📚 Year 11 AQA Economics: Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Terms | Year 11 AQA 经济：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong command of economic terminology is the first step toward exam success. This guide breaks down essential Year 11 AQA Economics vocabulary into logical groups, combines clear definitions with memory hacks, and presents every term in both English and Chinese so you can learn, review, and recall efficiently.
掌握经济学专业术语是考试成功的第一步。本指南将Year 11 AQA经济学核心词汇按逻辑分组，结合清晰的释义与记忆窍门，并以英中对照方式呈现，帮助你高效学习、复习和回忆。
1. Basic Economic Problem and Economic Systems | 基本经济问题与经济体系
Scarcity – The fundamental economic problem: unlimited human wants clash with limited resources. Memory hack: “SCARCITY = Society’s Choices Are Really Constrained In The Yard.”
稀缺性 – 根本的经济问题：人类无限的欲望与有限的资源之间的矛盾。记忆窍门：“稀缺性”的英文缩写SCARCITY可拆解为“有限选择迫使社会在庭院中做出牺牲”。
Opportunity Cost – The value of the next-best alternative forgone when a choice is made. Think “OC = Option Cancelled.”
机会成本 – 做出一项选择时所放弃的次优选项的价值。记法：“机会成本=被取消的那个选项”。
Factors of Production – Land, Labour, Capital, Enterprise. Remember them as “LLCE,” or “Lazy Lions Catch Elephants.”
生产要素 – 土地、劳动力、资本、企业家才能。可缩记作“LLCE”，或用“慵懒的狮子抓大象”来辅助记忆。
Market Economy – An economy where resources are allocated through the price mechanism with little government intervention. Hack: “Market = Money decides.”
市场经济 – 资源配置几乎完全由价格机制决定、政府干预极少的经济体。窍门：“市场=钱说了算。”
Mixed Economy – Combines market forces with government intervention. Visualize a half‑market, half‑government pie.
混合经济 – 市场力量与政府干预相结合的经济模式。想象一张半市场半政府的饼图。
2. How Markets Work: Demand, Supply and Price Determination | 市场运作：需求、供给与价格决定
Demand – The quantity of a good or service consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices, ceteris paribus. Keep “Willing AND Able” in mind—desire alone is not demand.
需求 – 在其它条件不变时，消费者在不同价格水平下愿意并且能够购买的数量。记住“愿意且能够”，光有购买欲望不是需求。
Law of Demand – As price rises, quantity demanded falls (inverse relationship). Use “D = Downward‑sloping” as a visual anchor.
需求定律 – 价格上升，需求量下降（反向关系）。用“D=向下倾斜”作为视觉锚点。
Supply – The quantity producers are willing and able to sell at different prices. Memory prompt: “Supply slopes Up.”
供给 – 生产者在不同价格下愿意并且能够出售的数量。记忆提示：“供给曲线向上走。”
Equilibrium Price – The price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. Think “EQ = Equal Quantity.”
均衡价格 – 需求量与供给量相等的价格。记住“EQ=等量”。
Excess Demand (Shortage) – When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at the current price. Visualize: “Too many buyers chasing too few goods.”
超额需求（短缺） – 当前价格下需求量大于供给量。想象“买家太多，商品太少”。
Excess Supply (Surplus) – When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded. Hack: “Surplus = Stocks piling up.”
超额供给（过剩） – 当前价格下供给量大于需求量。记法：“过剩=库存堆积”。
3. Elasticity | 弹性
Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) – Measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. Formula: PED = % change in quantity demanded ÷ % change in price. Ignore the minus sign; remember “PED ≈ price sensitivity.”
需求价格弹性（PED） – 衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。公式：PED = 需求量变化百分比 ÷ 价格变动百分比。忽略负号，记住“PED ≈ 价格敏感度”。
Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) – Responsiveness of quantity supplied to price changes. Recall “Time determines PES” – longer production periods usually mean more elastic supply.
供给价格弹性（PES） – 供给量对价格变化的反应程度。记住“时间决定PES”——生产周期越长，供给通常越有弹性。
Income Elasticity of Demand (YED) – How quantity demanded changes as consumer income changes. Normal goods have positive YED; inferior goods have negative YED. Use “Y = Your income” to link.
需求收入弹性（YED） – 消费者收入变化引起的需求量变化。正常品YED为正；低档品YED为负。用“Y=你的收入”建立关联。
Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED) – Measures the responsiveness of demand for one good to a change in the price of another. Complements have negative XED, substitutes positive. “X marks the cross‑effect.”
需求交叉弹性（XED） – 衡量一种商品需求量对另一种商品价格变化的反应。互补品XED为负，替代品为正。“X代表交叉效应”。
4. Market Failure | 市场失灵
Market Failure – When the free market fails to allocate resources efficiently, resulting in a net social loss. Shortcut: “MF = Missed Function.”
