📚 Year 11 CIE Engineering: Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 CIE 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary is not just about passing exams—it is the key to understanding design problems, interpreting technical drawings, and communicating ideas precisely. This guide breaks down essential Year 11 CIE Engineering terms into bite-sized explanations with memory hooks, so you can recall them quickly under pressure.
掌握工程词汇不止为了通过考试——它是理解设计难题、解读技术图纸和精确交流想法的关键。本指南将 Year 11 CIE 工程核心术语拆解为一口大小的解释，并配有记忆挂钩，助你在压力下快速回忆。
1. Introduction to Terminology | 术语入门
Engineering language can feel like a secret code. Terms like ‘tolerance’ or ‘buckling’ carry specific meanings that differ from everyday use. Recognising this early helps you avoid costly misunderstandings in coursework and exams.
工程语言有时像一套密码。像“公差”或“屈曲”这样的术语具有与日常用法不同的特定含义。尽早认识到这一点，可避免在作业和考试中出现代价高昂的误解。
Always treat engineering vocabulary as a toolbox: each word unlocks a mechanism, a property, or a rule. The following sections equip you with high-frequency terms and quirky memory aids that stick.
始终把工程词汇视为工具箱：每个词都开启一种机构、一种属性或一条规则。下列各节将为你配备高频术语和怪趣的记忆辅助，让你过目不忘。
2. Material Properties | 材料性能关键词
Hardness – resistance to indentation or scratching. Trick: think of ‘hard to scratch’, like a diamond cutting glass.
硬度——抵抗压入或刮擦的能力。记法：想着“硬得划不动”，好比金刚石划玻璃。
Toughness – ability to absorb energy and deform plastically without fracturing. Trick: a tough football absorbs a kick without bursting.
韧性——吸收能量并塑性变形而不折断的能力。记法：一个韧的足球承受猛踢却不爆裂。
Ductility – capacity to be drawn into a thin wire. Trick: ‘ductile’ sounds like ‘duct’—a wire pulled through a duct.
延展性——能被拉成细丝的能力。记法：’ductile’ 音似“拉管”——金属丝像从管道中拉出。
Brittleness – tendency to fracture with little plastic deformation. Trick: brittle like chalk—snaps instantly.
脆性——几乎不塑性变形就断裂的倾向。记法：脆如粉笔——一掰就断。
Malleability – ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. Trick: ‘malleable’—imagine a mallet hammering gold leaf.
展性——能被锤打或轧制成薄片的能力。记法：’malleable’——想象木槌敲打金箔。
Elasticity – material returns to original shape after load is removed. Trick: elastic band snaps back.
弹性——卸去载荷后材料恢复原状。记法：橡皮筋回弹。
Plasticity – permanent deformation once yield point is passed. Trick: Plasticine keeps the shape you mould.
塑性——超过屈服点后的永久变形。记法：橡皮泥保持你捏出的形状。
3. Forces and Stresses | 力与应力
Tension – pulling force that tries to stretch the material. Memory: ‘tension’ = ‘stretch’, like pulling a rubber band apart.
张力——试图拉长材料的拉力。记忆：“张力”即“拉伸”，像拉开橡胶带。
Compression – pushing force that shortens the component. Memory: ‘compress’ = ‘press together’, like crushing a can.
压力——使构件缩短的推力。记忆：“压缩”即“压在一起”，像压扁易拉罐。
Shear – force acting parallel to a surface, like scissors cutting paper. Memory: shear = sliding layers past each other.
剪切力——平行于表面的力，像剪刀剪纸。记忆：剪切=层面相互滑过。
Torsion – twisting caused by a couple or torque. Memory: ‘torsion’ turns—imagine wringing a cloth.
扭转——由力偶或扭矩引起的扭动。记忆：’torsion’ 转动——想象拧干抹布。
Bending – combination of tension on one side and compression on the other when a beam bends. Memory: bend a ruler—outer surface stretches, inner crushes.
弯曲——梁弯曲时，一侧受拉、一侧受压的组合。记忆：弯折直尺——外表面拉伸，内表面挤压。
Buckling – sudden sideways failure of a slender column under compression. Memory: a plastic straw buckles when you push both ends.
屈曲——细长柱受压时突然侧向失稳。记忆：塑料吸管两端受压时突然弯折。
4. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting – pouring molten metal into a mould cavity. Memory: ‘cast’ like making a jelly—liquid sets into shape.
铸造——将熔融金属浇入模腔。记忆：’cast’ 像做果冻——液体凝固成形。
Forging – shaping metal using compressive forces, often with hammering. Memory: blacksmith forging a horseshoe.
锻造——用压力（常锤击）使金属成形。记忆：铁匠锻造马蹄铁。
Welding – joining materials by melting the interface, sometimes with filler. Memory: weld melts—like using a glue gun that fuses.
