📚 Year 11 Edexcel Economics: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 11年级爱德思经济学：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook brings together every essential formula, definition and calculation you need to master for the Year 11 Edexcel Economics course. Covering microeconomic foundations such as demand, supply, costs and market structures, as well as macroeconomic indicators and policies, the guide is designed to help you revise efficiently and apply the right formula under exam pressure.
本速查手册汇集了11年级爱德思经济学课程所需掌握的每一个关键公式、定义和计算方法。内容涵盖需求、供给、成本与市场结构等微观基础，以及宏观经济指标和政策，旨在帮助你高效复习，在考试压力下准确运用正确的公式。
1. Demand and Supply Functions & Equilibrium | 需求与供给函数及均衡
The demand function typically takes the linear form Qd = a – bP, where ‘a’ represents the quantity demanded when price is zero, and ‘b’ shows the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. The supply function Qs = c + dP starts from a minimum price and rises.
需求函数通常为线性形式 Qd = a – bP，其中 ‘a’ 表示价格为零时的需求量，’b’ 表示需求量对价格变化的反应程度。供给函数 Qs = c + dP 则从一个最低价格开始并向上倾斜。
Market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. Setting Qd = Qs gives the equilibrium price and then the equilibrium quantity.
市场均衡发生在需求量等于供给量的时候。令 Qd = Qs 可求出均衡价格，再代入得到均衡数量。
Equilibrium: Qd = Qs → P* = (a – c) / (b + d) , Q* = a – bP*
均衡：Qd = Qs → P* = (a – c) / (b + d) , Q* = a – bP*
Use these linear equations only when the question provides a demand and a supply schedule or function. For numerical data, simply find the price where planned purchases equal planned sales.
只有当题目给出需求与供给函数或表格时，才使用这些线性公式。对于数值数据，只需找到计划购买量等于计划销售量的价格即可。
2. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求的价格弹性（PED）
PED measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in the good’s own price. It is always negative due to the law of demand, but economists often refer to its absolute value.
PED 衡量需求量对商品自身价格变化的反应程度。由于需求定律，它总是负值，但经济学家常用其绝对值进行讨论。
PED = (%ΔQd) / (%ΔP) = (ΔQd / Qd) ÷ (ΔP / P)
PED = (%ΔQd) / (%ΔP) = (ΔQd / Qd) ÷ (ΔP / P)
When |PED| > 1, demand is price elastic; when |PED| < 1, demand is price inelastic; when |PED| = 1, demand is unit elastic. A perfectly elastic demand curve is horizontal, while a perfectly inelastic curve is vertical.
当 |PED| > 1 时需求富有价格弹性；当 |PED| < 1 时需求缺乏价格弹性；当 |PED| = 1 时需求为单位弹性。完全弹性需求曲线是水平的，完全无弹性需求曲线是垂直的。
Knowing PED helps firms predict the effect of a price change on total revenue. If demand is elastic, a price cut raises total revenue; if demand is inelastic, a price rise raises total revenue.
了解 PED 可以帮助企业预测价格变动对总收益的影响。若需求富有弹性，降价会增加总收益；若需求缺乏弹性，提价会增加总收益。
3. Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) and Income Elasticity of Demand (YED) | 供给价格弹性（PES）与需求收入弹性（YED）
PES shows how quickly firms can adjust output when market price changes. A high PES indicates a flexible production process; a low PES suggests capacity constraints or long production times.
PES 显示当市场价格变化时企业能多快调整产量。高 PES 表明生产流程灵活；低 PES 则意味着产能受限或生产周期长。
PES = (%ΔQs) / (%ΔP) = (ΔQs / Qs) ÷ (ΔP / P)
PES = (%ΔQs) / (%ΔP) = (ΔQs / Qs) ÷ (ΔP / P)
YED measures how demand changes as consumer incomes rise. Normal goods have positive YED, while inferior goods have negative YED. The size of YED also helps classify goods as necessities (0 < YED < 1) or luxuries (YED > 1).
YED 衡量需求如何随消费者收入而变化。正常品的 YED 为正，低档品的 YED 为负。YED 的大小还能将商品区分为必需品（0 < YED < 1）和奢侈品（YED > 1）。
YED = (%ΔDemand) / (%ΔIncome)
YED = (%Δ需求) / (%Δ收入)
Both PES and YED use the same midpoint or point method as PED when precise calculations are required.
在进行精确计算时，PES 和 YED 均可使用与 PED 相同的中点法或点弹性法。
4. Total Revenue, Total Cost and Profit | 总收益、总成本与利润
Total revenue is the income a firm receives from selling its output. It is the starting point for any profit calculation.
