📚 Year 10 SQA English: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | 苏格兰资格认证局英语：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong command of literary and linguistic terminology is one of the quickest ways to lift your SQA English grade. Whether you are analysing a poem, unpacking a prose extract, or writing persuasively, precise terms show the examiner that you understand how language works. This guide groups key terms into memorable clusters, explains each one in clear English, and gives you a direct Chinese equivalent plus a memory hook. Work through the sections, test yourself, and soon these terms will feel like second nature.
扎实掌握文学和语言术语是提高 SQA 英语成绩最快的途径之一。无论是分析诗歌、解读散文段落，还是进行劝说性写作，使用精准的术语都能向考官展示你对语言运作方式的理解。本指南将核心术语分为易记的群组，用清晰的英文解释每一项，并提供对应的中文释义和记忆诀窍。逐节学习、自我测试，很快这些术语就会成为你的第二天性。
1. Sound Devices in Poetry and Prose | 诗歌与散文中的声音手法
Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the start of words that are close together, for example ‘softly singing songs’. It creates musicality and draws attention to the phrase. In Chinese rhetoric, this is called 头韵, literally ‘head rhyme’, and you can remember it because the head of the word carries the repeated sound.
Alliteration（头韵）指相邻单词开头辅音重复，如 softly singing songs，能增强音乐感并吸引读者注意。中文里叫“头韵”，正好提醒你重复的音在词的“头部”。
Sibilance is a specific type of alliteration where the ‘s’ or ‘sh’ sound is repeated, producing a hissing, soft, or sinister effect – think ‘the snake slid silently’. The Chinese term 嘶音 mimics the hissing quality itself, making it easy to recall.
Sibilance（嘶音）是一种特殊的头韵，重复 s 或 sh 音，造成嘶嘶、柔和或阴险的效果，比如 the snake slid silently。中文称“嘶音”，声音本身就像蛇吐信，极易记住。
Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate natural sounds, such as ‘buzz’, ‘hiss’, or ‘clang’. The Greek root means ‘name-making’, and the Chinese term 拟声词 literally means ‘imitate-sound word’. Memory tip: when you say ‘buzz’, your mouth feels like a bee.
Onomatopoeia（拟声词）指模仿自然界声音的词语，如 buzz, hiss, clang。希腊词源意为“造名”，中文称“拟声词”非常直白。记忆诀窍：说 buzz 时嘴型就像蜜蜂振动。
2. Figurative Language: Comparisons | 比喻性语言：比较
Simile makes a comparison between two different things using ‘like’ or ‘as’, for example ‘as brave as a lion’. The Chinese term 明喻 contains the character 明 meaning ‘clear’, because the comparison is openly stated. Always spot the ‘like’ or ‘as’ signal.
Simile（明喻）用 like 或 as 比较两种不同事物，如 as brave as a lion。中文“明喻”的“明”表示清楚直白，因为比喻关系是明说的。看到 like 或 as 就能快速识别。
Metaphor is a direct comparison without using ‘like’ or ‘as’; it says one thing is another, such as ‘her voice is velvet’. The Chinese term 暗喻 (hidden comparison) reminds you that the comparison is implied rather than spelled out. Memory hook: ‘meta’ means beyond, so the meaning goes beyond the literal.
Metaphor（暗喻）是不用 like 或 as 的直接比较，说一物是另一物，如 her voice is velvet。中文“暗喻”提示你比喻关系是隐含的。“meta”有超越之意，含义超越字面。
Extended metaphor is a metaphor that runs through a whole paragraph, stanza, or entire work, weaving multiple comparisons around a central idea. In Chinese, 延伸暗喻 captures the idea of stretching the comparison. Think of it as a metaphor that refuses to stop – like a chain of dominoes.
