📚 Year 11 SQA Computer Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 11 SQA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the technical vocabulary is half the battle in SQA Computing Science. This guide groups the must-know terms by topic, with memorable explanations and memory hooks to help you recall definitions confidently in the exam.
在 SQA 计算机科学中，掌握技术词汇就成功了一半。本指南将必背术语按主题分组，配合易记的讲解和记忆钩子，帮助你在考试中自信地回想起每个定义。
1. Data Representation | 数据表示
Bit – The smallest unit of data in a computer, represented as a single binary digit (0 or 1). Think of it as a single light switch: OFF or ON.
比特 – 计算机中最小的数据单位，用一个二进制数字（0 或 1）表示。把它想象成一个简单的电灯开关：关或者开。
Byte – A group of 8 bits. This is the standard chunk used to represent a character, like ‘A’. Memory hint: a byte takes a bite out of data—eight small bites.
字节 – 由 8 个比特组成的数据组。这是用来表示一个字符（如 ‘A’）的标准单位。记忆技巧：一个 byte（字节）咬了一口数据，正好八小口。
Nibble – Half a byte, i.e., 4 bits. Useful when working with hexadecimal. Think of it as a tiny snack-sized byte.
半字节 – 半个字节，即 4 个比特。在与十六进制配合使用时很方便。可以把它看作一份迷你零食大小的字节。
Kilobyte (KB) / Megabyte (MB) / Gigabyte (GB) / Terabyte (TB) – Common storage units. Roughly: KB ≈ 1 thousand bytes, MB ≈ 1 million, GB ≈ 1 billion, TB ≈ 1 trillion. Note that in computing, 1 KB = 1024 bytes; quick marker: 2¹⁰.
千字节 (KB) / 兆字节 (MB) / 吉字节 (GB) / 太字节 (TB) – 常用存储单位。近似关系：KB ≈ 1 千字节，MB ≈ 1 百万，GB ≈ 1 十亿，TB ≈ 1 万亿。注意在计算机中 1 KB = 1024 字节；快速标记：2¹⁰。
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A 7‑bit character set that can store 128 characters (English letters, digits, symbols). Say it as “ass‑key” to lock the code in your memory.
ASCII – 美国信息交换标准代码。一种 7 位字符集，可以存储 128 个字符（英文字母、数字、符号）。把它读成“阿斯基”，像一把钥匙，把代码锁进记忆。
Unicode – A global character encoding standard supporting thousands of symbols and languages. Uses up to 32 bits per character. Think of it as a universal translator that covers your emoji 😊 as well as Chinese and Arabic scripts.
Unicode – 一种全球统一字符编码标准，支持数千种符号和语言。每个字符最多使用 32 位编码。可以把它看作一个万能翻译器，既覆盖你的表情符号 😊，也覆盖中文和阿拉伯文。
2. Computer Systems Hardware | 计算机系统硬件
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – The “brain” of the computer. It carries out the fetch‑decode‑execute cycle. Modern CPUs contain multiple cores (dual‑core, quad‑core) to handle several tasks simultaneously.
CPU（中央处理器） – 计算机的大脑。它执行取指‑译码‑执行周期。现代 CPU 内含多个核心（双核、四核），可以同时处理多个任务。
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) – A component inside the CPU that performs arithmetic (add, subtract) and logical (AND, OR, NOT) operations. Remember ALU = All the maths and Logic inside yoU (the CPU).
ALU（算术逻辑单元） – CPU 内部的一个组件，执行算术（加、减）和逻辑（与、或、非）运算。记住 ALU：CPU 里负责全部数学和逻辑的单元。
Clock Speed – The pace at which a processor executes instructions, measured in gigahertz (GHz). Higher GHz generally means faster performance, but architecture also matters. Think of it as the tick rate of a metronome.
时钟频率 – 处理器执行指令的节奏，以吉赫兹 (GHz) 为单位。通常频率越高性能越快，但架构也很重要。可以把它看作节拍器的敲击频率。
RAM (Random Access Memory) – Volatile, fast memory that stores the OS, programs, and data currently in use. When power is lost, RAM forgets everything. Label it as “Run‑timeAccess Memory”.
