体适能要素
Cardiovascular Endurance – The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles over a sustained period.
心血管耐力 – 心脏和肺长时间向工作肌肉供应氧气的能力。
Muscular Endurance – The ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a light resistance for an extended time.
肌肉耐力 – 肌肉或肌群对抗较小阻力进行持续重复收缩的能力。
Muscular Strength – The maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in one contraction.
肌力 – 肌肉或肌群一次收缩所能产生的最大力量。
Flexibility – The range of motion available at a joint or group of joints.
柔韧性 – 关节或关节群所能达到的活动幅度。
Body Composition – The proportion of fat, muscle, bone, and other tissues in the body.
身体成分 – 身体中脂肪、肌肉、骨骼及其他组织的比例。
Agility – The ability to change the position of the body quickly and control the whole body during movement.
敏捷性 – 快速改变身体位置并在运动中控制全身的能力。
Balance – The ability to maintain the centre of mass over the base of support, whether static or dynamic.
平衡 – 在静止或运动中保持重心在支撑面内的能力。
Coordination – The ability to use two or more body parts smoothly and efficiently together.
协调性 – 流畅高效地同时使用两个或多个身体部位的能力。
Power – The product of strength and speed; the ability to exert maximum force in minimum time.
爆发力 – 力量与速度的乘积，即在最短时间内发出最大力量的能力。
Reaction Time – The time taken to respond to a stimulus, e.g. the gap between the starter’s pistol and the first movement.
反应时 – 对刺激做出反应所需的时间，如从发令枪声到首动动作的间隔。
Speed – The ability to move the body or body parts quickly from one point to another.
速度 – 快速移动身体或身体部位的能力。
8. Health, Well-being and Sporting Ethics | 健康、幸福与体育道德
Sedentary Lifestyle – A pattern of living with little or no physical activity, often involving prolonged sitting and low energy expenditure.
久坐不动的生活方式 – 缺乏身体活动、长时间坐着且能量消耗低的生活模式。
Obesity – A medical condition characterised by excessive body fat accumulation that increases health risks, often defined by a BMI over 30.
肥胖 – 体内脂肪过度堆积并增加健康风险的医学状况，通常指 BMI 超过 30。
BMI (Body Mass Index) – A measure calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared, used to classify underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity.
身体质量指数 – 以千克体重除以米身高的平方得出的数值，用于划分体重不足、正常、超重和肥胖。
Energy Balance – The relationship between energy intake from food and drink and energy expenditure through basal metabolism and physical activity.
能量平衡 – 从食物和饮品中摄入的能量与通过基础代谢和身体活动消耗的能量之间的关系。
Sportsmanship – Ethical behaviour, fairness, and respect for opponents, officials, and the rules of the game.
体育精神 – 合乎道德的行为，包括公平、尊重对手、裁判和比赛规则。
Gamesmanship – The use of psychological tactics or borderline methods to gain an advantage without actually breaking the rules.
竞技取巧 – 在不实际违反规则的前提下，运用心理战术或打擦边球的方法获取优势。
Deviance – Behaviour that seriously breaks the rules and norms of sport, e.g. deliberate fouls, doping, or violence.
越轨行为 – 严重违反体育规则和规范的行为，如故意犯规、使用兴奋剂或暴力。
9. Nutrition and Hydration | 营养与补水
Macronutrients – Nutrients required in large amounts: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which provide energy and support growth and repair.
宏量营养素 – 需要量大的营养素，包括碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪，提供能量并支持生长与修复。
Micronutrients – Vitamins and minerals needed in small quantities for normal body functions, metabolism, and bone health.
微量营养素 – 需求量小的维生素和矿物质，对正常的身体功能、新陈代谢和骨骼健康至关重要。
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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