📚 Year 11 AQA German: Speaking & Listening Exam Prep | AQA德语：口语与听力备考专项
Getting ready for the AQA GCSE German speaking and listening exams can feel challenging, but with a clear strategy and targeted practice you can build both fluency and confidence. This guide breaks down each component of the oral and aural tests, offering practical techniques, common pitfalls to avoid, and ready-to-use language that will help you perform at your best under exam conditions.
备战AQA GCSE德语口语与听力考试可能让人感到压力不小，但只要有清晰的策略和针对性练习，你完全可以在流利度和自信心上取得突破。本文详细拆解了口试和听力测试的各个组成部分，为你提供实用技巧、常见错误规避以及可直接套用的语言素材，帮助你在考试环境下发挥出最佳水平。
1. Understanding the AQA Speaking Exam Format | 了解AQA口语考试形式
The AQA German speaking exam is divided into three distinct parts: a Role-play, a Photo card task, and a General Conversation. The entire assessment lasts between 10 and 12 minutes for Foundation Tier and 12 to 14 minutes for Higher Tier, including preparation time. You will be examined on your ability to communicate spontaneously, respond to questions, and express opinions across a range of topics from the specification.
AQA德语口语考试分为三个独立部分：角色扮演、照片卡任务和一般性对话。整个评估时间（含准备时间）基础级别为10到12分钟，高级别为12到14分钟。考试将重点考察你即兴交流、回答问题以及就考纲中多个话题表达观点的能力。
Your speaking mark is based on two main criteria: Communication and Quality of Language. Communication assesses how well you get your message across, while Quality of Language looks at your range of vocabulary, accuracy of grammar, and pronunciation. Understanding this structure allows you to tailor your preparation to each task type.
口语评分主要依据两大标准：沟通能力和语言质量。沟通能力衡量你传递信息的清晰程度，语言质量则评估你的词汇量、语法准确性及发音。了解这一结构后，你就能针对不同任务类型进行有针对性的准备。
The Role-play and Photo card are conducted from a set of stimulus cards you will have prepared just before the test. The General Conversation follows a more open-ended format based on one topic of your choice and one chosen by the examiner. Each part requires a slightly different speaking style, from transactional language to extended personal responses.
角色扮演和照片卡部分依据你考前刚准备的提示卡进行。一般性对话则采用更开放的形式，围绕一个自选话题和一个考官指定的话题展开。每个环节都需要略微不同的口语风格，从事务性语言过渡到扩展性个人回答。
2. Mastering the Role-play | 掌握角色扮演
The Role-play is your chance to show you can handle a real-life situation in German, such as buying a train ticket, ordering food, or dealing with a problem at a hotel. You will see the exact situation and the bullet points you must address on the candidate card. Use the preparation time wisely by jotting down key verbs and question words you might need.
角色扮演是展示你能否用德语处理真实生活场景的机会，例如购买火车票、点餐或处理酒店问题。你将看到考生卡片上明确写出的情境和你必须完成的要点。请明智利用准备时间，快速记下可能需要的关键动词和疑问词。
Always start the interaction yourself if the card says ‘you begin the conversation’. A natural opening like ‘Guten Tag, ich möchte…’ immediately sets the tone. For every bullet point, do not just give a one-word answer; aim for a short, complete sentence that includes a verb. If you are asked ‘Wann fährt der Zug ab?’, reply ‘Der Zug fährt um 14 Uhr ab’ rather than simply ’14 Uhr’.
如果卡片上写着“由你开始对话”，一定要自己先开口。像“Guten Tag, ich möchte…”这样自然的开场白能迅速定下基调。针对每一个要点，不要只给出一个词回答；力求用一个包含动词的简短完整句。如果被问到“Wann fährt der Zug ab?”，回答“Der Zug fährt um 14 Uhr ab”而非简单地说“14 Uhr”。
Surprise questions are a key feature of the Role-play. The examiner will ask one question you have not prepared. Listen carefully for the question word – wo, wann, wie, warum – and base your answer on real-world logic, even if you have to invent details. Simple, accurate German beats hesitation every time.