市场失灵 – 自由市场无法有效配置资源，导致净社会福利损失。简记：“失灵=功能缺失”。
Positive Externality – A beneficial side‑effect on a third party not involved in the transaction (e.g. education improving social cohesion). Think “Positive = P for Public gain.”
正外部性 – 给未参与交易的第三方带来的有益副作用（例如教育提升社会凝聚力）。记忆：“正=Public public gain”。
Negative Externality – A harmful spillover onto third parties (e.g. pollution from factories). Visual clue: “Neg‑externalities Nudge society backwards.”
负外部性 – 对第三方造成的有害溢出效应（例如工厂污染）。图像记忆：“负外部性让社会退步”。
Public Goods – Non‑rivalrous and non‑excludable goods (e.g. street lighting). Use the acronym “NRNX” (Non‑Rival, Non‑eXcludable).
公共品 – 非竞争性、非排他性的商品（如路灯）。可用缩写“NRNX”辅助记忆。
Merit Goods – Goods that are under‑consumed if left to the market, but generate positive externalities (e.g. healthcare). “Merit = You merit more.”
优效品 – 若由市场提供会消费不足、但能产生正外部性的商品（如医疗）。“优效=你值得拥有更多”。
Demerit Goods – Over‑consumed goods with negative externalities (e.g. tobacco). “Demerit = You deserve less.”
劣效品 – 过度消费且具有负外部性的商品（如烟草）。“劣效=你值得少来点”。
5. Government Intervention | 政府干预
Indirect Tax – A tax levied on spending (e.g. VAT). It shifts the supply curve leftwards. Memory: “Tax Tames excessive consumption.”
间接税 – 对支出征收的税（如增值税）。它会使供给曲线左移。诀窍：“税收驯服过度消费”。
Subsidy – A government payment to producers that lowers costs and shifts supply right. Think “Subsidy = Supply slides right.”
补贴 – 政府向生产者支付从而降低成本、使供给曲线右移。诀窍：“补贴让供给滑向右”。
Maximum Price (Price Ceiling) – A legally imposed upper limit, set below equilibrium to protect consumers. Visualize a low roof: “Ceiling prevents price from rising.”
最高限价（价格上限） – 法定允许的最高价格，设在均衡价格下方以保护消费者。想象一顶低矮的天花板：“天花板不让价格抬头”。
Minimum Price (Price Floor) – A legal floor price above equilibrium, often used to support producer incomes. “Floor = Foundation for farmers.”
最低限价（价格底限） – 法定最低价格，设在均衡价格上方，常用于保障生产者收入。“底限=农民的地基”。
Legislation and Regulation – Laws and rules to correct market failures, e.g. bans on smoking in public. “Regulation = Rules that repair.”
法律与监管 – 用于纠正市场失灵的法律和规则，例如公共场所禁烟。“监管=修理的规则”。
Information Provision – Government campaigns to educate consumers and reduce information failure. “Info gaps are filled by Info provision.”
信息提供 – 政府宣传教育消费者以减少信息失灵。“信息缺口靠信息提供填平”。
6. Firms, Costs and Revenue | 企业、成本与收入
Total Revenue (TR) – The income a firm receives from sales: TR = Price × Quantity. “Total Revenue = Takings Roll in.”
总收入（TR） – 企业销售获得的全部收入：总收入 = 价格 × 销售量。“总收入=进账滚滚”。
Total Cost (TC) – The sum of all costs of production, including fixed and variable costs. “TC = Total Cash out.”
总成本（TC） – 所有生产费用的总和，包括固定成本和可变成本。“总成本=总支出”。
Fixed Cost (FC) – Costs that do not change with output, e.g. rent. “Fixed = Firmly unchanged.”
固定成本（FC） – 不随产量变化的成本，例如租金。“固定=雷打不动”。
Variable Cost (VC) – Costs that vary directly with output, e.g. raw materials. “Variable = Volume‑related.”
可变成本（VC） – 随产量直接变动的成本，例如原材料。“可变=随量而变”。
Profit – Total revenue minus total cost. Positive profit is the incentive for production. “Profit = Price of success.”
利润 – 总收入减总成本。正利润是生产的动力。“利润=成功的回报”。
Economies of Scale – Cost advantages gained from increasing the scale of production, leading to lower average costs. “Bigger is often cheaper.”
规模经济 – 扩大生产规模带来的成本优势，降低长期平均成本。“大往往更便宜”。
Diseconomies of Scale – When a firm becomes too large and average costs start rising. “Too big to be lean.”
