📚 Year 11 AQA Biology: Core Knowledge Review | 核心知识点梳理
This Year 11 AQA Biology revision guide summarises the core knowledge required for GCSE Biology. It highlights key concepts from cell biology to ecology, helping you consolidate your understanding and prepare effectively for exams. A solid grasp of these fundamentals is essential for tackling both Foundation and Higher tier papers.
本 Year 11 AQA 生物复习指南概括了 GCSE 生物所需的核心知识点。它突出了从细胞生物学到生态学的关键概念，帮助你巩固理解并有效备考。扎实掌握这些基础知识对于应对基础和高级试卷都至关重要。
1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能
Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes.
动物细胞包含细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。
Plant cells have the same organelles plus a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large permanent vacuole.
植物细胞除含有相同细胞器外，还有细胞壁、叶绿体和一个大液泡。
Bacteria are prokaryotes: they lack a true nucleus and instead have a single circular chromosome and small rings of DNA called plasmids.
细菌是原核生物：它们没有真正的细胞核，而是具有单条环状染色体和称为质粒的小型 DNA 环。
Sperm cells are specialised for fertilisation – a streamlined head, many mitochondria for energy and an acrosome containing enzymes to penetrate the egg.
精子细胞特化用于受精——流线型的头部、许多线粒体提供能量以及含有酶的顶体有助于穿透卵细胞。
Root hair cells have a long projection that increases the surface area to absorb water and mineral ions efficiently.
根毛细胞具有长突起，增大了吸收水分和矿物离子的表面积。
2. Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis | 细胞分裂：有丝分裂与减数分裂
Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells and is used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction.
有丝分裂产生两个遗传相同的二倍体子细胞，用于生长、修复和无性生殖。
Meiosis involves two divisions and produces four genetically different haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells), each with half the chromosome number.
减数分裂包括两次分裂，产生四个遗传不同的单倍体配子（精子或卵细胞），每个配子拥有染色体数目的一半。
Fertilisation restores the full diploid chromosome number when gametes fuse.
受精时配子融合，恢复完整的二倍体染色体数目。
3. Transport Across Cell Membranes | 跨膜运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, down the concentration gradient; it requires no energy.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度；不需要能量。
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution.
渗透是水分子通过部分渗透膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液的扩散。
Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, using energy from respiration.
主动运输逆浓度梯度移动物质，从低浓度到高浓度，利用呼吸作用提供的能量。
| Process 过程 | Key Features 关键特征 |
|---|---|
| Diffusion 扩散 | Passive, down a concentration gradient; e.g. oxygen entering blood in alveoli. 被动，顺浓度梯度；例如氧气在肺泡进入血液。 |
| Osmosis 渗透 | Passive movement of water across a membrane; e.g. water uptake by root hairs. 水被动跨膜运动；例如根毛吸水。 |
| Active transport 主动运输 | Requires energy; moves against gradient; e.g. mineral ion uptake by root hairs. 需要能量；逆梯度运动；例如根毛吸收矿物离子。 |
4. Enzymes and Digestive System | 酶与消化系统
Enzymes are biological catalysts made of protein that speed up chemical reactions without being used up.
酶是由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂，能加速化学反应而自身不被消耗。
The lock-and-key model describes how a substrate fits into the enzyme’s specific active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex.
锁钥模型描述了底物如何进入酶的特异性活性位点，形成酶-底物复合物。
High temperatures and extreme pH disrupt the shape of the active site, denaturing the enzyme so it can no longer function.
高温和极端 pH 破坏活性位点的形状，使酶变性，从而无法再发挥功能。
| Digestive Enzyme 消化酶 | Site of Action 作用位置 | Substrate → Product 底物 → 产物 |
|---|---|---|
| Amylase 淀粉酶 | Mouth and small intestine 口腔和小肠 | Starch → maltose 淀粉 → 麦芽糖 |
| Protease 蛋白酶 | Stomach and small intestine 胃和小肠 | Protein → amino acids 蛋白质 → 氨基酸 |
| Lipase 脂肪酶 | Small intestine 小肠 | Lipids → glycerol + fatty acids 脂质 → 甘油 + 脂肪酸 |
Bile, produced by the liver, emulsifies large fat droplets into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for lipase action. It also neutralises stomach acid.
肝脏产生的胆汁将大脂肪滴乳化成小脂肪滴，增加脂肪酶作用的表面积，同时中和胃酸。
5. The Circulatory System and Blood | 循环系统与血液
The human heart is a double pump: the right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
人类心脏是一个双泵：右侧将缺氧血泵入肺部，左侧将含氧血泵入全身。
Blood flows through arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries have thick, elastic walls to withstand high pressure; veins contain valves to prevent backflow; capillaries are one cell thick for efficient exchange.
血液流经动脉、静脉和毛细血管。动脉管壁厚且有弹性，可承受高压；静脉有瓣膜防止回流；毛细血管仅一层细胞厚，利于高效交换。
| Blood Component 血液成分 | Function 功能 |
|---|---|
| Red blood cells 红细胞 | Contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen. 含血红蛋白运输氧气。 |
| White blood cells 白细胞 | Defend against pathogens by phagocytosis and antibody production. 通过吞噬和产生抗体防御病原体。 |
| Platelets 血小板 | Involved in blood clotting. 参与凝血。 |
| Plasma 血浆 | Published by TutorHao | Year 11 Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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