意外问题是角色扮演的核心特征。考官会提出一个你没有准备过的问题。仔细听清疑问词 – wo, wann, wie, warum – 并根据现实逻辑给出回答，哪怕需要编造细节。简单准确的德语总比犹豫卡顿要好得多。
Use polite forms naturally. Starting with ‘Entschuldigung…’ or ending with ‘Vielen Dank. Auf Wiedersehen.’ shows you understand register. For role-plays where you are speaking to a friend, you can switch to ‘du’, but the scenario will make this clear; when in doubt, stick to ‘Sie’.
自然地使用礼貌用语。以“Entschuldigung…”开头或以“Vielen Dank. Auf Wiedersehen.”结尾能体现你对语体的把握。如果角色扮演中与朋友交谈，你可以改用“du”，但情境会明确提示这一点；如果不确定，请坚持使用“Sie”。
3. Photo Card Success | 照片卡成功攻略
The Photo card task tests your descriptive language and your ability to link an image to a wider topic. You will be given a picture related to one of the themes, such as a family celebrating, a group of volunteers, or a city scene. The card also contains three printed questions: the first asks ‘Was gibt es auf dem Foto?’ and the other two probe deeper opinions or link to the theme.
照片卡任务考查你的描述性语言以及将图片与更广泛话题联系起来的能力。你会拿到一张与某个主题相关的图片，比如家庭庆祝、一群志愿者或城市景象。卡片上还印有三个问题：第一个问题通常是“Was gibt es auf dem Foto?”，另外两个则进一步探究观点或与主题建立联结。
When describing the photo, do not just list objects. Use phrases like ‘Im Vordergrund sieht man…’, ‘Im Hintergrund gibt es…’, ‘Auf der linken Seite steht…’. Make a guess about the mood or atmosphere: ‘Die Leute sehen fröhlich aus. Vielleicht feiern sie eine Party.’ This turns a simple description into a mini-narrative.
描述照片时，不要只罗列物体。使用诸如“Im Vordergrund sieht man…”、“Im Hintergrund gibt es…”、“Auf der linken Seite steht…”这样的短语。对情绪或氛围进行猜测：“Die Leute sehen fröhlich aus. Vielleicht feiern sie eine Party.” 这会将单纯的描述转变为一个小叙事。
The follow-up questions often ask for your opinion or experience: ‘Magst du solche Feste? Warum (nicht)?’ or ‘Was machst du normalerweise, um der Umwelt zu helfen?’. Prepare opinion phrases like ‘Ich finde das wichtig, weil…’, ‘Meiner Meinung nach…’, ‘Ich persönlich…’. Always give a reason, even if it is simple: ‘weil es Spaß macht’ or ‘weil ich so etwas nie mache’.
后续问题通常会询问你的观点或经历：“Magst du solche Feste? Warum (nicht)?” 或 “Was machst du normalerweise, um der Umwelt zu helfen?”。准备好观点表达短语，如“Ich finde das wichtig, weil…”、“Meiner Meinung nach…”、“Ich persönlich…”。一定要给出理由，哪怕是简单的“weil es Spaß macht”或“weil ich so etwas nie mache”。
The examiner may also ask a surprise question not on the card. Stay calm and link your answer back to the theme. If the photo is about healthy eating and you are asked ‘Was isst du zum Frühstück?’, you could say ‘Normalerweise esse ich Müsli, weil es gesund ist.’ This keeps the conversation cohesive.
考官也可能提一个卡片上没有的意外问题。保持冷静，将回答与主题联系起来。如果照片关于健康饮食，而你被问到“Was isst du zum Frühstück?”，可以说“Normalerweise esse ich Müsli, weil es gesund ist.” 这样能保持对话的连贯性。
4. General Conversation Strategies | 一般性对话策略
The General Conversation is the longest part of the speaking exam and covers two themes: one chosen by you and one by the examiner. You must prepare a one-minute presentation for your nominated theme, but the discussion will flow naturally from there. The examiner is looking for extended answers, the ability to justify opinions, and some facility with past and future time frames.
一般性对话是口语考试中最长的部分，涵盖两个主题：一个由你自选，另一个由考官指定。你必须为自己提名的话题准备一个一分钟的陈述，但随后对话会自然展开。考官希望看到扩展性回答、论证观点的能力，以及对过去和将来时间框架的适度运用。
To prepare your nominated topic, create a mind map with sub-topics: what you do, how often, with whom, why you enjoy it, a past experience, and a future intention. For instance, if your topic is ‘Sport’, be ready to say ‘Letztes Wochenende habe ich Fußball gespielt’ and ‘Nächstes Jahr möchte ich einen Marathon laufen’. This demonstrates tense control.
