📚 Year 11 CIE Business: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 11 CIE 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key business vocabulary is like learning a new language – once you crack the code, every concept slots into place. This guide turns essential IGCSE Business terms into easily remembered ideas, pairing each with a simple memory hook to help you recall them instantly in exams. Let’s turn tricky terminology into your strongest asset.
掌握核心商务词汇就像学习一门新语言——一旦破解了密码，每个概念都会归位。这本指南将 IGCSE 商务的关键术语化为易记的概念，并为每一个都配上简单的记忆钩子，帮助你在考试中瞬间想起它们。让我们把棘手的术语变成你最有力的武器。
1. Understanding Business Activity | 理解商业活动
Entrepreneur: A person who organises factors of production, takes financial risks to start a business, and seeks to make a profit. （Memory aid: ‘entre’ = enter, ‘preneur’ = taker – someone who enters the market and takes risks.）
企业家：组织生产要素、承担财务风险以创办企业并谋求利润的人。（记忆法：‘entre’意为进入，‘preneur’意为获取者——进入市场并承担风险的人。）
Business plan: A written document that outlines a business’s objectives, strategies, target market, and financial forecasts. （Memory tip: Think of it as a map – without it, you might drive a business into a ditch.）
商业计划书：一份书面文件，概述企业的目标、策略、目标市场和财务预测。（记忆技巧：把它想象成地图——没有它，你可能将生意开进沟里。）
Added value: The difference between the selling price of a product and the cost of bought-in materials and components. （Memory hook: Value you ‘add’ to raw materials, like turning flour into a cake – the extra is your magic.）
增加值：产品售价与外购材料和部件成本之间的差额。（记忆钩子：你对原材料‘添加’的价值，比如把面粉变成蛋糕——多出来的部分就是你的魔法。）
2. Classification of Businesses | 企业分类
Primary sector: Industries that extract natural resources, e.g. farming, mining, fishing. （Memory: ‘Prime’ = first – raw materials come first.）
第一产业：开采自然资源的行业，如农业、采矿、渔业。（记忆：‘第一’就是最初——原材料最先来到。）
Secondary sector: Industries that manufacture goods using raw materials, e.g. car assembly, construction. （Memory: ‘Second’ step – turning wood into furniture.）
第二产业：使用原材料制造商品的行业，如汽车装配、建筑。（记忆：‘第二’步——把木头做成家具。）
Tertiary sector: Industries that provide services, e.g. retail, banking, tourism. （Memory: ‘Third’ element – serving people, no physical product.）
第三产业：提供服务的行业，如零售、银行、旅游。（记忆：‘第三’元素——服务人，没有有形产品。）
Private sector / Public sector: Businesses owned by individuals/shareholders vs. owned by the government. （Memory: ‘Private’ means personal; ‘public’ means the state, like a public park.）
私营部门 / 公共部门：由个人/股东拥有的企业 与 由政府拥有的企业。（记忆：‘私营’是个人的，‘公共’是国家的，像公园一样。）
3. Enterprise, Business Growth and Size | 创业、企业成长与规模
Start-up: A newly formed business, often in the early stages of operation. （Memory: Just ‘start’ – a small spark that could become a fire.）
初创企业：新成立的企业，通常处于运营早期。（记忆：刚刚‘启动’——可能燎原的小火花。）
Horizontal integration: When a business merges with or takes over another business at the same stage of production. （Memory: ‘Horizontal’ like horizon – same level, e.g. two car makers joining.）
横向一体化：企业与同一生产阶段的另一家企业合并或收购。（记忆：‘横向’如地平线——同一水平，比如两个汽车制造商合并。）
Vertical integration: When a business merges with or takes over a business at a different stage of production – forwards or backwards. （Memory: ‘Vertical’ like a ladder – climbing up (retail) or down (supplier).）
纵向一体化：企业与不同生产阶段的另一家企业合并或收购——向前或向后。（记忆：‘纵向’像梯子——向上爬（零售）或向下走（供应商）。）
Economies of scale: The cost advantages a business gains as it grows and produces more, lowering the average cost per unit. （Memory: The bigger the ship, the cheaper the ticket.）
