📚 Year 11 Edexcel PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | 体育词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is half the battle in Edexcel GCSE Physical Education. This quick revision guide breaks down the most important terms across all papers, giving you clear definitions, practical examples, and memory tricks to lock them in. Use this guide alongside your notes and past papers to boost your confidence and performance.
掌握关键术语是攻克 Edexcel GCSE 体育考试的一半。这篇速记指南拆解了整个课程中最核心的词汇，提供清晰定义、实例和记忆诀窍。结合你的笔记和历年真题使用，可以提升你的信心和成绩。
1. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统关键术语
The skeleton performs several vital functions, remembered easily with the mnemonic ‘SMP ME’ – Shape/support, Movement, Protection, Mineral storage and Energy storage. Long bones like the femur act as levers for movement, while flat bones such as the cranium provide protection.
骨骼执行多项重要功能，用口诀 ‘SMP ME’ 轻松记住 – 形状/支撑 (Shape/Support)、运动 (Movement)、保护 (Protection)、矿物质储存 (Mineral storage) 和能量储存 (Energy storage)。股骨等长骨扮演运动杠杆，而颅骨等扁骨提供保护。
Joint movement terms appear in every exam: flexion decreases the angle at a joint (e.g., biceps curl up phase); extension increases it (e.g., returning to the start). Abduction moves a limb away from the midline, adduction brings it back. Think ‘AB-duct like alien abduction pulling you away’.
关节运动术语每次考试都出现：屈曲 (flexion) 减少关节角度（如二头肌弯举上升阶段）；伸展 (extension) 增加角度（如回到原位）。外展 (abduction) 将肢体远离身体中线，内收 (adduction) 则拉回。联想 ‘AB-duct 像外星人劫持一样把你拉走’。
2. Muscular System Terms | 肌肉系统术语
In any movement the agonist (prime mover) contracts while the antagonist relaxes. A memory trick: ‘Agonist Acts, Antagonist Antagonises (relaxes)’. For a biceps curl, the biceps are the agonist and triceps the antagonist. Synergists assist the agonist by stabilising joints.
在任何动作中，主动肌 (agonist) 收缩而 拮抗肌 (antagonist) 放松。记忆诀窍：’Agonist 行动，Antagonist 对抗（放松）’。在做二头肌弯举时，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。协同肌 (synergists) 通过稳定关节来辅助主动肌。
Isotonic contractions involve muscle length change producing movement (e.g., lifting a weight); isometric contractions generate force without length change (e.g., plank hold). Link ‘tonic’ to ‘tension with movement’.
等张收缩 (isotonic) 涉及肌肉长度改变并产生动作（如举重）；等长收缩 (isometric) 产生力量但长度不变（如平板支撑）。将 ‘tonic’ 与 ‘有张力的动作’ 关联。
3. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Vocab | 心肺系统词汇
The equation that appears in every exam:
Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR)
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (L/min). Stroke volume is the amount ejected per beat. During exercise, both SV and HR increase, raising Q. Remember ‘Q = SV × HR’ as ‘Queen sends Valiant Hearts’.
公式每次考试都出现：心输出量(Q) = 每搏输出量(SV) × 心率(HR)。心输出量是心脏每分钟泵出的血量。每搏输出量是每次心跳泵出的血量。运动中 SV 和 HR 都增加，Q 随之上升。用首字母联想：’Q = SV × HR’ 像 ‘皇后派遣勇敢的心’。
VO₂ max represents maximal oxygen uptake – the best single measure of cardiovascular fitness. It increases with aerobic training. Tidal volume is air breathed in and out per breath; minute ventilation = tidal volume × respiratory rate. Vasodilation widens blood vessels to working muscles; vasoconstriction narrows them.
最大摄氧量 (VO₂ max) 是衡量心血管健康的最佳单一指标，随有氧训练提高。潮气量 (tidal volume) 是每次呼吸吸入和呼出的空气量；每分通气量 (minute ventilation) = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。血管舒张 (vasodilation) 扩张通向运动肌肉的血管；血管收缩 (vasoconstriction) 则使其变窄。
4. Movement Analysis & Levers | 运动分析与杠杆
All levers have a fulcrum, load and effort. Use the rhyme ‘1, 2, 3 – FLE’ to recall their order: 1st class – Fulcrum in middle (e.g., neck extension), 2nd class – Load in middle (e.g., calf raise), 3rd class – Effort in middle (e.g., biceps curl). Most body levers are 3rd class.
所有杠杆都有支点 (fulcrum)、阻力 (load) 和动力 (effort)。用口诀 ‘1, 2, 3 – FLE’ 记住排列：第一类杠杆支点在中间（如头部后仰），第二类阻力在中间（如提踵），第三类动力在中间（如二头肌弯举）。人体大多是第三类杠杆。
Planes and axes: the sagittal plane divides left/right with a frontal axis for forward rolls; frontal plane divides front/back with a sagittal axis for cartwheels; transverse plane divides top/bottom with a vertical axis for a spin. Imagine a figure – ‘Sagittal sword cuts side to side’.
平面与轴：矢状面 (sagittal plane) 将身体分为左右，对应额状轴，用于前滚翻；额状面 (frontal plane) 前后分界，对应矢状轴，用于侧手翻；水平面 (transverse plane) 上下分界，对应垂直轴，用于旋转。想象 ‘矢状面的剑从侧面砍’。
5. Principles of Training | 训练原则
Train using SPORT – Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium. To avoid overtraining and boredom, adjust the FITT variables: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type. Overload can be achieved by increasing any FITT component beyond a comfortable norm.
用 SPORT 原则训练 – Specificity（专项性）、Progression（渐进性）、Overload（超负荷）、Reversibility（可逆性）、Tedium（趣味性）。为避免过度训练和枯燥，调整 FITT 变量：Frequency（频率）、Intensity（强度）、Time（时间）、Type（类型）。超负荷可通过提高任一 FITT 成分超越舒适区来实现。
Thresholds of training: the minimum heart rate to improve aerobic fitness is about 60-80% of maximum. Maximum heart rate roughly equals 220 minus age. Link it: ‘220 – age = max, train at 60-80% for the facts’.
训练阈值：提升有氧适能的最低心率约为最大心率的 60-80%。最大心率约等于 220 减年龄。记忆连接：’220 – 年龄 = 最大心率，在 60-80% 区间训练以达标’。
6. Components of Fitness | 体能组成部分
Health-related components affect everyday health. Skill-related components affect sporting performance. Use the table to link each term with an example and a memory hook.
健康相关组成部分影响日常健康。技能相关组成部分影响运动表现。用下表将每个术语与实例和记忆挂钩联系起来。
| Component | Definition & Exam Tip | Memory Hook |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular Endurance | Ability of heart and lungs to work for a long time. Measured by 12-min Cooper run or bleep test. | ‘Cardio carries you on’ |
| Muscular Endurance | Repetitive contractions without fatigue. E.g., rowing. | ‘Endure the burn’ |
| Flexibility | Range of motion around a joint. Sit-and-reach test. | ‘Flex to the max’ |
| Agility | Change direction quickly. Illinois agility test. | ‘Agile cat’ |
| Coordination | Smoothly using two or more body parts together. Ball toss wall test. | ‘Co-ordinate hands and eyes’ |
Remember: health components are for wellbeing (Mnemonic: C-FARM – Cardio, Flexibility, body comp, Agility not here but actually muscular strength/endurance). Skill components are for performance: A B C P R S – Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed.
记住：健康组成部分关乎福祉（助记：C-FARM – 心肺耐力、柔韧性、身体成分，这里敏捷不属于，实际是肌力/肌耐力）。技能组成部分影响表现：A B C P R S – 敏捷、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时、速度。
7. Sports Psychology: Skill & Feedback | 运动心理学：技能与反馈
Open skills are performed in unpredictable environments (e.g., a football pass during a game); closed skills are consistent and self-paced (e.g., a free throw in basketball). Think ‘Open the door to change, closed is control’.
开放式技能 (open skills) 在不可预测的环境中进行（如比赛中的传球）；闭合式技能 (closed skills) 稳定且自定节奏（如篮球罚球）。联想 ‘打开门带来变化，关闭则代表控制’。
Gross skills use large muscle groups (running, tackling); fine skills involve precision (archery, putting in golf). Feedback types: intrinsic (from within – how it felt), extrinsic (from coach/video). Knowledge of results focuses on outcome (score), knowledge of performance on technique.
粗大技能 (gross skills) 运用大肌肉群（跑动、铲球）；精细技能 (fine skills) 需精确性（射箭、高尔夫推杆）。反馈类型：内在反馈 (intrinsic) 来自自身感觉，外在反馈 (extrinsic) 来自教练或视频。结果知晓 (knowledge of results) 关注结果（得分），表现知晓 (knowledge of performance) 关注技术。
8. Health, Fitness & Well-being | 健康、体能与健康状态
The World Health Organization defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. Sedentary behaviour increases risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and poor mental health.
世界卫生组织将健康定义为一种完全的身体、心理与社会健康 (physical, mental and social well-being) 状态。体能是满足环境需求的能力。久坐行为 (sedentary behaviour) 增加肥胖、2型糖尿病和心理健康不良的风险。
Physical activity guidelines: 5-18 years should do at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity daily. Adults: 150 minutes moderate or 75 minutes vigorous per week. Link ‘Kids need 60 to kick, adults 150 to thrive’.
身体活动指南：5至18岁每天至少进行60分钟中等到剧烈强度活动。成人：每周150分钟中等强度或75分钟高强度。联想 ‘儿童60分钟踢跳，成人150分钟活力’。
9. Nutrition & Hydration | 营养与补水
Carbohydrates are the body’s main fuel; stored as glycogen in muscles and liver. Fats provide energy for low-intensity endurance. Protein repairs and builds tissue. Use ‘Carbs for go, protein for glow, fat for slow and long’.
碳水化合物(carbohydrates) 是身体主要燃料；以糖原形式储存在肌肉和肝脏。脂肪(fats) 为低强度耐力提供能量。蛋白质(protein) 修复和构建组织。口诀 ‘碳水去行动，蛋白质来发光，脂肪保慢长’。
Hydration is critical – even 2% dehydration impairs performance. Water regulates temperature and transports nutrients. Hyponatremia is dangerously low sodium from excessive water intake without electrolytes. Think ‘Hydrate or feel the weight’.
补水 (hydration) 极其重要——即使仅 2% 的脱水也会损害运动表现。水调节体温并运输营养。低钠血症 (hyponatremia) 是因过量饮水而不补充电解质导致的危险低钠状态。联想 ‘不补水，身体拖累’。
10. Injury Prevention & Drugs in Sport | 损伤预防与运动用药
A proper warm-up raises heart rate, mobilises joints and prepares muscles; a cool-down removes lactic acid and prevents blood pooling. Soft tissue injury immediate care follows RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. ‘RICE for sprains is nice’.
适度的热身 (warm-up) 提升心率、活动关节、准备肌肉；整理活动 (cool-down) 清除乳酸并防止血液淤积。软组织损伤的即时处理遵循RICE 原则：Rest（休息）、Ice（冰敷）、Compression（加压）、Elevation（抬高）。’RICE 处理扭伤，效果很赞’。
Performance-enhancing drugs: anabolic steroids increase muscle mass but cause liver damage; stimulants boost alertness but risk heart failure; narcotic analgesics mask pain; diuretics cause rapid weight loss and disguise other drugs. Remember the side effects appear in ‘BAD’ – Behavioural, Aesthetic, Damage to health.
增强表现的药物：合成类固醇 (anabolic steroids) 增加肌肉量但损害肝脏；兴奋剂 (stimulants) 提高警觉但有心衰风险；麻醉镇痛剂 (narcotic analgesics) 掩盖疼痛；利尿剂 (diuretics) 快速减重并掩盖其他药物。记住副作用归结为 ‘BAD’ – 行为异常 (Behavioural)、美观损害 (Aesthetic)、健康伤害 (Damage)。
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