为自选话题做准备时，可以绘制一张思维导图，包含子话题：做什么、多久做一次、和谁一起、为什么喜欢、一段过去的经历以及一个未来打算。例如，如果你的话题是“Sport”，要准备好说“Letztes Wochenende habe ich Fußball gespielt”和“Nächstes Jahr möchte ich einen Marathon laufen”。这能展示你的时态运用能力。
Use a variety of opinion phrases and sophisticated connectors. Instead of repeating ‘Ich mag’, try ‘Ich interessiere mich für…’, ‘Ich bin begeistert von…’, ‘Es gefällt mir, weil…’. Connectives like ‘obwohl’, ‘deshalb’, ‘trotzdem’, and ‘während’ raise your complexity score. A sentence such as ‘Obwohl ich nicht viel Zeit habe, treibe ich regelmäßig Sport, weil es mich entspannt’ is gold.
使用多样化的观点短语和高级连接词。不要总是重复“Ich mag”，试试“Ich interessiere mich für…”、“Ich bin begeistert von…”、“Es gefällt mir, weil…”。“obwohl”、“deshalb”、“trotzdem”和“während”这类连接词能提升语言复杂度得分。像“Obwohl ich nicht viel Zeit habe, treibe ich regelmäßig Sport, weil es mich entspannt”这样的句子就非常出色。
Ask for clarification if you do not understand a question. Essential phrases include ‘Könnten Sie das bitte wiederholen?’, ‘Ich habe die Frage nicht ganz verstanden.’, or even ‘Was bedeutet … auf Deutsch?’. The examiner will appreciate your attempt to keep the conversation going rather than falling silent.
如果没听懂问题，请求澄清。必备短语包括“Könnten Sie das bitte wiederholen?”、“Ich habe die Frage nicht ganz verstanden.”甚至“Was bedeutet … auf Deutsch?”。比起沉默不语，考官更欣赏你努力维持对话的表现。
5. Pronunciation & Intonation | 发音与语调
Clear pronunciation makes your spoken German more comprehensible and directly impacts the Quality of Language mark. Focus on the sounds that English native speakers find tricky: the ‘ch’ in ‘ich’ (a soft hiss, not ‘ish’), the ‘r’ (throaty, not rolled), and the front-rounded vowels ‘ö’ and ‘ü’. Practise by listening to short clips and repeating aloud.
清晰的发音会让你的德语口语更容易被理解，并直接影响语言质量得分。重点练习英语母语者感到困难的音：“ich”中的“ch”（轻柔的嘶音，不是“ish”），“r”（喉音，不弹舌），以及前圆唇元音“ö”和“ü”。通过听短片段并大声跟读来练习。
Pay attention to word stress. Most German words are stressed on the first syllable, but there are exceptions like ‘Familie’ (stressed on ‘li’) and ‘Kontakt’ (stressed on ‘takt’). Misplaced stress can confuse the listener. In compound nouns, the main stress falls on the first component: ‘HAUPTbahnhof’, ‘SCHULuniform’.
注意单词重音。大多数德语词重音在第一音节，但也有例外，如“Familie”（重音在“li”）和“Kontakt”（重音在“takt”）。错误的单词重音会让听者困惑。在复合名词中，主重音落在第一个组成部分：“HAUPTbahnhof”、“SCHULuniform”。
Intonation is equally important. In statements, your voice should drop at the end. In questions without a question word (yes/no questions), your voice rises: ‘Kommst du mit? ↗’. With question words, the voice typically falls: ‘Wann kommst du? ↘’. Practising this melodic pattern makes you sound more natural and helps the examiner follow your meaning.
语调同样重要。在陈述句中，语调应在句末下降。在没有疑问词的是非问句中，语调上扬：“Kommst du mit? ↗”。带疑问词的问句，语调通常下降：“Wann kommst du? ↘”。练习这种旋律模式能让你听起来更自然，也方便考官理解你的意思。
6. Listening Exam Overview | 听力考试概览
The AQA German listening paper tests your ability to understand spoken passages, announcements, interviews, and conversations. Foundation Tier lasts about 35 minutes, Higher Tier about 45 minutes, including the reading of instructions. The texts cover all four themes from the specification and are delivered by native speakers at a natural speed.