焊接——通过熔化结合面（有时加填充料）连接材料。记忆：焊接即熔接，像热熔胶枪融合。
Machining – removing material with a cutting tool to achieve desired geometry. Memory: ‘machine’ carves away chips.
机加工——用切削刀具去除材料以获得所需几何形状。记忆：“机器”削出切屑。
CNC – Computer Numerical Control; machines follow coded instructions. Memory: ‘C’ for computer tells the tool where to go.
CNC——计算机数控；机床按编码指令运行。记忆：’C’ 代表计算机指挥刀具路径。
3D Printing – additive manufacturing building objects layer by layer. Memory: imagine a printer squeezing toothpaste to build a shape.
3D打印——逐层叠加材料的增材制造。记忆：想象打印机挤出牙膏堆出形状。
5. Electronics Fundamentals | 电子基础
Current (I) – flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Memory: current flows like water through a pipe.
电流 (I) ——电荷流动，单位安培 (A)。记忆：电流像水管中的水流。
Voltage (V) – electrical pressure that drives current, measured in volts (V). Memory: voltage pushes—like a pump pressure.
电压 (V) ——驱动电流的电压力，单位伏特 (V)。记忆：电压推动——像水泵压力。
Resistance (R) – opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Memory: resistance restricts—narrow pipe resists water.
电阻 (R) ——对电流的阻碍，单位欧姆 (Ω)。记忆：电阻限制——细水管阻碍水流。
Ohm’s Law – relationship between voltage, current and resistance. Memory: VIR triangle—V at top, I and R at bottom. Cover the one you want.
欧姆定律——电压、电流与电阻的关系。记忆：VIR三角——V在上，I和R在下。盖住所求量。
Ohm’s Law: V = I × R
Series Circuit – components connected in a single loop; current same everywhere. Memory: series is one path—like a one-lane road.
串联电路——元件连成单一回路；各处电流相同。记忆：串联单路径——像单车道道路。
Parallel Circuit – components connected across common points; voltage same across each branch. Memory: parallel provides separate branches, like parallel lanes.
并联电路——元件连接在公共点之间；各支路电压相同。记忆：并联提供分支，像多车道。
Power (P) – rate of energy transfer, measured in watts (W). Memory: P = V × I, ‘power is voltage times current’.
功率 (P) ——能量转换速率，单位瓦特 (W)。记忆：P = V × I，“功率等于电压乘电流”。
Power: P = V × I
6. Mechanical Systems and Motion | 机械系统与运动
Lever – a rigid bar pivoted at a fulcrum to multiply force. Classes: 1st (fulcrum in middle), 2nd (load in middle), 3rd (effort in middle). Memory: ‘FLE’ – Fulcrum, Load, Effort positions switch.
杠杆——绕支点转动的刚性杆，可放大力量。三类：一类支点居中，二类负载居中，三类施力居中。记忆：“支载力”位置轮换。
Gear – toothed wheel transmitting rotary motion and torque. Gear ratio = number of teeth on driven gear ÷ number of teeth on driver gear. Memory: big gear turns small gear faster.
齿轮——传递旋转运动和扭矩的带齿轮子。齿轮比=从动轮齿数÷主动轮齿数。记忆：大齿轮带小齿轮转得更快。
Pulley – wheel with a groove for a belt or rope, used to change direction or magnitude of force. Memory: pulleys pull—like a flag hoist.
皮带轮——带槽的轮子，用于改变力方向或大小。记忆：pulley 拉——像升旗轮子。
Linkage – system of levers connected to transmit motion. Memory: linked levers, like a folding stool.
连杆机构——连接起来的杠杆系统，传递运动。记忆：链接的杠杆，像折叠凳。
Cam – rotating part that pushes a follower to create reciprocating motion. Memory: a cam looks like an egg, lifting as it rotates.
凸轮——旋转时推动从动件产生往复运动的部件。记忆：凸轮像个鸡蛋，转动时顶起。
Belt Drive – continuous loop transmitting power between pulleys. Memory: like a conveyor belt driving wheels.
带传动——在带轮间传递动力的连续环。记忆：像传送带带动轮子。
7. Fasteners and Joining Methods | 连接方法与紧固件
Bolt – threaded fastener used with a nut; designed to be removable. Memory: bolt and nut—’bolt’ through hole, ‘nut’ locks.
螺栓——带螺纹的紧固件，配合螺母使用；可拆卸。记忆：螺栓螺母——螺栓穿洞，螺母锁紧。
Screw – threaded fastener that taps its own thread into a pre-drilled hole. Memory: screw bites into material.
螺钉——螺纹自攻入预钻孔的紧固件。记忆：螺钉“咬”进材料。
Rivet – permanent mechanical fastener deformed to hold parts together. Memory: rivet is set—once hammered, it stays.
铆钉——永久性的机械紧固件，变形后夹紧零件。记忆：铆钉一锤定音，装后不变。
Adhesive – bonding substance that joins surfaces by chemical or physical action. Memory: glue grabs—adhesive sticks.