Extended metaphor（延伸暗喻）指贯穿整段、整节甚至全篇的隐喻，围绕一个核心思想展开多重比较。记住它像一个停不下来的比喻，如同多米诺骨牌连锁反应。
3. Figurative Language: Beyond Literal Meaning | 比喻性语言：超越字面
Personification gives human qualities to inanimate objects or abstract ideas, for instance ‘the wind howled’. The Chinese term 拟人 literally means ‘imitate person’. Memory aid: the word contains ‘person’, pointing to the human touch you add to things.
Personification（拟人）赋予无生命物体或抽象概念以人的特征，如 the wind howled。中文“拟人”意为模仿人。单词里含 person，帮你记住是给事物加上人性。
Pathetic fallacy is a special kind of personification where nature mirrors human emotions, such as stormy weather reflecting a character’s inner turmoil. The term sounds negative in everyday English, but in literary analysis it simply refers to ‘emotional mirroring’. The Chinese 感情误置 literally means ’emotion mistaken placement’, which helps you recall that human feeling is wrongly attributed to nature.
Pathetic fallacy（感情误置）是一种特殊的拟人，指自然反映人的情绪，如暴风雨反映角色内心的动荡。日常 meaning 里‘pathetic’带有贬义，但文学术语只是“感情投射”。中文“感情误置”表明将人的情感错误地归给自然。
Hyperbole is deliberate exaggeration for effect, like ‘I’ve told you a million times’. The Chinese term 夸张 means ‘expand exaggerate’. To memorise, think of ‘hyper’ as over-active – the statement is overly dramatic.
Hyperbole（夸张）是故意夸大以求效果，如 I’ve told you a million times。中文“夸张”就是夸大。记法：hyper 像过度活跃，说话极度夸张。
Understatement (or litotes) is the opposite – making something seem less important than it is, often for ironic or humorous effect. For instance, describing a freezing day as ‘a bit chilly’. In Chinese 低调陈述 suggests a ‘low-key statement’. Handy hint: understatement ‘undersells’ reality.
Understatement（低调陈述）是反其道而行之，把事物说得没那么重要，常用于反讽或幽默，比如把极冷天说成 a bit chilly。记住它是在“轻描淡写”现实。
4. Contrast and Contradiction | 对比与矛盾
Oxymoron is a figure of speech that places two opposite words together, such as ‘bittersweet’ or ‘living death’. The Chinese 矛盾修辞法 literally means ‘contradiction rhetoric’. Simple trick: ‘oxy’ sounds like ‘ox’ – imagine a clumsy ox trying to balance two opposite words on its horns.
Oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）将两个相反词语并置，如 bittersweet、living death。中文“矛盾”直接点出对立。记忆法：oxy 音似 ox（公牛），想象公牛角上顶着两个矛盾词努力平衡。
Juxtaposition places two different things side by side to highlight their contrasts or similarities, not necessarily opposites. For example, a description of a peaceful garden next to a busy street. The Chinese 并置 simply means ‘putting together side by side’. Remember ‘juxta’ sounds like ‘just a position’ – two items just placed in position next to each other.
Juxtaposition（并置）将两个不同事物并排放置以突出对比或相似，不一定完全相反，比如宁静花园与繁忙街道的描写。juxta 音似 just a position，就是两个东西正好并排放着。
Paradox is a statement that appears contradictory but reveals a deeper truth, for instance ‘the more you learn, the more you realise you don’t know’. Chinese 悖论 / 似非而是的解释点出‘seemingly wrong but actually right’. A puzzle clue: think of a pair of docks (para-docks) that shouldn’t fit together but somehow do.
Paradox（悖论）看似矛盾却暗含真理的陈述，如 the more you learn, the more you realise you don’t know。中文“悖论”或“似非而是”表明了假错实对。记忆线索：para 音近 pair（一对），两个矛盾的事却奇迹般配对。
5. Structural and Sound Patterns in Poetry | 诗歌的结构与音律模式
Stanza is a grouped set of lines in a poem, similar to a paragraph in prose. The Chinese term 诗节 means ‘poem section’. A quick visual cue: stanza comes from the Italian word for ‘room’ – imagine each stanza as a room in the house of a poem.