AQA德语听力卷考查你对口头短文、公告、访谈和对话的理解能力。基础级别考试大约持续35分钟，高级别约45分钟，含指令朗读时间。听力材料覆盖考纲全部四大主题，由母语者以自然语速朗读。
Questions are in English and German, and you must answer in English for comprehension questions, or in German for grammar-related tasks. You will hear each extract twice, with pauses to write answers. The key is to use the reading time before each section to underline keywords in the questions and predict what you might hear.
题目以英语和德语呈现，理解题须用英语作答，语法相关任务则用德语回答。每段录音播放两次，中间有停顿用于书写答案。关键是利用每节前的读题时间，在问题中划出关键词，并预测可能听到的内容。
Question types include multiple choice, short answers, table completion, and identification of true/false statements. There may also be a question where you have to listen for the correct tense or speaker’s attitude. Familiarity with these formats reduces anxiety and helps you focus on the actual audio.
题型包括选择题、简答题、表格填空以及判断正误。也可能出现需要你听辨正确时态或说话者态度的问题。熟悉这些题型能减轻焦虑，帮助你集中注意力在真实录音上。
7. Tackling Different Question Types | 攻克不同题型
Each question type demands a slightly different approach. For multiple choice, eliminate obviously wrong options after the first listening. Often the distractors contain words you hear in the text but in a different context. After the second listening, confirm your choice or make an educated guess.
不同题型需要稍微不同的应对策略。对于选择题，听完第一遍后排除明显错误的选项。干扰项常常包含你确实听到的单词，但语境不同。听完第二遍后，确认选择或做出有根据的猜测。
For short-answer questions, jot down exactly what is asked. If the question says ‘What time does the concert start?’, listen specifically for ‘um’ followed by a clock time. Note that the answer may be expressed in 12-hour or 24-hour format. Do not write unnecessary details; stick to the question focus.
对于简答题，快速记下问题的具体要求。如果问题问“What time does the concert start?”，请特别注意听取“um”加上时间表达。注意时间可能是12小时制或24小时制。不要写无关细节，紧扣问题重点。
Table completion tasks often require you to fill in missing information such as a place, a date, or an activity. Before listening, check the column headings and the neighbouring cells for clues about the expected answer type – a number, a noun, a verb. Write what you hear, even if you are unsure of spelling; the examiners accept phonetic approximations.
表格填空任务通常要求补全地点、日期或活动等缺失信息。听前先检查列标题和相邻单元格，寻找预期答案类型的线索 – 数字、名词、动词。写下你听到的内容，哪怕不确定拼写；考官接受语音近似拼写。
For questions on speaker’s attitude or opinion, listen for tone of voice and familiar opinion markers: ‘leider’, ‘ich freue mich auf’, ‘es ist mir egal’, ‘ich hasse’. Combine the verbal content with how it is said – enthusiastic, sarcastic, disappointed – to choose the correct descriptor.
对于考查说话者态度或观点的问题，要留意语调和熟悉的观点标记词：“leider”、“ich freue mich auf”、“es ist mir egal”、“ich hasse”。将言语内容与说话方式 – 热情、挖苦、失望 – 结合起来，选择正确的描述词。
8. Vocabulary for Listening | 听力词汇
Building a topic-specific listening vocabulary is more effective than trying to learn every word. Focus on high-frequency words that appear in announcements and interviews, such as time expressions (morgens, abends, jeden Tag, am Wochenende), numbers (especially years, prices, telephone numbers), and linking words that signal a change of direction (aber, jedoch, allerdings).
建立话题性听力词汇比试图学会每个单词更有效。重点掌握出现在公告和访谈中的高频词汇，如时间表达（morgens, abends, jeden Tag, am Wochenende）、数字（尤其是年份、价格、电话号码），以及标志话题转向的连接词（aber, jedoch, allerdings）。
Pay extra attention to false friends and near-cognates. Words like ‘Gift’ (poison), ‘Bekommen’ (to receive), and ‘Chef’ (boss) can mislead English speakers. Create a personal list of the top 20 deceptive words and review them regularly.
