📚 Year 11 Edexcel Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | 11 年级 Edexcel 生物词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong vocabulary is essential for success in Year 11 Edexcel Biology. This guide groups high-frequency terms by topic, highlighting Greek and Latin roots, mnemonic tricks and conceptual links to help you store them in long-term memory faster. Each key term is explained in plain English first, then followed by a Chinese explanation, so you can build connections in both languages.
在 11 年级 Edexcel 生物中掌握扎实的词汇是取得高分的关键。本指南按主题整理高频术语，重点拆解希腊、拉丁词根、助记妙招和概念联系，帮你更快存入长期记忆。每个核心术语先用通俗英语解释，再配以中文说明，让你在中英双语中都建立起联结。
1. Cell Structure & Microscopy | 细胞结构与显微技术
Eukaryote comes from Greek ‘eu’ (true) and ‘karyon’ (nucleus). Eukaryotic cells have a true membrane-bound nucleus containing DNA. Think of ‘eu’ as ‘you’ – you have a well-organised nucleus.
真核生物 源自希腊语 ‘eu’（真正的）和 ‘karyon’（核）。真核细胞具有真正的有膜细胞核，DNA 位于其中。’eu’ 谐音 ‘有核’，可以帮你记住这类细胞有核。
Prokaryote uses ‘pro’ meaning ‘before’. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm. The prefix ‘pro-‘ suggests a primitive or earlier form of life.
原核生物 中 ‘pro’ 表示 ‘之前’。原核细胞没有细胞核，DNA 游离于细胞质中。前缀 ‘pro-‘ 提示它们是更原始的细胞形式。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) combine ‘mitos’ (thread) and ‘chondrion’ (granule). These bean-shaped organelles perform aerobic respiration, releasing ATP. Remember ‘mighty mitochondria’ as the powerhouse.
线粒体（单数 mitochondrion）源自 ‘mitos’（线）和 ‘chondrion’（颗粒）。这种蚕豆形的细胞器进行有氧呼吸，释放 ATP。记作 ‘强大的线粒体’（mighty mitochondria）——细胞的能量工厂。
Ribosomes are tiny structures made of ribosomal RNA and protein. Their name blends ‘ribo-‘ (ribonucleic acid) with ‘-some’ (body). They are the site of protein synthesis.
核糖体 是由核糖体 RNA 和蛋白质组成的微小结构。名字由 ‘ribo-‘（核糖核酸）和 ‘-some’（体）组合而成。它们是蛋白质合成的场所。
Magnification vs Resolution: Magnification is how many times larger an image appears. Resolution is the ability to distinguish two close points as separate. A simple saying: ‘Magnification is enlarge; resolution is clarity.’
放大倍数 与 分辨率：放大倍数是图像被放大的倍数。分辨率则是区分两个相邻小点的能力。记住：’放大论大小，分辨率谈清晰度’。
2. Transport Across Membranes | 跨膜运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, down a concentration gradient. It is passive. Picture a drop of ink spreading in water – that is diffusion.
扩散 是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺着浓度梯度进行，不耗能。想象一滴墨汁在水中散开，那就是扩散。
Osmosis is the special diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a high water potential to a low water potential. The root ‘osmo-‘ means ‘push’ in Greek. Only water pushes through!
渗透 是水分子通过部分通透膜从高水势向低水势的特殊扩散。词根 ‘osmo-‘ 在希腊语中意为 ‘推’。只有水被推过去！
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration. It requires energy from ATP and carrier proteins in the membrane. ‘Active’ signals that the cell must work, like pumping water uphill.
主动运输 逆浓度梯度将物质从低浓度运往高浓度。需要 ATP 供能和膜上的载体蛋白。’Active’ 一词提示细胞必须主动做功，好比水泵把水往高处送。
Water potential is denoted by the Greek letter ψ (psi) and measured in kPa. Pure water has the highest water potential (0 kPa). Adding solutes lowers water potential, making it more negative. Water always moves to where water potential is lower.
水势 用希腊字母 ψ 表示，单位为 kPa。纯水的水势最高（0 kPa）。溶质会降低水势，使其变负。水总是向水势更低的地方移动。
3. Enzymes & Biochemical Reactions | 酶与生化反应
Enzyme names often end in ‘-ase’. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy and remain unchanged. Think ‘ase’ = ‘ace’ – a brilliant catalyst that aces the reaction.