RAM（随机存取存储器） – 易失性、高速的存储器，存储当前正在使用的操作系统、程序和数据。断电后 RAM 会忘记所有内容。把它标记为“运行时存取的记忆”。
ROM (Read Only Memory) – Non‑volatile memory that stores the BIOS or firmware. Its contents survive a power‑off. Think of it as the machine’s permanent instruction manual.
ROM（只读存储器） – 非易失性存储器，存储 BIOS 或固件。其内容在关机后依然保留。把它想象成机器的永久说明书。
Cache Memory – Ultra‑fast small memory located near the CPU, storing frequently used instructions to speed up processing. Levels (L1, L2, L3) get larger and slightly slower as you move away from the core. Memory trick: “cache” sounds like “cash” – it’s the processor’s pocket money, quickly accessible.
高速缓存存储器 – 位于 CPU 附近的超快小型存储器，存储常用指令以加快处理速度。距离核心越远，层级（L1、L2、L3）容量越大、速度越慢。记忆窍门：cache 发音像现金 — 它是处理器口袋里的零花钱，伸手就能拿到。
3. Software Concepts | 软件概念
Operating System (OS) – System software that manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and runs application software. Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux. Think of it as the stage manager of a theatre production—you never see it, but everything relies on it.
操作系统 (OS) – 管理硬件资源、提供用户界面并运行应用软件的系统软件。例如 Windows、macOS、Linux。把它想象成剧场演出的舞台监督——你从来看不见它，但一切都依赖于它。
Utility Software – Programs that perform maintenance tasks: antivirus, disk defragmenter, backup tools. They help the system run efficiently. Tag them as the “digital janitors”.
实用工具软件 – 执行维护任务的程序：防病毒、磁盘碎片整理、备份工具。它们帮助系统高效运行。给它们贴上“数字保洁员”的标签。
Proprietary vs. Open Source Software – Proprietary software is owned (e.g., Microsoft Office) and its source code is closed. Open source (e.g., Firefox, Linux) has its code freely available for study and modification. Memory hook: Open source means the source is an open book.
专有软件 vs. 开源软件 – 专有软件为个人或公司所有（如 Microsoft Office），其源代码关闭。开源软件（如 Firefox、Linux）的代码可供自由学习和修改。记忆钩子：开源意味着源代码是一本打开的书。
Virtual Memory – A technique that uses part of the hard drive as if it were extra RAM when the physical RAM is full. Speed drops because disk access is slower. Think of it as an overflow car park—handy but farther away.
虚拟内存 – 当物理内存满载时，将硬盘的一部分当作额外内存使用的技术。由于磁盘存取较慢，速度会下降。把它看作一个溢出的停车场——方便但距离更远。
4. Programming Constructs | 编程结构
Sequence – Instructions executed one after another in order. The simplest programming construct. Like following a recipe step by step.
顺序结构 – 指令按顺序一条接一条执行。最简单的程序结构。就像一步一步跟着食谱做菜。
Selection – Decision‑making using conditions: IF, ELSE IF, ELSE. The program chooses a path based on whether a condition is TRUE or FALSE. Think of a “fork in the road”.
选择结构 – 使用条件进行决策：IF、ELSE IF、ELSE。根据条件为 TRUE 还是 FALSE 来选择执行路径。想象成“岔路口”。
Iteration – Repetition (loops). Fixed loops (FOR…NEXT) repeat a known number of times; conditional loops (WHILE, REPEAT…UNTIL) repeat based on a condition. Mark it as “loop through your playlist”.
迭代结构 – 重复执行（循环）。固定循环（如 FOR…NEXT）重复已知次数；条件循环（如 WHILE、REPEAT…UNTIL）根据条件重复。标记为“循环播放你的歌单”。
Variable – A named memory location that stores a value which can change while the program runs. Think of it as a labelled box where you can swap the content as needed.
变量 – 一个有名称的内存位置，存储程序运行时可改变的值。把它看作一个贴了标签的盒子，你可以根据需要更换里面的内容。
Constant – A named memory location whose value does not change during execution. Example: PI = 3.14. A constant stays firm, like a light pole.
常量 – 有名称的内存位置，其值在程序执行期间不改变。例如 PI = 3.14。常量保持恒定，像路灯柱一样稳固。
Array/List – A data structure that holds multiple items of the same data type under one name, accessed by an index (starting at 0 in many languages). Visualise it as a row of numbered post boxes.