总收益是企业出售产出所获得的收入，是所有利润计算的起点。
Total Revenue (TR) = Price (P) × Quantity (Q)
总收益 (TR) = 价格 (P) × 数量 (Q)
Total cost combines all fixed costs, which do not vary with output, and variable costs, which rise as more is produced. Profit is what remains after covering all costs.
总成本包含所有不随产量变动的固定成本，以及随产量上升而增加的可变成本。在弥补了所有成本之后剩下的就是利润。
Total Cost (TC) = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)
总成本 (TC) = 总固定成本 (TFC) + 总可变成本 (TVC)
Profit (π) = Total Revenue – Total Cost
利润 (π) = 总收益 – 总成本
A positive profit signals a successful business, while a loss means costs exceed revenue. Firms aim to maximise profit or minimise loss in the short run.
正利润表明企业成功运营，而亏损意味着成本超过了收入。企业在短期内以利润最大化或亏损最小化为目标。
5. Average Cost and Marginal Cost | 平均成本与边际成本
Average cost tells us the cost of producing one unit on average. It helps firms set prices and compare efficiency across production levels.
平均成本告诉我们平均生产一单位产品的成本，有助于企业定价并比较不同产量水平下的效率。
Average Total Cost (ATC) = TC / Q
平均总成本 (ATC) = 总成本 / 数量
Marginal cost is the extra cost of producing one more unit. It is crucial for profit-maximisation decisions: a firm should expand output as long as marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost.
边际成本是多生产一单位产品所带来的额外成本，这对利润最大化决策至关重要：只要边际收益超过边际成本，企业就应该扩大产出。
Marginal Cost (MC) = ΔTC / ΔQ
边际成本 (MC) = 总成本变化 / 数量变化
The ATC curve is typically U-shaped, reflecting spreading of fixed costs at low output and rising variable costs due to diminishing returns at high output.
ATC 曲线通常呈 U 形，反映了在低产量时固定成本的分摊，以及在高产量时因报酬递减而上升的可变成本。
6. Productivity and Labour Market Indicators | 生产率与劳动力市场指标
Labour productivity measures how efficiently workers turn inputs into outputs. Higher productivity lowers unit costs and can support higher wages.
劳动生产率衡量工人将投入转化为产出的效率。更高的生产率能降低单位成本，并支持更高的工资水平。
Labour Productivity = Total Output / Number of Workers (or Hours Worked)
劳动生产率 = 总产出 / 工人数量（或工作小时数）
The labour force participation rate shows the proportion of working-age people who are active in the labour market, while the unemployment rate focuses on those actively seeking work.
劳动力参与率显示处于劳动年龄的人口中活跃在劳动力市场上的比例，而失业率则聚焦于那些正在积极寻找工作的人。
Labour Force Participation Rate = (Labour Force / Working-Age Population) × 100%
劳动力参与率 = (劳动力人口 / 劳动年龄人口) × 100%
These indicators give a snapshot of the human resources side of the economy and are vital for understanding supply-side policies.
这些指标反映了经济的人力资源状况，对理解供给侧政策至关重要。
7. Unemployment Rate | 失业率
The unemployment rate is one of the most-watched macroeconomic statistics. It tracks the percentage of the labour force that is without a job but available for and actively seeking work.
失业率是最受关注的宏观经济统计数据之一，它追踪劳动力中没有工作但可以工作且正在积极寻找工作的人口比例。
Unemployment Rate = (Number of Unemployed / Labour Force) × 100%
失业率 = (失业人数 / 劳动力总数) × 100%
Rising unemployment can signal an economic downturn, while very low unemployment might indicate a tight labour market. Governments target low unemployment as one of their main economic objectives.
失业率上升可能预示经济衰退，而极低的失业率可能表明劳动力市场紧张。政府将低失业率列为主要经济目标之一。
The claimant count and the Labour Force Survey are the two main ways unemployment is measured in the UK. Both feed into policy decisions.
英国的失业衡量主要有申领人数和劳动力调查两种方式，两者都为政策决策提供依据。
8. Inflation and Price Indices | 通货膨胀与价格指数
Inflation measures the sustained rise in the general price level. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is the most common measure, tracking a basket of goods and services.
通货膨胀衡量一般物价水平的持续上升。消费者价格指数（CPI）是最通用的衡量指标，追踪一篮子商品和服务的价格。
Inflation Rate = (CPI_this year – CPI_last year) / CPI_last year × 100%
通货膨胀率 = (今年CPI – 去年CPI) / 去年CPI × 100%
Real values remove the effect of inflation, allowing meaningful comparisons over time. A simple way to calculate real GDP or real wages uses the price index.
