📚 Year 10 Cambridge Politics: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Cambridge 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering political vocabulary is crucial for success in Cambridge Year 10 Politics. This guide provides clear definitions and clever memory aids to help you quickly grasp and recall key terms.
掌握政治学术语对剑桥十年级政治学习至关重要。本指南提供清晰的定义和巧妙的记忆技巧，帮助你快速理解和记住关键术语。
1. Democracy | 民主
The term ‘democracy’ comes from Greek ‘demos’ (people) and ‘kratos’ (rule). It is a system of government in which citizens exercise power directly or through elected representatives. Core principles include free and fair elections, majority rule with minority rights, political pluralism, and protection of fundamental freedoms.
“民主”一词源自希腊文，意为“人民统治”。它是一种公民直接或通过选举代表行使权力的政府体制。核心原则包括自由公正的选举、多数统治并保护少数权利、政治多元化以及保障基本自由。
Memory tip: Think of ‘demo’ as demonstration of people’s voice; ‘cracy’ rhymes with ‘crazy’, but here it means rule – people rule, not being crazy!
记忆技巧：把“demo”想象成人民发声的展示；而“cracy”虽然和“crazy”押韵，但表示统治——是人民统治，不是疯狂统治！
2. Sovereignty | 主权
Sovereignty refers to the supreme power or authority of a state to govern itself without external interference. It has two dimensions: internal sovereignty (control within borders) and external sovereignty (recognition by other states).
主权指一个国家不受外来干涉的最高统治权。它包括对内主权（境内控制）和对外主权（其他国家的承认）两个维度。
Memory tip: ‘Sovereign’ sounds like ‘sovereign’ ruler – imagine a ‘king’ (sovereign) who reigns supremely over his land.
记忆技巧：“Sovereign”听起来像“最高统治者”——想象一位国王对他的领土拥有至高无上的统治权。
3. Rule of Law | 法治
The rule of law is the principle that all people and institutions, including the government, are subject to and accountable under the law. It ensures fairness, equality before the law, and that laws are clear, publicised, and applied evenly.
法治是一条原则，即所有人和机构，包括政府本身，都必须遵守法律并承担责任。它确保公平、法律面前人人平等，并且法律明确、公开且统一适用。
Memory tip: ‘No one is above the law’ – picture a ruler held above everyone’s heads, including those in power, so even the president can be measured by the same ruler.
记忆技巧：“无人凌驾于法律之上”——想象一把尺子悬在每个人头上，包括当权者，就连总统也得用同一把尺子来衡量。
4. Separation of Powers | 三权分立
The separation of powers divides government into three branches: the legislature (makes laws), the executive (implements laws), and the judiciary (interprets laws). This system, advocated by Montesquieu, prevents any one branch from becoming too powerful.
三权分立将政府划分为三个分支：立法机关（制定法律）、行政机关（执行法律）和司法机关（解释法律）。这一由孟德斯鸠倡导的体制可防止任何一个分支权力过大。
Memory tip: Think of a three-legged stool – each leg (branch) supports the government, and if one leg is removed, the stool becomes unstable. ‘Legislative’ starts with L for ‘law-making’, ‘Executive’ with E for ‘execution’ or enforcement, ‘Judiciary’ with J for ‘judge’.
记忆技巧：联想三条腿的凳子——每条腿（分支）支撑着政府，去掉一条腿就不稳。“Legislative”以 L 开头代表立法，“Executive”以 E 开头代表执行，“Judiciary”以 J 开头代表法官。
5. Constitution | 宪法
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed. It may be written (codified) like the US Constitution or unwritten (uncodified) like the UK’s, composed of statutes, conventions, and judicial decisions.
宪法是一套据以治理国家的基本准则或既定先例。它可以是成文的（编纂成典，如美国宪法），也可以是不成文的（未经编纂，如英国宪法，由法规、惯例和司法判例构成）。
Memory tip: ‘Constitution’ sounds like ‘constitute’ – the document that constitutes the state. Imagine the blueprint of a building: a constitution is the blueprint for government.
记忆技巧：“Constitution”和“constitute”相似——是构成国家的文件。把它想象成建筑的蓝图：宪法就是政府的蓝图。
6. Political Party | 政党
A political party is an organised group of people who share similar political views and work together to gain power through elections. Parties develop policies, select candidates, and seek to form a government. Examples include Labour and Conservative in the UK, or Democrats and Republicans in the USA.