Stanza（诗节）是诗歌中一组诗行，类似于散文的段落。中文“诗节”即诗的段落。视觉提醒：stanza 源自意大利语“房间”，把每个诗节想象成诗歌大宅里的一个房间。
Rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line, described with letters (ABAB, AABB, etc.). Chinese 押韵格式 directly translates to ‘rhyme pattern’. To memorise, think of a ‘scheme’ as a secret code – letters that unlock the poem’s auditory design.
Rhyme scheme（押韵格式）是行末押韵的模式，用字母表示（ABAB 等）。scheme 可看作密码，字母揭示了诗歌的听觉设计。
Rhyming couplet is a pair of successive lines that rhyme, often used to end a scene or thought. Chinese 押韵双行体 gives you ‘rhyme double line’. A neat memory: couplet sounds like ‘couple’ – two lines that make a perfect couple.
Rhyming couplet（押韵双行体）是连续押韵的两行诗，常用于结束一个场景或想法。couplet 音近 couple（一对），两行诗结成一对美满伴侣。
Enjambment occurs when a line of poetry runs on to the next line without a pause or punctuation. The Chinese term 跨行连续 means ‘cross-line continuation’. Visual cue: imagine the sentence ‘jumping’ over the line-end as a hurdler leaps over a barrier without stopping.
Enjambment（跨行连续）指诗行不加停顿直接跨入下一行。想象句子像跨栏运动员跃过行末障碍，一路不停。
Caesura is a deliberate pause or break within a line of poetry, often marked by punctuation. Chinese 行中停顿 literally translates to ‘pause within a line’. The word looks like ‘caesura’ – imagine a comma ‘causing’ a sudden rest.
Caesura（行中停顿）是诗行中有意的停顿，常由标点标示。单词像 cause a rest（引起休息），停顿带来瞬间的休息。
6. Word Choice and Imagery | 选词与意象
Diction means the choice of words a writer uses. When you analyse diction, you consider whether the words are formal, colloquial, abstract, concrete, etc. Chinese 措辞 means ‘wording arrangement’. Memory link: ‘diction’ sounds like ‘dictionary’ – the writer picks words from their mental dictionary.
Diction（措辞）指作家的选词。分析措辞时，要考虑词汇是正式、口语、抽象还是具体等。diction 音近 dictionary，作家从心理词典中选词。
Connotation is the emotional or cultural association attached to a word beyond its literal definition. For instance, ‘home’ connotes warmth and safety, while ‘house’ is neutral. Chinese 内涵意义 means ‘inner meaning’. Picture a word wearing a coat – the coat is its connotation, something extra it carries.
Connotation（内涵意义）是词语除字面定义外附带的感情或文化联想，如 home 令人联想到温暖安全，而 house 则中性。想象一个词穿着外套，外套就是它的内涵，额外携带的意味。
Denotation is the strict dictionary definition. Chinese 外延意义 means ‘outer meaning’ – the most straightforward, surface-level meaning. Denotation is the skeleton; connotation is the flesh.
Denotation（外延意义）是字典里的严格定义。中文“外延意义”指最直白的表层含义。外延是骨架，内涵是血肉。
Imagery appeals to the five senses through descriptive language: sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell. Chinese 意象 means ‘image impression’. A simple recall: imagery creates a mental ‘image’ that you can almost sense.
Imagery（意象）通过描述性语言调动五种感官：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉和嗅觉。意象就是创造出你几乎能感觉到的内心图像。
7. Tone, Mood and Register | 语气、氛围和语域
Tone reflects the writer’s attitude towards the subject or audience, conveyed through word choice and sentence structure. Tone can be sarcastic, admiring, formal, intimate, etc. Chinese 语气 captures the ‘attitude of voice’. To distinguish tone from mood, remember: tone is the writer’s voice; mood is the feeling the reader gets.