规模经济：企业随着成长和产量增加而获得的成本优势，降低单位平均成本。（记忆：船越大，票价越便宜。）
4. Business Organisation | 企业组织形式
Sole trader: A business owned and controlled by one person who receives all profits but bears unlimited liability. （Memory: ‘Sole’ = single, like a solo performer – all applause and all risk.）
个体经营者：由一人拥有和控制的企业，获取全部利润但承担无限责任。（记忆：‘Sole’=唯一的，独唱者——所有掌声与所有风险。）
Partnership: A business formed by 2–20 people who share profits and liabilities. A deed of partnership sets out terms. （Memory: ‘Partner’ + ‘ship’ – a relationship built on shared journey.）
合伙企业：由2-20人组成的企业，共享利润和负债。合伙协议规定条款。（记忆：‘伙伴’+‘船’——建立在共同航程上的关系。）
Private limited company (Ltd): A company whose shares cannot be sold to the general public; shareholders have limited liability. （Memory: ‘Limited’ to a few known people – the door is not open to everyone.）
私人有限公司 (Ltd)：股份不能向公众出售的公司；股东承担有限责任。（记忆：‘有限’于少数熟人——大门并非向所有人敞开。）
Public limited company (plc): A company whose shares can be traded on a stock exchange; often larger, with limited liability. （Memory: ‘Public’ – anyone can buy a slice of the pie.）
公共有限公司 (plc)：股份可在证券交易所交易的公司；通常规模更大，股东承担有限责任。（记忆：‘公共’——任何人都能买一块蛋糕。）
Franchise: A business model where a franchisee buys the right to use an established brand and system from a franchisor. （Memory: It’s like buying a ready-made recipe – you follow it, and the brand brings customers.）
特许经营：一种商业模式，被特许人从特许人处购买使用成熟品牌和系统的权利。（记忆：就像买一个现成的菜谱——你照做，品牌就引来顾客。）
5. Marketing: Products and Market Research | 市场营销：产品与市场调查
Market segmentation: Dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers with similar needs or characteristics. （Memory: ‘Segment’ like slicing an orange – each slice a different group.）
市场细分：将市场划分为具有相似需求或特征的不同购买者群体。（记忆：‘细分’就像切橙子——每一瓣是一个不同的群体。）
Niche market: A small, specialised segment of a larger market. （Memory: ‘Niche’ sounds like ‘niche’ in French, a little corner – cosy but limited.）
利基市场：较大市场中一个小而专门的部分。（记忆：‘Niche’听起来像法语的‘小角落’——舒适但有限。）
Unique Selling Point (USP): A feature that makes a product stand out from competitors. （Memory: ‘Unique’ = one of a kind – the fingerprint of a product.）
独特卖点 (USP)：使产品在竞争对手中脱颖而出的特性。（记忆：‘独特’=独一无二——产品的指纹。）
Primary research: Collecting original data first-hand, e.g. questionnaires, interviews. （Memory: ‘Primary’ = you are the first explorer; you go and collect it yourself.）
一手研究：亲自收集原始数据，如问卷、访谈。（记忆：‘一手’——你是第一个探险家；你自己去收集。）
Secondary research: Using data that has already been collected by others, e.g. reports, internet. （Memory: ‘Secondary’ – second-hand, like reading someone else’s diary.）
二手研究：使用他人已收集的数据，如报告、互联网。（记忆：‘二手’——二手的，就像读别人的日记。）
6. Marketing Mix: Product, Price, Place, Promotion | 市场营销组合
Marketing mix (4Ps): The combination of product, price, place, and promotion strategies a business uses to market its goods. （Memory: The 4 Ps are the ingredients – get them right and the marketing cake rises.）
市场营销组合 (4P)：企业用于营销其商品的 product(产品)、price(价格)、place(渠道)、promotion(促销) 策略组合。（记忆：4P 就是配料——配对了，营销这块蛋糕就能发起来。）
Price skimming: Setting a high initial price for a new product, then lowering it over time. （Memory: ‘Skim’ the cream off the top – take the highest-paying customers first.）
撇脂定价：为新产品设定较高的初始价格，然后随时间降价。（记忆：先把上面的奶油‘撇’走——先拿下愿付高价的顾客。）
Penetration pricing: Setting a low initial price to enter a competitive market and attract customers quickly. （Memory: ‘Penetrate’ means break into – low price is the battering ram.）