数组/列表 – 一种数据结构，用一个名称存储相同数据类型的多个项目，通过索引（许多语言中从 0 开始）访问。把它形象化为一排编号的信箱。
Function vs. Procedure – In many languages, a function returns a value while a procedure does not. However, in SQA pseudocode, both are often called “subroutines” or “procedures”, and can return values. Just remember: if it produces a specific result to be used elsewhere, it’s acting like a calculator’s function key.
函数与过程 – 在许多语言中，函数返回值，过程不返回值。但在 SQA 伪代码中，二者常被称为“子程序”或“过程”，且都可以返回值。只需记住：如果它产生一个特定结果供别处使用，就相当于计算器上的功能键。
5. Network Fundamentals | 网络基础
LAN (Local Area Network) – A network that connects computers within a small geographical area, like a school or office building. High data‑transfer speeds. Think of a single campus network.
LAN（局域网） – 在小地理范围内（如学校或办公楼）连接计算机的网络。数据传输速度高。想象成单一校园网络。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – Connects computers over a large geographical area, often using public infrastructure. The Internet is the largest WAN. Memory tip: WAN spans Wide Area Nations (well, the globe).
WAN（广域网） – 在大地理范围内连接计算机，通常使用公共基础设施。互联网是最大的广域网。记忆提示：WAN 覆盖“广”（Wide）的区域，甚至跨越国家。
Client‑Server Model – A central powerful computer (server) provides resources or services, and client devices request them. The server fulfils requests. Like a restaurant: clients (diners) make requests, server (waiter) delivers.
客户‑服务器模型 – 中心强大的计算机（服务器）提供资源或服务，客户端设备发出请求。服务器响应请求。就像餐厅：客户端（食客）点餐，服务员（服务器）上菜。
Peer‑to‑Peer (P2P) Network – All computers have equal status and can share resources directly without a central server. Each peer acts as both client and server. Think of a study group without a boss.
对等网络 (P2P) – 所有计算机地位相等，无需中心服务器即可直接共享资源。每个对等节点同时充当客户端和服务器。想象成一个没有主管的学习小组。
MAC Address – Media Access Control address; a unique identifier burned into network interface hardware by the manufacturer. It looks like 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E. Call it the device’s “physical fingerprint”.
MAC 地址 – 媒体访问控制地址；制造商烧录进网络接口硬件的唯一标识符。格式如 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E。把它称为设备的“物理指纹”。
IP Address – A logical address assigned to a device on a network. IPv4 uses dotted quads (e.g., 192.168.1.5). IPv6 uses hexadecimal to solve the address shortage. IP is like a postal address that can change when you move network.
IP 地址 – 分配给网络上设备的逻辑地址。IPv4 使用点分十进制格式（如 192.168.1.5）。IPv6 使用十六进制解决地址短缺问题。IP 就像一个邮政地址，更换网络时也会改变。
6. Web Technologies | 网页技术
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) – The standard language for creating web pages using tags (such as <h1>, <p>, <img>). It defines the structure and content. Remember HTML = How The Markup Looks. It is the skeleton of a web page.
HTML（超文本标记语言） – 使用标签（如 <h1>、<p>、<img>）创建网页的标准语言。它定义结构和内容。记住 HTML = 如何呈现标记的样子。它是网页的骨架。
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) – Controls how HTML elements are displayed (colours, fonts, layout). A style sheet cascades, meaning rules can be overridden. Link it to fashion: CSS makes your site look stylish.
CSS（层叠样式表） – 控制 HTML 元素的显示方式（颜色、字体、布局）。样式表可以层叠，意味着规则可被覆盖。将其联系到时尚：CSS 让你的站点看起来时髦。
JavaScript – A scripting language that adds interactivity to web pages (e.g., dropdown menus, form validation). It runs in the browser. Not the same as Java! Think of JS as the puppeteer that makes the page dance.
JavaScript – 为网页添加交互性的脚本语言（如下拉菜单、表单验证）。在浏览器中运行。注意和 Java 不同！把 JS 想象成操纵页面跳舞的提线木偶师。
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – The web address that points to a resource on the Internet, e.g., https://www.example.com. It comprises protocol (https), domain (example), and path. A URL finds you the right door on the web.