粘合剂——通过化学或物理作用连接表面的物质。记忆：胶水抓——粘合剂粘住。
Welding – already covered; remember it fuses parent metals. Memory: weld joins like a permanent melt.
焊接——前已述及；记住它熔合母材。记忆：焊接如永久熔接。
Brazing & Soldering – joining using a filler metal with lower melting point than the workpieces; soldering is below 450 °C. Memory: brazing is hotter than soldering—like a brass filler.
钎焊与软钎焊——用熔点低于工件的填充金属连接；软钎焊低于450°C。记忆：钎焊比软钎焊温度高——像黄铜填充。
8. Health, Safety and Regulations | 健康、安全与法规
Hazard – anything with potential to cause harm. Risk – likelihood of harm occurring. Memory: hazard = danger source; risk = chance it happens.
危险源——任何可能造成伤害的事物。风险——伤害发生的可能性。记忆：危险源=危险源头；风险=发生概率。
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment: goggles, gloves, boots, etc. Memory: PPE protects you—’P’ for person.
PPE——个人防护装备：护目镜、手套、安全靴等。记忆：PPE保护你——’P’代表个人。
COSHH – Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations. Memory: COSHH controls chemicals—think ‘cosh’ as a guard.
COSHH——有害健康物质控制法规。记忆：COSHH管控化学品——想象“守”卫。
Risk Assessment – five-step process: identify hazards, decide who might be harmed, evaluate risks, record findings, review. Memory: 5 Rs: Recognise, Record, Reduce, Report, Review.
风险评估——五步流程：识别危险源，确定受危害者，评估风险，记录结果，复审。记忆：五步：识、定、评、记、审。
CE Marking – indicates product meets EU safety, health and environmental requirements. Memory: CE means ‘Conformité Européenne’—it’s safe to sell.
CE 标志——表明产品满足欧盟安全、健康与环保要求。记忆：CE 意为“欧洲合格”——可安全销售。
9. Measurement and Quality Control | 测量与质量控制
Accuracy – closeness of a measured value to the true value. Precision – repeatability of measurements. Memory: accurate hits the bullseye; precise groups tightly.
准确度——测量值接近真值的程度。精密度——测量重复性。记忆：准确打中靶心；精密子弹密集。
Tolerance – permissible limit of variation on a dimension. Memory: tolerance is the ‘allowed error’—like ±0.1 mm.
公差——尺寸允许的变动范围。记忆：公差即“允许误差”——如±0.1 mm。
Calibration – comparing an instrument to a known standard and adjusting it. Memory: calibrate your ruler to zero before measuring.
校准——将仪器与已知标准对比并进行调校。记忆：测量前把尺子归零校准。
Vernier Caliper – instrument for precise linear measurements, typically reads to 0.02 mm. Memory: ‘very near’—Vernier scale gives the fine decimal.
游标卡尺——精密线性测量工具，通常读数到0.02 mm。记忆：“微近”——游标尺给出精细小数。
Micrometer – measures tiny thicknesses to 0.01 mm. Memory: micro for small—screw gauge clicks.
千分尺——测量微小厚度，精度达0.01 mm。记忆：微小米——测微螺杆咔嗒响。
Go/No-Go Gauge – checks if a part fits between tolerance limits. Memory: ‘Go’ must enter, ‘No-Go’ must not—like a key in a lock.
通止规——检验零件是否在公差范围内的量规。记忆：“通”能进，“止”不能——像钥匙开锁。
10. Sustainable Engineering | 可持续发展工程
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – analysis of environmental impact from raw material extraction to disposal. Memory: LCA looks from cradle to grave.
生命周期评估 (LCA)——分析从原料提取到处置的环境影响。记忆：LCA 从摇篮到坟墓全程审视。
Renewable Energy – sources that naturally replenish: solar, wind, hydro. Memory: renewable means ‘re- new- able’—always fresh.
可再生能源——自然再生的能源：太阳能、风能、水能。记忆：renewable——可再新。
Carbon Footprint – total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly or indirectly. Memory: every step leaves a carbon footprint—reduce it.
碳足迹——直接或间接引起的温室气体排放总量。记忆：每一步都留下碳足迹——减少它。
Recycling – processing used materials into new products. Memory: recycle loop—three arrows chasing each other.
回收——将用过的材料加工成新产品。记忆：循环标志——三个箭头追逐。
Circular Economy – system where resources are reused, repaired and recycled, minimising waste. Memory: straight line economy ends; circular keeps rolling.
循环经济——资源重复使用、修理和回收的系统，最小化废物。记忆：直线经济到头；循环持续滚动。
Biodegradable – material that can be broken down by microorganisms. Memory: bio means life—degrade with nature.
生物降解——能被微生物分解的材料。记忆：bio 代表生命——与自然一同降解。
11. Key Formulas and Laws | 关键公式与定律
Moment (Torque) – turning effect of a force
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