渗透定价：设定较低的初始价格以打入竞争市场并迅速吸引顾客。（记忆：‘渗透’就是破门——低价就是攻城锤。）
Product life cycle: The stages a product goes through: introduction, growth, maturity, decline. （Memory: Like a human life – baby, teenage, middle-age, old age.）
产品生命周期：产品经历的阶段：导入、成长、成熟、衰退。（记忆：像人的一生——婴儿、少年、中年、老年。）
7. Operations Management | 运营管理
Job production: Producing one-off products tailored to customer specifications, e.g. a wedding dress. （Memory: Each ‘job’ is unique – like a hand-painted portrait.）
单件生产：根据客户要求定制一次性产品，如婚纱。（记忆：每件‘活’都是独一无二的——像手绘肖像画。）
Batch production: Making a group of identical items together; then switching to another batch. （Memory: ‘Batch’ = a batch of cookies – same oven, next batch a different flavour.）
批量生产：同时生产一组相同的产品；然后换另一批。（记忆：‘Batch’=一批饼干——同一个烤炉，下一批换种口味。）
Flow production: Continuous production where products move along an assembly line. （Memory: Flow like a river – continuous and uninterrupted.）
流水线生产：产品沿装配线移动的连续生产。（记忆：像河水一样‘流动’——连续不断。）
Just-in-time (JIT): An inventory system where materials arrive exactly when needed, minimising storage costs. （Memory: ‘Just in time’ – like a pizza arriving the moment you open the door, no fridge needed.）
准时制生产 (JIT)：一种库存系统，材料在恰好需要时抵达，最小化储存成本。（记忆：‘刚好及时’——就像你开门那一刻披萨送到，不需要冰箱。）
Lean production: Techniques used to cut waste and improve efficiency. （Memory: ‘Lean’ means fat-free – stripped of all waste.）
精益生产：用于减少浪费并提高效率的技术。（记忆：‘Lean’意即无脂肪的——去除一切浪费。）
8. Financial Information: Costs & Break-even | 财务信息：成本与盈亏平衡
Fixed costs: Costs that do not change with output, e.g. rent, salary of permanent staff. （Memory: ‘Fixed’ = stuck – stays the same even if you make more.）
固定成本：不随产量变化的成本，如租金、固定员工薪酬。（记忆：‘固定’就是粘住——你生产再多也不变。）
Variable costs: Costs that vary directly with output, e.g. raw materials. （Memory: ‘Variable’ changes – the more you make, the more you spend.）
变动成本：随产量直接变化的成本，如原材料。（记忆：‘变动’就是变化——做得越多，花得越多。）
Break-even point: The level of output where total revenue equals total costs, so neither profit nor loss is made. Formula: Break-even output = Fixed costs ÷ (Selling price per unit − Variable cost per unit). （Memory: ‘Break-even’ – the seesaw is level; neither up nor down.）
盈亏平衡点：总收入等于总成本的产出水平，因此不赚不赔。公式：盈亏平衡产量 = 固定成本 ÷ (单位售价 − 单位变动成本)。（记忆：‘平衡’——跷跷板水平；不上不下。）
Margin of safety: The amount by which actual sales exceed the break-even level of output. （Memory: Your safety cushion – how much sales can drop before you hit trouble.）
安全边际：实际销售额超过盈亏平衡产出量的数额。（记忆：你的安全气垫——销量可以跌多少却不会碰壁。）
9. Financial Statements and Ratios | 财务报表与比率
Income statement: A financial document showing revenue, costs, and profit or loss over a period. （Memory: Like a movie of your business’s performance, not just a snapshot.）
损益表：显示一段时期内收入、成本和盈亏的财务报表。（记忆：像一部你企业业绩的电影，不仅仅是快照。）
Gross profit: Revenue minus cost of sales. （Memory: ‘Gross’ = the big chunk – before other expenses bite.）
毛利润：收入减去销售成本。（记忆：‘毛’利 = 大块——在其他费用啃食之前。）
Net profit: Gross profit minus all other expenses. （Memory: ‘Net’ like a fishing net – what’s left after all the small things fall through.）
净利润：毛利润减去所有其他费用。（记忆：‘净’就像渔网——所有小东西漏掉后剩下的。）
Current ratio: Current assets ÷ Current liabilities; measures short-term liquidity. （Memory: The 2:1 rule – you should have twice the current assets to feel comfortable.）
流动比率：流动资产 ÷ 流动负债；衡量短期流动性。（记忆：2:1法则
Published by TutorHao | Year 11 商务 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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