政党是由持有相似政治观点并共同努力通过选举获取权力的人们组成的有组织团体。政党制定政策、遴选候选人，并力求组建政府。例如英国的工党和保守党，或美国的民主党和共和党。
Memory tip: ‘Party’ = ‘part’ + ‘y’ – a group that is part of the political system. Picture a party (celebration) where people unite for a cause – but here it’s a political gathering.
记忆技巧：“Party”可拆分为“part”（部分）加“y”，即政治体系的一部分。联想一场庆祝派对，大家因一项事业团结起来——只不过这是政治集会。
7. Ideology | 意识形态
An ideology is a coherent set of beliefs and values that explains how society should work and prescribes political action. Three major ideologies are liberalism (emphasising individual liberty and limited government), conservatism (valuing tradition and gradual change), and socialism (advocating social ownership and equality).
意识形态是一套连贯的信念和价值观，用以解释社会应如何运作，并规范政治行动。三大主要意识形态是自由主义（强调个人自由和有限政府）、保守主义（重视传统和渐进变革）以及社会主义（主张社会所有和公平）。
Memory tip: ‘Ideology’ = ‘idea’ + ‘ology’ (study of ideas). Remember the political spectrum as ‘left-wing (socialism), right-wing (conservatism), and centre (liberalism)’. Left likes equality, right likes tradition.
记忆技巧：“Ideology” = “idea”（思想） + “ology”（学问）。记住政治光谱：左翼（社会公平）、右翼（传统）、中间（自由主义）。左派倾向平等，右派倾向传统。
8. Elections and Suffrage | 选举与选举权
Elections are formal decision-making processes by which a population chooses an individual or party to hold public office. Suffrage means the right to vote in political elections. Universal suffrage grants this right to all adult citizens regardless of gender, race, or wealth.
选举是民众通过正式决策程序选择个人或政党担任公职的过程。选举权是指在政治选举中投票的权利。普选权赋予所有成年公民不分性别、种族或财富的投票权。
Memory tip: ‘Suffrage’ comes from Latin ‘suffragium’ (voting tablet). Think of ‘suffer’ + ‘rage’ – people once suffered and raged to win the right to vote. ‘Election’ = ‘e (out)’ + ‘lect’ (choose) – choosing out.
记忆技巧：“选举权”（suffrage）源自拉丁语“投票板”。联想“suffer”（受苦）和“rage”（愤怒）——人们曾历经苦难和愤怒才赢得投票权。“Election” = “e”（出） + “lect”（选择）——挑选出来。
9. Human Rights | 人权
Human rights are moral principles describing certain standards of human behaviour, protected as legal rights in national and international law. They are universal, inalienable, and indivisible. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) lists rights such as life, liberty, education, and freedom from torture.
人权是描述人类行为特定标准的道德准则，并作为法律权利受到国内和国际法的保护。人权是普遍的、不可剥夺和不可分割的。《世界人权宣言》（1948年）列举了生命权、自由权、教育权以及免受酷刑的权利等。
Memory tip: Think of ‘human’ + ‘rights’ – rights that belong to every human being simply because they are human. Visualise the acronym UDHR as ‘You Deserve Human Rights’.
记忆技巧：把“human”和“rights”连起来——仅凭人的身份就拥有的权利。将《世界人权宣言》缩写 UDHR 联想为 “You Deserve Human Rights”（你应享有人权）。
10. International Organisations | 国际组织
International organisations are institutions composed of member states, established by treaty, and governed by international law. The United Nations (UN) aims to maintain peace and security, promote development, and protect human rights. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military alliance for collective defence. The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union.
国际组织是由成员国通过条约建立、并受国际法管辖的机构。联合国（UN）旨在维护和平与安全、促进发展和保护人权。北大西洋公约组织（NATO）是集体防务的军事联盟。欧洲联盟（EU）是一个政治经济联盟。
Memory tip: UN – ‘United’ we stand; NATO – remember ‘Atlantic’ for ocean separating Europe and America, but they are united; EU – ‘Europe United’. Think of these as clubs where countries cooperate.
记忆技巧：UN——团结就是力量；NATO——记住“Atlantic”（大西洋）连接欧美，但它们团结一致；EU——欧洲联合。把这些组织想象成国家们合作的俱乐部。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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