酶 的名称通常以 ‘-ase’ 结尾。酶是生物催化剂，通过降低活化能来加速反应，自身不被消耗。可以把 ‘-ase’ 联想成 ‘王牌’，帮助反应顺利通过。
Substrate is the molecule that an enzyme acts upon. It fits into the enzyme’s active site. The word ‘substrate’ sounds like ‘substance’ that ‘submits’ to the enzyme.
底物 是被酶作用的分子，它嵌入酶的活性部位。’Substrate’ 听起来像 ‘服从于酶的物质’。
Lock and key model describes how a substrate fits precisely into the active site, just as a key fits into a specific lock. This ensures enzyme specificity.
锁钥模型 描述底物如何精确嵌入活性部位，就像钥匙插入特定的锁中。这保证了酶的专一性。
Denaturation occurs when an enzyme’s active site changes shape permanently due to high temperature or extreme pH, so the substrate can no longer fit. The prefix ‘de-‘ means ‘undo’ – the natural shape is undone.
变性 指酶在高温或极端 pH 下活性部位形状永久改变，底物无法结合。前缀 ‘de-‘ 表 ‘去掉’——天然结构被破坏。
A quick summary of key factors:
关键因素一览：
| Factor | Effect on enzyme activity | 影响 |
| Temperature | Increases to an optimum, then denatures | 升温达最适后变性 |
| pH | Each enzyme has an optimum pH; extremes denature | 最适 pH，偏离则变性 |
| Substrate concentration | Rate rises until saturation of active sites | 饱和后速率不再增加 |
4. Cell Division & Stem Cells | 细胞分裂与干细胞
Mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells for growth and repair. Remember ‘mighty’ or ‘mitosis makes twins’ – the two cells are identical twins.
有丝分裂 产生两个遗传上完全相同的子细胞，用于生长和修复。记作 ‘mitosis 制造双胞胎’——两个子细胞就像同卵双胞胎。
Meiosis produces four genetically varied haploid gametes. The word resembles ‘meiosis = my-osis’ suggesting a reduction in chromosome number by half. It involves two divisions.
减数分裂 产生四个遗传上不同的单倍体配子。名字类似 ‘my-osis’，提示染色体数量减半。它包括两次分裂。
Chromosome is from ‘chroma’ (colour) and ‘soma’ (body) because they stain heavily. Each chromosome is one long DNA molecule wound around proteins. In mitosis, chromosomes are visible as two sister chromatids held by a centromere.
染色体 来自 ‘chroma’（颜色）和 ‘soma’（体），因易被染料着色而得名。每条染色体是一个长 DNA 分子绕在蛋白质上。在有丝分裂中，染色体可见为两条姐妹染色单体，由着丝粒相连。
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce more stem cells or differentiate into specialised cells. Think of a stem as the trunk of a tree from which branches (different cell types) grow.
干细胞 是未分化的细胞，能持续分裂产生更多干细胞或分化成特化细胞。像树干（stem）那样，从主干长出分支（不同细胞类型）。
Differentiation is the process by which a stem cell becomes specialised, expressing certain genes while switching others off. ‘Different’ signals gaining a distinct identity.
分化 是干细胞变为特化细胞的过程，开启某些基因、关闭另一些基因。’Different’ 表示获得独特的身份。
5. Genetics & Inheritance | 遗传学与遗传
Gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Allele is a different version of the same gene. For example, the gene for eye colour has a blue allele and a brown allele. Think of alleles as ‘alternatives’.
基因 是编码特定蛋白质的一段 DNA。等位基因 是同一基因的不同版本。比如，眼色基因有蓝色等位基因和棕色等位基因。等位基因就是同一基因的’其他方案’。
Dominant allele is expressed even if only one copy is present, while recessive allele is only expressed when two copies are present. ‘Dominant’ dominates; ‘recessive’ takes a back seat.
显性 等位基因只要有一个拷贝就会表现，隐性 等位基因需要两个拷贝才表现。显性’主宰’，隐性’退居幕后’。
Homozygous (homo = same) means having two identical alleles for a trait (e.g. BB or bb). Heterozygous (hetero = different) means having two different alleles (Bb).
纯合（homo = 同）指一个性状的两个等位基因相同（如 BB 或 bb）。杂合（hetero = 异）指两个等位基因不同（Bb）。
Genotype is the genetic makeup (the alleles), while phenotype is the physical expression. ‘Genotype’ starts like ‘genes’; ‘phenotype’ sounds like ‘physical type’.