Tone（语气）反映作者对主题或读者的态度，通过选词和句法传达，如讽刺、钦佩、正式、亲密等。记住：语气是作者的态度，氛围是读者的感受。
Mood (or atmosphere) is the emotional feeling that a piece of writing creates in the reader. Chinese 氛围 or 情绪气氛 conveys the idea of an emotional climate. Think of ‘mood’ as the emotional weather of a scene.
Mood（氛围）是作品在读者心中唤起的情感感受。想象 mood 是场景的情绪天气。
Register describes the level of formality in language, from frozen (unchanging, like legal language) to intimate. Chinese 语域 means ‘language region’. A quick analogy: register is like your dress code – you wouldn’t wear pyjamas to a formal dinner, just as you wouldn’t use slang in an academic essay.
Register（语域）描述语言的形式程度，从刻板语（如法律用语）到亲密用语。语域就像着装要求，你不会穿睡衣参加正式晚宴，同样不会在学术论文中使用俚语。
8. Syntax and Sentence Structure | 句法与句子结构
Syntax refers to the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences. When analysing syntax, look at sentence length, word order, and punctuation. Chinese 句法 means ‘sentence law’. Memory trick: syntax sounds like ‘sin-tax’ – breaking grammatical rules feels like a sin against language.
Syntax（句法）指词语和短语组织成句的方式。分析句法时要注意句子长度、词序和标点。syntax 音似 sin-tax（犯罪税），违反句法就像对语言犯罪。
Simple sentence contains one main clause. Compound sentence links two main clauses with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or). Complex sentence uses a main clause and at least one subordinate clause. Chinese uses 简单句, 并列句, 复合句 respectively. Quick recognition chart:
简单句包含一个主句。并列句用并列连词连接两个主句。复合句包括一个主句和至少一个从句。对应中文分别为简单句、并列句、复合句。速查表：
| English | 中文 | Clue |
| Simple | 简单句 | One idea |
| Compound | 并列句 | Two equals joined |
| Complex | 复合句 | Main + subordinate |
Inversion is the reversal of normal word order, often to emphasise a particular word or to create a poetic effect – ‘Never have I seen such beauty’. Chinese 倒装 literally means ‘reverse install’. You can spot inversion when the subject and verb swap their usual places.
Inversion（倒装）是颠倒正常词序，通常为了强调某词或创造诗意效果，如 Never have I seen such beauty。发现主语和动词换了位置，就是倒装。
9. Rhetorical Devices for Persuasion | 劝说性修辞手法
Rhetorical question is a question asked not to get an answer but to make a point or provoke thought – ‘What could be more important than this?’ Chinese 反问句 means ‘reverse question’. Remember that the answer is already implied; the question is just for effect.
Rhetorical question（反问句）不是为了获取答案，而是为了表明观点或引发思考，如 What could be more important than this? 答案已经隐含其中，问题只为达到效果。
Tripling (rule of three) is the use of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses to create a memorable rhythm – ‘government of the people, by the people, for the people’. Chinese 三排比 or 三连句式 captures the triple pattern. Three items feel complete and satisfying to the brain.
Tripling（三排比）使用三个并列的词、短语或从句来创造令人印象深刻的节奏，如民有、民治、民享。大脑觉得三个一组才完整且令人满足。
Emotive language uses words that trigger strong feelings – ‘heart-breaking tragedy’ instead of ‘sad event’. Chinese 感性语言 means ’emotional language’. The key is the word ’emotive’ itself: it aims to move you, to appeal to your emotions rather than logic.
Emotive language（感性语言）用词激发强烈情感，如用 heart-breaking tragedy 代替 sad event。emotive 就是要触动你，诉诸情感而非理性。
Imperative is a command or instruction – ‘Stop pollution now!’ Chinese 祈使句 means ‘pray-command sentence’. Memory aid: imperatives ‘imperatively’ tell you what to do, without offering alternatives.