URL（统一资源定位符） – 指向互联网上某个资源的网址，如 https://www.example.com。它由协议 (https)、域名 (example) 和路径组成。URL 帮你在网上找到正确的入口。
Hyperlink – A clickable element that navigates the user to another location (same page, another page, or a downloadable file). The “hyper” refers to interconnectedness—just like synapses in the brain.
超链接 – 可点击的元素，可将用户导航到另一个位置（同一页面、其他页面或可下载文件）。“超”指的是互联性——如同大脑中的突触连接。
7. Database Essentials | 数据库基础
Database – A structured collection of data stored electronically. Examples: customer records, library catalogues. Think of a digital filing cabinet.
数据库 – 以电子方式存储的结构化数据集合。例如客户记录、图书馆目录。想象成一个数字化的文件柜。
Table (Entity) – A grid of rows and columns representing one type of thing (e.g., Students). Each table contains records. You can remember that a table is like a spreadsheet tab.
表（实体） – 由行和列组成的网格，代表一类事物（如学生）。每张表包含若干记录。记住，表就像电子表格的一个标签页。
Field (Attribute) – A column in a table representing a single characteristic, such as StudentName or DateOfBirth. Every field has a data type (Text, Number, Date). A field is a property of the entity.
字段（属性） – 表中的一列，表示一个特征，如 StudentName 或 DateOfBirth。每个字段都有数据类型（文本、数字、日期）。字段是实体的一个属性。
Record (Tuple) – A row in a table containing all the data about one person, place, or thing. Example: all details for student ID 5478. A complete set of fields makes a record.
记录（元组） – 表中的一行，包含某个事物（人、地点或物品）的所有数据。例如学号 5478 的全部详情。一组完整字段构成一条记录。
Primary Key – A field that uniquely identifies each record in a table (e.g., StudentID). No two records can share the same primary key. Think of it as a national ID number for each row.
主键 – 唯一标识表中每条记录的字段（如 StudentID）。不允许有重复值。把它看作每一行的“身份证号”。
Foreign Key – A field in one table that links to the primary key in another table, creating a relationship. It references a primary key abroad, hence “foreign”.
外键 – 某个表中的字段，链接到另一个表的主键，从而建立关系。它引用来自外部的主键，所以称为“外”键。
SQL (Structured Query Language) – The standard language for managing relational databases. Common commands: SELECT, FROM, WHERE. Saying “SeQueL” reminds you it’s a query language.
SQL（结构化查询语言） – 管理关系数据库的标准语言。常用命令：SELECT、FROM、WHERE。读作 Sequel，提醒你它是一种查询语言。
8. Security & Ethics | 安全与伦理
Malware – Malicious software designed to damage or disrupt systems, including viruses, worms, and trojans. “Mal” means bad—like malpractice.
恶意软件 – 旨在损坏或破坏系统的恶意软件，包括病毒、蠕虫和木马。“Mal” 在词根中表示“坏”——就像 malpractice（玩忽职守）。
Phishing – Fraudulent emails or websites impersonating trusted sources to steal sensitive data (passwords, credit card numbers). The bait looks real, but you get “fished”.
网络钓鱼 – 冒充可信来源的欺诈性邮件或网站，用于窃取敏感数据（密码、信用卡号）。鱼饵看似真实，但你会被“钓”住。
Encryption – The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, so that only authorised parties can read it. Jumble a message so that only the right key unlocks it.
加密 – 使用算法和密钥将明文转换为密文的过程，只允许授权方阅读。把消息打乱，只有正确的密钥才能解锁。
Firewall – A network security system that monitors and controls incoming/outgoing traffic based on predefined rules. It acts like a bouncer checking who enters the network club.
防火墙 – 监控并按照预定规则控制进出网络流量的安全系统。像一个保安，检查谁可以进入网络俱乐部。
Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) – A set of rules that users must agree to in order to access a network or service. It defines what is permitted. Every school network has an AUP—think of it as the digital code of conduct.
可接受使用策略 (AUP) – 用户为访问网络或服务必须同意的一套规则。它定义了允许的行为。每个学校网络都有 AUP——把它看作数字行为准则。
Computer Misuse Act – UK law (also applicable to SQA context) that makes it illegal to access computer material without permission, or to commit further crimes like creating malware. Memorise “Unauthorised access = crime”.