基因型 是遗传组成（所带的等位基因），表现型 是外在表现。基因型含有 ‘gene’，表现型类似 ‘physical type’。
Monohybrid inheritance refers to the inheritance of a single characteristic, often shown in a Punnett square. A 3:1 phenotype ratio in the F₂ generation is typical when both parents are heterozygous.
单基因遗传 指单一性状的遗传，常用旁氏表呈现。双亲杂合时，F₂ 代表现型比通常为 3:1。
6. Evolution & Natural Selection | 进化与自然选择
Natural selection is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. Darwin described it as ‘survival of the fittest’. It requires variation, competition and heritability.
自然选择 是更适应环境的个体更容易存活并产生更多后代的过程。达尔文称之为’适者生存’。它需要变异、竞争和可遗传性。
Variation arises from mutations and sexual reproduction. Without variation, natural selection cannot act. Think of variation as the ‘raw material’ for evolution.
变异 源于突变和有性生殖。没有变异，自然选择无从作用。变异如同进化的’原材料’。
Mutation is a random change in DNA sequence. Most are neutral or harmful, but occasionally a mutation confers advantage, e.g. antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The word ‘mutation’ suggests a genetic ‘change’.
突变 是 DNA 序列的随机改变。多数突变中性或有害，但偶尔会带来优势，如细菌的抗生素抗性。’Mutation’ 一词暗示基因’改变’。
Speciation is the formation of a new species, often when populations become geographically isolated and evolve independently. The word combines ‘species’ + ‘-ation’ (process).
物种形成 指新物种的产生，常因地理隔离导致不同种群独立进化。词由 ‘species’ 加 ‘-ation’（过程）构成。
Fossil records provide evidence for evolution. A fossil is any preserved trace of an ancient organism. The Latin root ‘fossus’ means ‘dug up’, which is how fossils are found.
化石 记录为进化提供证据。化石是古代生物保存下来的痕迹。拉丁词根 ‘fossus’ 意为 ‘挖掘出来的’，正说明化石的出土方式。
7. Ecology & Ecosystems | 生态与生态系统
Ecosystem consists of a community of living organisms interacting with their abiotic environment. ‘Eco-‘ comes from Greek ‘oikos’ meaning house or home; ‘system’ is an organised whole.
生态系统 由生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用构成。’Eco-‘ 源自希腊语 ‘oikos’（家园），’system’ 指有组织的整体。
Population is all the individuals of one species in a habitat. Community is all populations of different species living together. The habitat is where they live, while the niche is the role they play. Memorise: habitat = address, niche = profession.
种群 是同一物种在同一栖息地的所有个体。群落 是栖息地中不同物种的所有种群。栖息地 是居住地，而生态位是它们扮演的角色。记忆窍门：栖息地 = 住址，生态位 = 职业。
Biodiversity measures the variety of life in an area, including species richness and genetic diversity. High biodiversity makes ecosystems more stable.
生物多样性 衡量一个地区的生命多样性，包括物种丰富度和遗传多样性。生物多样性越高，生态系统越稳定。
Biotic factors are living influences (predators, pathogens), while abiotic factors are non-living (temperature, light, water). ‘Bio’ means life; ‘a-‘ means without.
生物因素 是活的要素（捕食者、病原体），非生物因素 是非生命要素（温度、光照、水分）。’Bio’ 表示生命，’a-‘ 表示’非’。
Food web illustrates feeding relationships. A trophic level is a feeding stage. Producers (plants) start at trophic level 1. Energy is lost at each level, so biomass pyramids narrow towards the top.
食物网 展示捕食关系。营养级 是一个摄食阶段。生产者（植物）位于第一营养级。能量逐级递减，生物量金字塔向上变窄。
8. Photosynthesis & Plant Physiology | 光合作用与植物生理
Photosynthesis literally means ‘putting together with light’ (photo = light, synthesis = combining). The word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
光合作用 字面意思为 ‘用光合成’（photo 光，synthesis 合成）。词方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，需要光和叶绿素。
Chlorophyll is the green pigment that absorbs light energy. ‘Chloro-‘ means green; ‘-phyll’ means leaf. It is located in chloroplasts, ‘chloroplast’ meaning a green-storing plastid.
叶绿素 是吸收光能的绿色色素。’Chloro-‘ 意为绿色，
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