实际值剔除了通胀的影响，便于进行有意义的跨时期比较。计算实际GDP或实际工资时可用价格指数平减。
Real Value = (Nominal Value / Price Index) × 100
实际值 = (名义值 / 价格指数) × 100
High and volatile inflation erodes purchasing power and distorts economic planning, so price stability is a key macro target.
高企且不稳定的通胀会侵蚀购买力并扭曲经济规划，因此物价稳定是关键的宏观目标。
9. Economic Growth and Living Standards | 经济增长与生活水平
Economic growth is measured by the rate of change of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A positive growth rate implies an expanding economy.
经济增长用实际国内生产总值（GDP）的变化率来衡量。正增长率意味着经济在扩张。
GDP Growth Rate = (GDP_this year – GDP_last year) / GDP_last year × 100%
GDP 增长率 = (今年GDP – 去年GDP) / 去年GDP × 100%
To account for population size, economists use GDP per capita, which provides a rough measure of average living standards.
为了考虑人口规模，经济学家使用人均GDP，它可以粗略衡量平均生活水平。
GDP per Capita = Real GDP / Population
人均GDP = 实际GDP / 人口
Sustainable growth should improve health, education and infrastructure without causing environmental harm. Rising GDP per capita usually correlates with higher living standards, but other indicators like the Human Development Index give a fuller picture.
可持续增长应改善健康、教育和基础设施，同时不损害环境。人均GDP上升通常与生活水平提高相关，但人类发展指数等其他指标能提供更全面的图景。
10. Government Budget and Fiscal Policy | 政府预算与财政政策
The government budget balance equals total government revenue minus total government spending. A surplus supports debt reduction; a deficit requires borrowing.
政府预算余额等于政府总收入减去政府总支出。盈余有助于减债，赤字则需要借款。
Budget Balance = Tax Revenue – Government Spending
预算余额 = 税收收入 – 政府支出
Fiscal policy uses changes in government spending and taxation to influence the economy. Expansionary fiscal policy (higher G or lower T) boosts aggregate demand, while contractionary policy cools an overheating economy.
财政政策通过变动政府支出和税收来影响经济。扩张性财政政策（增加G或减少T）能刺激总需求，紧缩性政策则能为过热的经济降温。
The simple balanced budget multiplier logic shows that an equal increase in spending and taxes still expands output because the spending multiplier is larger than the tax multiplier, though Year 11 only needs the basic idea.
简单的平衡预算乘数逻辑表明，支出和税收等额增加仍会扩大产出，因为支出乘数大于税收乘数，不过11年级只需掌握基本概念。
11. Monetary Policy and Interest Rates | 货币政策与利率
Central banks set the base interest rate to steer the economy. Lower rates encourage borrowing and spending, while higher rates help contain inflation.
中央银行设定基准利率来引导经济。低利率鼓励借贷和消费，而高利率有助于遏制通胀。
While there is no single formula, the relationship between interest rates and aggregate demand can be thought of as: AD = C + I + G + (X – M), where C and I respond inversely to the interest rate.
虽然没有单一公式，但利率与总需求之间的关系可以表述为：AD = C + I + G + (X – M)，其中 C 和 I 与利率负相关。
Quantitative easing and forward guidance are additional monetary tools used when interest rates near zero. Understanding the transmission mechanism helps explain how policy changes feed into real activity.
当利率接近零时，量化宽松和前瞻指引是额外的货币政策工具。理解传导机制有助于解释政策变化如何影响实际经济活动。
12. International Trade and Exchange Rates | 国际贸易与汇率
An exchange rate expresses the value of one currency in terms of another. For example, £1 = $1.30 means one pound can buy 1.30 US dollars.
汇率用另一种货币来表示一种货币的价值。例如，£1 = $1.30 意味着一英镑可以购买1.30美元。
To convert from pounds to dollars, multiply the sterling amount by the exchange rate. To convert from dollars to pounds, divide by the exchange rate.
从英镑兑换到美元，将英镑金额乘以汇率；从美元兑换到英镑，则除以汇率。
$ = £ × Exchange Rate ; £ = $ ÷ Exchange Rate
美元 = 英镑 × 汇率 ; 英镑 = 美元 ÷ 汇率
The current account of the balance of payments mainly records trade in goods and services. A simplified balance is:
国际收支经常账户主要记录货物和服务的交易。简化的余额为：
Current Account Balance = Exports of Goods & Services – Imports of Goods & Services
经常账户余额 = 货物与服务出口 – 货物与服务进口
A stronger pound makes exports dearer and imports cheaper, potentially worsening the trade balance. A weaker pound has the opposite effect, boosting net exports.
英镑走强使出口更贵、进口更便宜，可能导致贸易收支恶化；英镑走弱则产生相反效果，提振净出口。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply