📚 Year 11 SQA Business: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | 苏格兰资格认证局 Year 11 商务：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference guide pulls together the essential formulas and decision-making tools required for the Year 11 SQA Business course. Whether you are calculating profitability, analysing liquidity, or evaluating efficiency, these formulas provide the quantitative backbone for exam success. Each entry includes the formula written in clear Unicode notation, a plain-English explanation of what it tells the business, and a short worked-style scenario to help you remember how to use it under timed conditions.
本速查手册汇总了 Year 11 SQA 商务课程所必需的核心公式和决策工具。无论你是在计算盈利能力、分析流动性还是评估效率，这些公式都为考试成功提供了量化支持。每个条目均以清晰的 Unicode 符号给出公式，用通俗的语言解释了它能告诉企业什么，并配有一个简短的示例场景，帮助你在限时条件下记住如何使用它们。
1. Break-Even Point | 盈亏平衡点
The break-even point is the number of units a business must sell to cover all costs, with no profit or loss. It is calculated as Fixed Costs divided by Contribution per unit, where Contribution per unit equals Selling Price per unit minus Variable Cost per unit.
盈亏平衡点是指企业为覆盖所有成本（不赚不亏）而必须销售的产品数量。计算公式为固定成本除以单位边际贡献，其中单位边际贡献等于单位售价减去单位变动成本。
Break-Even Point (units) = Fixed Costs ÷ (Selling Price per unit – Variable Cost per unit)
Managers use this figure to set sales targets and assess the viability of a new product. If monthly fixed costs are £8,000, the selling price is £25 and variable cost is £15, the business must sell 800 units just to break even.
管理者使用该指标设定销售目标并评估新产品的可行性。若每月固定成本为 8000 英镑，售价为 25 英镑，变动成本为 15 英镑，则企业必须售出 800 件产品才能保本。
2. Gross Profit Margin | 毛利率
Gross profit margin expresses gross profit as a percentage of sales revenue. It reveals how efficiently a business turns raw materials or stock into profit before overheads are deducted.
毛利率将毛利润表示为销售收入的一个百分比。它揭示了企业在扣除间接费用之前将原材料或库存转化为利润的效率。
Gross Profit Margin (%) = (Gross Profit ÷ Sales Revenue) × 100
Gross Profit itself equals Sales Revenue minus Cost of Sales. A declining gross margin might signal rising supplier prices or discounting, while a high margin points to strong pricing power.
毛利润本身等于销售收入减去销售成本。毛利率下降可能表明供应商价格上涨或打折销售，而较高的毛利率则指向强劲的定价能力。
3. Net Profit Margin | 净利率
Net profit margin considers all business expenses, including operating costs, interest and tax. It is the ultimate measure of how much of every pound of sales becomes profit for shareholders.
净利率考虑了所有企业支出，包括运营成本、利息和税费。它是衡量每英镑销售额中有多少最终成为股东利润的终极指标。
Net Profit Margin (%) = (Net Profit before or after tax ÷ Sales Revenue) × 100
The SQA context typically uses Net Profit before tax. If a firm generates £120,000 in sales and records a net profit before tax of £18,000, its net margin is 15%, meaning it keeps 15p from every £1 sold.
SQA 的情境通常使用税前净利润。如果一家公司实现销售收入 120,000 英镑，税前净利润为 18,000 英镑，其净利率为 15%，意味着每售出 1 英镑就保留 15 便士的利润。
4. Current Ratio | 流动比率
The current ratio measures a business’s ability to pay short-term debts with its short-term assets. It is a classic liquidity test and a healthy figure is usually between 1.5 and 2.
流动比率衡量企业用短期资产偿还短期债务的能力。这是一项经典的流动性测试，健康的比率通常介于 1.5 至 2 之间。
Current Ratio = Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities
A ratio under 1 warns of possible cash-flow trouble; above 3 may suggest idle assets. For example, current assets of £45,000 and current liabilities of £30,000 give a ratio of 1.5:1.
比率低于 1 预警可能出现现金流问题；高于 3 则可能表明资产闲置。例如，流动资产 45,000 英镑，流动负债 30,000 英镑，得出比率为 1.5:1。
5. Acid Test Ratio (Quick Ratio) | 速动比率（酸性测试比率）
The acid test ratio is a stricter liquidity measure because it excludes inventories, which can be hard to turn into cash quickly. It focuses only on cash, receivables and other liquid current assets.
速动比率是一种更严格的流动性衡量指标，因为它排除了可能难以快速变现的存货，仅关注现金、应收账款及其他高流动性流动资产。
Acid Test Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventory) ÷ Current Liabilities
A ratio of 1:1 is often considered safe. If inventory is £15,000 out of the £45,000 current assets, the acid test becomes £30,000 ÷ £30,000 = 1, meaning every pound of urgent debt is covered by liquid assets.
通常认为 1:1 的比率是安全的。若 45,000 英镑流动资产中有 15,000 英镑是存货，速动比率则为 30,000 ÷ 30,000 = 1，意味着每 1 英镑紧急债务都有高流动性资产覆盖。
6. Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) | 资本回报率
ROCE shows how much profit a business generates from the capital invested in it. It allows comparisons across firms of different sizes and is a key measure of operational efficiency.
资本回报率显示企业从其投入资本中产生了多少利润。它可以比较不同规模的企业，是衡量运营效率的关键指标。
ROCE (%) = (Operating Profit ÷ Capital Employed) × 100
Capital Employed is often defined as Total Assets minus Current Liabilities, or Equity plus Long-term Liabilities. A company with £200,000 operating profit and £1,000,000 capital employed has a ROCE of 20%, meaning it returns 20p for each pound invested.
资本投入通常定义为总资产减去流动负债，或股本加长期负债。一家运营利润为 200,000 英镑、资本投入为 1,000,000 英镑的公司，其 ROCE 为 20%，意味着每投入 1 英镑可获得 20 便士回报。
7. Inventory Turnover | 存货周转率
Inventory turnover measures how many times a business sells and replaces its stock over a period. High turnover suggests strong sales or efficient stock management; low turnover may indicate overstocking or weak demand.
存货周转率衡量企业在一段时间内销售和替换库存的次数。高周转率表明销售强劲或库存管理高效；低周转率可能意味着库存积压或需求疲软。
Inventory Turnover (times) = Cost of Sales ÷ Average Inventory
Average Inventory is calculated as (Opening Inventory + Closing Inventory) ÷ 2. If cost of sales is £500,000 and average inventory is £100,000, the turnover is 5 times per year, or roughly every 73 days.
平均存货按（期初存货 + 期末存货）÷ 2 计算。若销售成本为 500,000 英镑，平均存货为 100,000 英镑，则周转率为每年 5 次，大约每 73 天周转一次。
8. Trade Receivables Days | 应收账款周转天数
This ratio tells the business how long, on average, customers take to settle their bills. A shorter collection period improves cash flow, while a lengthening figure could signal credit control problems.
该比率告诉企业客户平均需要多长时间结算账单。更短的收款期可以改善现金流，而数字变大则可能预示着信用管控出现问题。
Trade Receivables Days = (Trade Receivables ÷ Credit Sales) × 365
If a firm has £65,000 due from customers and annual credit sales of £500,000, the collection period is (65,000 ÷ 500,000) × 365 ≈ 47 days. Management would compare this against the standard credit terms offered.
如果一家公司有 65,000 英镑的应收账款，年度赊销额为 500,000 英镑，则回款期为 (65,000 ÷ 500,000) × 365 ≈ 47 天。管理层会将此与所提供的标准信用条款进行比较。
9. Trade Payables Days | 应付账款周转天数
Payables days show how long a business takes to pay its suppliers. Extending payment terms helps preserve cash, but stretching them too far can damage supplier relationships and attract late-payment penalties.
应付账款周转天数表明企业支付供应商款项所需的时间。延长付款期限有助于保留现金，但拖得太久可能损害供应商关系并产生滞纳金。
Trade Payables Days = (Trade Payables ÷ Credit Purchases) × 365
If trade payables stand at £40,000 and annual credit purchases are £400,000, the business takes (40,000 ÷ 400,000) × 365 = 36.5 days on average. A figure well above the industry average may worry creditors.
若应付账款为 40,000 英镑，年度赊购额为 400,000 英镑，则企业平均需要 (40,000 ÷ 400,000) × 365 = 36.5 天付款。远高于行业平均的数字可能会让债权人担忧。
10. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求价格弹性
PED measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. A value greater than 1 indicates elastic demand (revenue moves opposite to price); less than 1 shows inelastic demand (revenue moves with price).
需求价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变动的反应程度。值大于 1 表示需求有弹性（收益与价格反向变动）；小于 1 表示需求缺乏弹性（收益与价格同向变动）。
PED = % Change in Quantity Demanded ÷ % Change in Price
If a 10% price rise causes demand to drop by 25%, PED = -25% ÷ +10% = -2.5. Businesses ignore the minus sign and treat the absolute value 2.5 as highly elastic, suggesting careful pricing is needed.
如果提价 10% 导致需求量下降 25%，PED = -25% ÷ +10% = -2.5。企业忽略负号，将绝对值 2.5 视为高弹性，表明需要谨慎定价。
11. Net Present Value (NPV) | 净现值
NPV helps managers appraise long-term projects by discounting future cash flows to today’s value. A positive NPV signals a project should increase shareholder wealth; a negative NPV suggests rejecting the investment.
净现值帮助管理者通过将未来现金流折现为今天的价值来评估长期项目。正的 NPV 表明项目应能增加股东财富；负的 NPV 则建议拒绝该投资。
NPV = Σ [Net Cash Flow in period t ÷ (1 + r)^t] – Initial Investment
In the SQA course, discount factors are often provided in a table. For example, a project costing £50,000 with Year 1 cash flow of £30,000 and a 10% discount factor of 0.909 gives a present value of £27,270.
在 SQA 课程中，折现系数通常以表格形式提供。例如，一个项目成本为 50,000 英镑，第一年现金流为 30,000 英镑，折现率 10% 时的系数为 0.909，则现值为 27,270 英镑。
12. Cost-Plus Pricing | 成本加成定价法
Cost-plus pricing sets the selling price by adding a mark-up percentage to the unit cost. It is straightforward and ensures all costs are covered, though it ignores what customers are willing to pay.
成本加成定价法通过将一定百分比的加成加到单位成本上来设定售价。它简单明了，能确保覆盖所有成本，但忽略了顾客的支付意愿。
Selling Price = Unit Cost + (Unit Cost × Mark-Up Percentage)
Often rewritten as Unit Cost × (1 + Mark-Up). If a product costs £20 to make and the firm wants a 30% mark-up, the selling price becomes £20 × 1.30 = £26. The mark-up is often expressed as a percentage of cost, not of selling price.
常改写为单位成本 × (1 + 加成率)。若产品生产成本为 20 英镑，企业希望获得 30% 的加成，售价即为 20 × 1.30 = 26 英镑。加成通常表示为成本的一定百分比，而非售价的百分比。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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