额外注意同形异义词和近形词。像“Gift”（毒药）、“bekommen”（得到）和“Chef”（老板）这样的词会误导英语使用者。创建一张包含前20个易错词的个人列表，并定期复习。
Also learn common question words and their compounds: ‘Worüber’, ‘Womit’, ‘Wofür’, which often appear in listening comprehension tasks. Recognising that ‘Worüber sprichst du?’ means ‘What are you talking about?’ rather than a literal translation gives you a vital advantage.
还要学习常见疑问词及其复合形式：“Worüber”、“Womit”、“Wofür”，这些在听力理解任务中经常出现。意识到“Worüber sprichst du?”的意思是“What are you talking about?”，而不是字面直译，这一点能给你带来关键优势。
Finally, drill the alphabet for spelling tasks. You may have to write down a name, an email address, or a postcode. Practise rapid recognition of letters like ‘a, e, i, o, u’ with their umlaut versions ‘ä, ö, ü’, and know how ‘V’ (fau) and ‘W’ (weh) are pronounced.
最后，为拼写任务强化字母表。你可能需要写下一个人名、邮箱地址或邮政编码。练习快速识别字母如“a, e, i, o, u”与它们的变音形式“ä, ö, ü”，并了解“V”（fau）和“W”（weh）如何发音。
9. Prediction & Context Clues | 预测与上下文线索
Skilled listeners use the context to fill in gaps. As soon as you see the question, think about the theme – is it about school, holidays, work? Activate your topic vocabulary. If the question says ‘The speaker is talking about a problem at the hotel’, you can anticipate words like ‘Zimmer’, ‘Rezeption’, ‘kaputt’, ‘Schlüssel’, and ‘beschweren’.
熟练的听者会利用上下文填补空白。一看到问题，就思考话题 – 是关于学校、假期还是工作？激活你的话题词汇。如果问题写道“说话者在谈论酒店的一个问题”，你可以预见到“Zimmer”、“Rezeption”、“kaputt”、“Schlüssel”和“beschweren”等词。
Use the title of the passage and any introductory sentences on the question paper. The exam booklet often gives a brief setting: ‘Karl is talking about his future plans.’ This allows you to prepare for future time phrases like ‘nächstes Jahr’, ‘in der Zukunft’, ‘Ich werde’ or ‘Ich möchte’.
利用短文标题和试卷上的引导句。试卷册常常提供简短的情境说明：“Karl is talking about his future plans.” 这让你能为将来时间短语做准备，如“nächstes Jahr”、“in der Zukunft”、“Ich werde”或“Ich möchte”。
When you hear a word you do not understand, do not panic. Keep listening – the surrounding words often explain the meaning. For example, if you hear ‘Ich muss meine Koffer packen, weil ich morgen verreise’, and you do not know ‘Koffer’, the second part ‘weil ich morgen verreise’ helps you guess it is a suitcase. Train this skill with past papers.
听到不认识的单词时，不要慌张。继续听 – 周围的词常常能解释意思。例如，如果你听到“Ich muss meine Koffer packen, weil ich morgen verreise”，并且不认识“Koffer”，后半句“weil ich morgen verreise”能帮你猜出它是行李箱。请用往年真题训练这一技能。
10. Managing Nerves & Time | 管理紧张情绪与时间
Exam nerves can block your ears, so develop a pre-listening routine. During the reading time, breathe slowly, circle the question instructions (What, when, where, who), and underline key words in the question. This focuses your brain and reduces panic. Remember, you have two hearings; you do not need to catch everything the first time.
考试紧张会堵住耳朵，所以要养成听前习惯。在读题时间内，慢慢呼吸，圈出问题指令（什么、何时、何地、谁），并在问题中划出关键词。这能让大脑集中，减少恐慌。记住，你听两遍；不需要第一遍就抓住所有信息。
In the speaking exam, treat it as a conversation, not a performance. Take a sip of water before you enter if allowed. Smile briefly at the examiner, and use a confident opening sentence you have rehearsed, like ‘Ich möchte über das Thema … sprechen, weil es mir sehr gefällt.’ This settles your nerves.
在口语考试中，把它当作一次对话而非表演。如果允许，进场前喝一小口水。对考官微笑一下，并用一个准备好的自信开头句开场，比如“Ich möchte über das Thema … sprechen, weil es mir sehr gefällt.” 这能让你镇定下来。
Time management during the preparation period is crucial. Spend the first 2-3 minutes reading the Role-play and Photo card, underlining the key task verbs. Then jot down some quick ideas for the General Conversation nominated topic. Do not try to write full sentences; short notes and question cues are enough.
