Year 10 CAIE Sociology: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary & Terminology | CAIE 十年级社会学：核心词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 CAIE Sociology: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary & Terminology | CAIE 十年级社会学：核心词汇术语速记指南

Sociology is full of specialist terms that can seem daunting at first. However, with clear definitions and a logical approach, you can quickly commit them to memory. This guide walks you through the most important vocabulary for the CAIE Year 10 syllabus, pairing each term with a short, memorable explanation in both English and Chinese. Use it as a study companion to boost your confidence and exam performance.

社会学充满了专业术语，起初可能令人生畏。但通过清晰的定义和合乎逻辑的方法，你能快速将它们记住。本指南将带你掌握 CAIE 十年级课程大纲中最重要的词汇，每个术语都附有简短易记的英文和中文解释。将它用作学习伙伴，增强你的信心和考试表现。

1. Foundational Concepts: Society and Social Structure | 基础概念：社会与社会结构

Society refers to a large group of people living in the same territory, sharing a common culture and united by regular social interactions.

社会 指生活在同一领土、共享共同文化并通过规律性社会互动联结的一群人。

Social structure is the organised pattern of relationships and institutions that together form the framework of society.

社会结构 是构成社会框架的组织化关系与制度模式。

Social institutions are established systems such as the family, education, and government that shape and guide human behaviour.

社会制度 是诸如家庭、教育和政府等既定体系，塑造并引导人类行为。

Social order denotes the ways in which societies maintain stability and predictability through norms, laws, and sanctions.

社会秩序 指社会通过规范、法律和制裁维持稳定与可预测性的方式。

Agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices, contrasting with structural constraints.

能动性 是个体独立行动并做出自由选择的能力，与结构性约束相对。

2. Socialisation and Identity | 社会化与身份认同

Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviour appropriate to their society.

社会化 是个体毕生学习适合其社会的规范、价值观和行为的过程。

Primary socialisation takes place in early childhood, usually within the family, where basic language, norms, and emotional attachments are learned.

初级社会化 发生在幼儿时期，通常在家庭中进行，学习基本的语言、规范和情感依恋。

Secondary socialisation occurs later through schools, peer groups, media, and workplaces, refining the individual’s social skills and roles.

次级社会化 后来通过学校、同辈群体、媒体和工作场所发生，完善个体的社会技能和角色。

Norms are unwritten rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable in a group or society.

规范 是在群体或社会中被认为可接受的不成文行为规则。

Values are shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, which guide people’s actions.

价值观 是关于善恶、对错的共同信念，指导人们的行动。

Roles are the expected patterns of behaviour associated with a particular social position, such as ‘student’ or ‘parent’.

角色 是与特定社会地位（如“学生”或“家长”）相关的预期行为模式。

Identity is how individuals see and define themselves, influenced by social factors like gender, ethnicity, and class.

身份认同 是个体如何看待和定义自己，受性别、种族和阶级等社会因素影响。

3. Culture and Subculture | 文化与亚文化

Culture encompasses the language, beliefs, customs, and artefacts that characterise a particular society or group.

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