规模不经济 – 企业规模过大导致平均成本上升。“太大反而不精干”。
7. Macroeconomic Objectives and Indicators | 宏观经济目标与指标
Economic Growth – An increase in the productive potential of an economy, usually measured by the percentage change in real GDP. “Growth = Grander output.”
经济增长 – 经济生产潜力的提升，常用实际GDP变化百分比衡量。“增长=更宏大的产出”。
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – The total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year. Use the formula: GDP = C + I + G + (X − M).
国内生产总值（GDP） – 一国一年内生产的全部最终商品和服务的总价值。记公式：GDP = C + I + G + (X − M)。
Unemployment Rate – The percentage of the labour force actively seeking work but unable to find a job. “Unemployment = Unused human capital.”
失业率 – 劳动力中积极寻找工作但无法就业的比例。“失业=闲置的人力资本”。
Inflation – A sustained increase in the general price level. The target for CPI in the UK is 2%. Associate “Inflation = In‑flating prices.”
通货膨胀 – 一般价格水平持续上升的现象。英国CPI目标为2%。联想“通货=膨胀的价格”。
Balance of Payments (Current Account) – A record of a country’s trade in goods and services, plus income and transfers. Focus on the trade balance: Exports − Imports.
国际收支（经常账户） – 记录一国商品、服务贸易及收入单方转移的账户。重点看贸易差额：出口 − 进口。
Sustainable Development – Growth that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations. “Green today, growth tomorrow.”
可持续发展 – 既满足当代需求又不损害后代能力的发展。“今日绿色，明日增长”。
8. Macroeconomic Policies | 宏观经济政策
Fiscal Policy – The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy. Remember “Fiscal = Government handles the Fiscal purse.”
财政政策 – 借助政府支出和税收调控经济的政策。记“财政=政府管钱袋子”。
Monetary Policy – The control of interest rates, money supply, and credit by the central bank to influence economic activity. “Monetary = Money – the Bank of England’s job.”
货币政策 – 中央银行通过调整利率、货币供应和信贷来影响经济活动。“货币=金钱——英格兰银行的活儿”。
Supply‑Side Policy – Measures aimed at increasing the productive capacity and efficiency of the economy, e.g. education, training, lower taxes. “Supply‑side shifts the PPF outward.”
供给侧政策 – 旨在提高经济生产能力和效率的措施，如教育、培训、减税。“供给侧使生产可能性边界外移”。
Progressive Tax – A tax where the proportion of income paid increases as income rises (e.g. income tax). “The more you earn, the larger the slice.”
累进税 – 税率随收入增加而上升的税（如所得税）。“收入越多，交得比例越高”。
Regressive Tax – A tax that takes a higher percentage from low incomes (e.g. VAT on necessities). “Flat tax that flattens the poor.”
累退税 – 对低收入者征收占比更高的税（如必需品增值税）。“一刀切的税压扁穷人”。
9. International Trade and Globalisation | 国际贸易与全球化
Exports – Goods and services sold to other countries, bringing money into the domestic economy. “X = eXit out of country.”
出口 – 销往其他国家的商品与服务，为本国带来收入。“出口=把钱赚进来”。
Imports – Goods and services bought from abroad, leading to an outflow of money. “M = Money moves out.”
进口 – 从国外购买的商品与服务，导致资金外流。“进口=钱流出去”。
Exchange Rate – The price of one currency in terms of another. Appreciation means the currency becomes stronger; depreciation weaker. “Strong pound: exports expensive, imports cheap.”
汇率 – 一种货币以另一种货币表示的价格。升值意味着本币走强；贬值走弱。“英镑强：出口贵，进口便宜”。
Comparative Advantage – The ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country. It is the basis for trade. “Specialise where you sacrifice less.”
比较优势 – 以低于他国的机会成本生产某种商品的能力，是贸易的基础。“在牺牲更少的地方专业生产”。
Protectionism – Policies to shield domestic industries from foreign competition, e.g. tariffs, quotas, subsidies. “Protectionism = Protecting local producers.”
贸易保护主义 – 保护国内产业免受外国竞争的政策，如关税、配额、补贴。“保护主义=护着本地生产者”。
Tariff – A tax on imports, which raises the price of foreign goods. “Tariff = Tax on foreign arrival.”
关税 – 对进口商品征收的税，提升外国货的价格。“关税=入关就要交的税”。
Quota – A physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported. “Quota = Quantity cap.”
配额 – 对可进口商品的数量限制。“配额=数量上限”。
Globalisation – The increasing integration and interdependence of national economies through trade, investment, and technology. “The world shrinking into a single market.”
全球化 – 各国经济通过贸易、投资和技术日益融合并相互依赖。“世界缩成一个单一市场”。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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