计算机滥用法 – 英国法律（也适用于 SQA 背景），规定未经授权访问计算机材料或制作恶意软件等行为属于犯罪。记住“未经授权的访问即犯罪”。
9. System Development Lifecycle | 系统开发生命周期
Analysis – Stage where the existing system is studied, user requirements are gathered (interviews, questionnaires), and the problem is clearly defined. Think of it as the “doctor’s diagnosis” before treatment.
分析 – 研究现有系统、收集用户需求（访谈、问卷）并明确定义问题的阶段。把它看作治疗前的“医生诊断”。
Design – Create plans for the new system: interface mock‑ups, data structure diagrams, algorithm designs (pseudocode, flowcharts). This is the blueprinting phase.
设计 – 为新系统创建计划：界面草图、数据结构图、算法设计（伪代码、流程图）。这是绘制蓝图的阶段。
Implementation – Writing the actual code, building the database, and installing components according to the design. Where ideas turn into software.
实施 – 根据设计编写实际代码、构建数据库并安装组件。想法在此转变为软件。
Testing – Systematically checking the software with normal, extreme, and exceptional test data to identify bugs. Testing proves the software does what it should—and doesn’t do what it shouldn’t.
测试 – 使用正常、极端和异常测试数据系统地检查软件，以识别错误。测试证明软件做了该做的事——并且没做不该做的事。
Evaluation – Reviewing the system against the original user requirements to determine whether it meets the objectives. This is a fitness‑for‑purpose check, not a re‑analysis.
评价 – 对照原始用户需求审查系统，判断其是否达成目标。这是一种“适用性”检查，而非重新分析。
Maintenance – Ongoing updates after delivery: correcting faults (corrective), adapting to changed needs (adaptive), or improving performance (perfective). Software needs care just like a car needs servicing.
维护 – 交付后的持续更新：修复错误（纠正性维护）、适应需求变化（适应性维护）或提升性能（完善性维护）。软件需要保养，就像汽车需要保养一样。
10. Binary Logic & More Terminology | 二进制逻辑与更多术语
Logic Gate (AND, OR, NOT) – An electronic circuit that produces an output based on one or more binary inputs. AND outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1. OR outputs 1 if any input is 1. NOT flips the input. Picture AND as “strict parent”, OR as “easy‑going friend”.
逻辑门 (AND、OR、NOT) – 依据一个或多个二进制输入产生输出的电子电路。AND 门仅在所有输入都为 1 时输出 1。OR 门只要任一输入为 1 便输出 1。NOT 则将输入取反。把 AND 想象成“严格的家长”，OR 则是“随和的朋友”。
Truth Table – A table showing all possible input combinations for a logic circuit and the corresponding outputs. It tells the truth, no matter the input.
真值表 – 展示逻辑电路所有可能输入组合及对应输出的表格。无论输入如何，它都会如实呈现真值。
Bus (Data Bus, Address Bus, Control Bus) – Internal pathways that carry data, addresses, and control signals between components. Address bus indicates where, data bus carries what. Think of them as motorways inside the motherboard.
总线（数据总线、地址总线、控制总线） – 在组件间传输数据、地址和控制信号的内部线路。地址总线指出“去哪里”，数据总线运载“是什么”。把它们想象成主板上的高速公路。
Clock Cycle – One full “tick” of the CPU clock; the basic unit of time used for scheduling processor operations. A 3 GHz processor ticks 3 billion times per second. Each tick can start an instruction.
时钟周期 – CPU 时钟的一次完整“滴答”；用于安排处理器操作的基本时间单位。3 GHz 的处理器每秒滴答 30 亿次。每次滴答可以启动一条指令。
Stored Program Concept (Von Neumann Architecture) – The idea that instructions and data are both stored in the same memory, allowing the CPU to fetch and execute them sequentially. This is why we can load any program. It’s the blueprint behind every modern computer.
存储程序概念（冯·诺依曼架构） – 数据和指令存储在同一个存储器中，CPU 可以顺序取出并执行它们的思想。这是我们可以加载任何程序的原因。它是所有现代计算机的蓝图。
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