准备期间的时间管理至关重要。先用2-3分钟阅读角色扮演和照片卡，划出关键任务动词。然后为一般性对话的自选话题快速写下一些想法。不要写完整句子；简短的笔记和问题提示就足够了。
11. Practice Resources | 练习资源
Regular, focused practice is the single biggest factor in improving your listening and speaking marks. Use official AQA past papers and specimen materials from the AQA website. For listening, download the audio files and complete papers under timed conditions. After marking, read the transcripts to see what you missed and why.
定期、有针对性的练习是提高听力和口语分数的最重要因素。利用AQA官网上的官方往年真题和样卷材料。对于听力，下载音频文件并在计时条件下完成试卷。批改后，阅读录音文稿，看看漏掉了什么以及原因。
For speaking, record yourself answering typical photo card and general conversation questions. Listen back critically: check your pronunciation, see if you used a variety of tenses, and note any long pauses. Pair up with a classmate and simulate the full speaking exam, including the preparation time.
对于口语，录下自己回答典型照片卡和一般性对话问题的过程。回听并批判性地审视：检查发音，看看是否使用了多种时态，并记下任何长时间的停顿。与同学结对，模拟完整的口语考试，包括准备时间在内。
Online platforms like Quizlet and Memrise offer excellent GCSE German vocabulary sets. For authentic listening practice, use sites like Deutsche Welle ‘Langsam gesprochene Nachrichten’ (slowly spoken news) or the ‘Easy German’ YouTube channel. Even 10 minutes a day of passive listening while you tidy your room can sharpen your ear.
像Quizlet和Memrise这样的在线平台提供非常好的GCSE德语词汇集。若要练习原汁原味的听力，可以使用“Deutsche Welle”的“Langsam gesprochene Nachrichten”（慢速新闻）或YouTube频道“Easy German”。即使每天在整理房间时听上10分钟，也能磨炼你的耳朵。
12. Common Pitfalls to Avoid | 应避免的常见误区
One of the biggest mistakes in the speaking exam is preparing scripted monologues and delivering them too fast. The examiner will interrupt or adapt the question, and a rigid script can cause you to freeze. Instead, learn flexible building blocks of language that you can rearrange on the spot.
口语考试最大的误区之一就是准备照本宣科的独白并说得太快。考官会打断你或调整问题，死记硬背的稿子会让你瞬间卡壳。相反，应学习灵活的语言模块，以便现场重组。
In the listening exam, a frequent error is leaving a blank answer. Never do this; there is no penalty for a guess. If you are unsure, write the most logical answer based on keywords you have heard. Also avoid writing long explanations when the question only asks for one detail; this wastes time and can introduce irrelevant information.
听力考试中，一个常见错误是留空不答。千万不要这样做；猜错不扣分。如果不确定，就根据你听到的关键词写出最合逻辑的答案。此外，当题目只要求一个细节时，避免写长篇解释；这会浪费时间，还可能引入无关信息。
Another common pitfall is forgetting to adapt the register. Using ‘du’ with the examiner when ‘Sie’ is expected sounds disrespectful. Equally, mixing up verb endings in different tenses, such as saying ‘ich habe gemacht’ and then ‘ich bin gemacht’ for the same verb, can confuse the examiner. Revise your key irregular past participles and the haben/sein distinction.
另一个常见误区是忘记调整语体。在该用“Sie”的时候对考官使用“du”听起来不礼貌。同样，混淆不同时态的动词词尾，比如同一个动词一会儿说“ich habe gemacht”一会儿又说“ich bin gemacht”，会让考官困惑。复习关键的不规则过去分词以及haben和sein的区别。
Finally, do not underestimate the power of question words in the listening exam. ‘Warum’ asks for a reason, ‘Wie’ for a manner, ‘Wann’ for a time. A common pitfall is hearing a time expression and using it to answer a ‘Warum’ question. Keep the question word firmly in mind while listening to stay on track.
最后，不要低估听力考试中疑问词的力量。“Warum”询问原因，“Wie”询问方式，“Wann”询问时间。一个常见误区是听到了时间表达却用它来回答“Warum”的问题。听的过程中始终把疑问词牢记在心，才能不偏题。
Published by TutorHao | German Revision Series | aleveler.com
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