Imperative（祈使句）是命令或指令，如 Stop pollution now! 祈使句就是不容置疑地告诉你该做什么，不给选择。
10. Irony and Ambiguity | 反讽与歧义
Irony exists in three main forms. Verbal irony is saying the opposite of what you mean (‘What a beautiful day!’ during a storm). Chinese 反语 means ‘reverse speech’. Dramatic irony is when the audience knows something the characters do not; Chinese 戏剧性反讽 retains the theatrical twist. Situational irony is when the outcome is the opposite of what was expected; Chinese 情境反讽 denotes the situation turning upside down. A universal trick: all irony involves a gap between appearance and reality.
Irony（反讽）有三类。言语反讽是说你意思的反话（如暴风雨中说“多好的天”）。戏剧反讽是观众知道而角色不知。情境反讽是结果与预期相反。共通点：表象与现实的差距。
Ambiguity is language that can be interpreted in more than one way, either deliberately or unintentionally. Chinese 歧义 means ‘forked meaning’. A quick visual: ambiguous writing is like a road sign pointing in two directions at once – you’re not sure which meaning to take.
Ambiguity（歧义）指语言可作不止一种解释，或有意或无意。想象歧义写作像一个路标同时指向两个方向，你不知该走哪条意义之路。
11. Voice and Point of View | 叙述声音与视角
First-person narration uses ‘I’ or ‘we’. In Chinese 第一人称叙述, the narrator is a character in the story, giving direct insight but also potential bias. Second-person (‘you’) is rare and involves the reader directly – 第二人称叙述. Third-person (‘he’, ‘she’, ‘they’) can be limited or omniscient – 第三人称叙述. To memorise, link the ‘person’ to the grammatical person: first person = speaker, second = addressed, third = spoken about.
第一人称叙述用“我”或“我们”，叙述者是故事内人物，提供直接视角但也可能带有偏见。第二人称用“你”，直接将读者拉入文本。第三人称用“他、她、他们”，分为有限视角和全知视角。记住语法人称：第一人称是说话人，第二人称是受话人，第三人称是被谈论者。
Narrative voice refers to the personality of the narrator – naive, unreliable, authoritative, etc. Chinese 叙述声音 directly translates. An unreliable narrator (不可靠叙述者) is one whose account cannot be fully trusted. Think of it as a witness whose testimony you need to cross-examine.
叙述声音指叙述者的个性——天真、不可靠、权威等。不可靠叙述者的故事不能全信。把这看作一个你需要反复盘问的证人。
12. Drama and Performance Terminology | 戏剧与表演术语
Monologue is a long speech by one character, often revealing inner thoughts to other characters or the audience. Chinese 独白 means ‘alone speech’. Soliloquy is similar but spoken when the character is alone on stage, thinking aloud. Chinese 内心独白 translates to ‘inner monologue’. Key difference: a monologue has an onstage audience; a soliloquy is a private moment with only the audience overhearing.
Monologue（独白）是一个角色的长篇讲话，常向其他角色或观众袒露内心。Soliloquy（内心独白）则是角色独自在台上自言自语。区别：独白有台上听众；内心独白是私下时刻，只有观众偷听。
Stage directions are instructions in a script about setting, movement, and delivery. Chinese 舞台说明 means ‘stage explanation’. They are written in italics and brackets; ignore them at your peril, as they shape how the play is interpreted.
Stage directions（舞台说明）是剧本中关于布景、动作和表达的指令，常以斜体或括号标示。忽视它们会误解戏剧解读。
Dramatic climax is the point of highest tension or turning point in a play. Chinese 戏剧高潮 is ‘drama high tide’. Visualise a wave reaching its peak before it crashes – that is the climax.
Dramatic climax（戏剧高潮）是戏剧中紧张度最高或转折的点。把它想象成海浪在卷碎前达到的最高峰。
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