📚 Year 11 SQA Spanish: Formula & Rules Quick Reference Guide | SQA 西班牙语：公式定理速查手册
In SQA National 5 Spanish, much of your success hinges on quickly and accurately applying grammatical structures – you might think of them as ‘formulas’ that build meaning from the ground up. This quick reference guide distils the key verb tenses, moods, and structural rules into memorable patterns, exactly the way you would memorise a mathematical theorem. Use it to revise, to check your written work, and to boost your confidence in speaking assessments.
在SQA国家5西班牙语课程中，你的成功很大程度上取决于快速准确地运用语法结构——你可以将它们视为从基础构建意义的“公式”。这本速查手册将关键动词时态、语式与结构规则提炼成易记的模式，就像你记忆数学定理一样。用它来复习、检查书面作业，并在口语评估中增强信心。
1. Present Tense – Regular Verbs | 现在时——规则动词
The present tense is your foundation. For regular verbs, remove the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add the present endings.
现在时是你的基础。对于规则动词，去掉不定式词尾（-ar, -er, -ir）并加上现在的词尾。
Formula: [stem] + -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an (AR) | [stem] + -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en (ER) | [stem] + -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en (IR)
公式：[词干] + -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an (AR) | [词干] + -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en (ER) | [词干] + -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en (IR)
| Person | Hablar (to speak) | Comer (to eat) | Vivir (to live) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hablo | como | vivo |
| tú | hablas | comes | vives |
| él/ella/usted | habla | come | vive |
| nosotros/as | hablamos | comemos | vivimos |
| vosotros/as | habláis | coméis | vivís |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablan | comen | viven |
Notice that AR and ER/IR share the same yo form ‘-o’, but the rest follow distinct patterns. Accents appear on vosotros forms for ‑ar (‑áis) and ‑er/‑ir (‑éis, ‑ís).
请注意，AR 和 ER/IR 的 yo 形式相同，都是“-o”，但其余部分遵循不同模式。重音出现在 vosotros 形式：‑ar 用 ‑áis，‑er/‑ir 用 ‑éis、‑ís。
2. Stem‑Changing Verbs | 词干变化动词
Many common verbs change their stem vowel in the present tense. Think of the change as a vowel shift that applies in all persons except nosotros and vosotros. The ‘shoe’ or ‘boot’ shape is a useful mnemonic.
许多常用动词在现在时中词干元音发生变化。可以将这种变化视为一个元音转换，适用于除 nosotros 和 vosotros 之外的所有人称。“鞋子”或“靴子”形状是很好的记忆辅助。
Formula: e → ie, o → ue, e → i (in stress positions)
公式：e → ie, o → ue, e → i（在重音位置）
- e → ie: pensar → pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan
- o → ue: poder → puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden
- e → i: pedir → pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
Note that the stem vowel changes only where the stress falls on the stem, so nosotros/vosotros remain unchanged. This pattern holds for many high‑frequency verbs like querer (e→ie), dormir (o→ue), and repetir (e→i).
注意，词干元音仅在重音落在词干上时才变化，因此 nosotros/vosotros 保持不变。这一模式适用于许多高频动词，如 querer (e→ie)，dormir (o→ue) 和 repetir (e→i)。
3. Preterite (Past Simple) – Regular Verbs | 过去简单时——规则动词
The preterite is used for completed past actions. Regular conjugations add distinct endings to the stem, with AR and ER/IR taking different sets. Watch for accent marks on yo and él/ella/usted endings.
过去简单时用于已完成的过去动作。规则变位在词干上添加独特词尾，AR 和 ER/IR 使用不同套系。注意 yo 和 él/ella/usted 词尾上的重音符号。
Formula (AR): [stem] + -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron
Formula (ER/IR): [stem] + -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron
| Person | Hablar | Comer/Vivir |
|---|---|---|
| yo | hablé | comí / viví |
| tú | hablaste | comiste / viviste |
| él/ella/usted | habló | comió / vivió |
| nosotros/as | hablamos | comimos / vivimos |
| vosotros/as | hablasteis | comisteis / vivisteis |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablaron | comieron / vivieron |
Notice that nosotros forms for AR and IR verbs look identical to the present tense – context tells you the difference. Also, some verbs have spelling changes to maintain sound: -car → -qué, -gar → -gué, -zar → -cé.
注意 AR 和 IR 动词的 nosotros 形式与现在时看起来完全一样——上下文会告诉你区别。此外，有些动词为了保持发音会改变拼写：-car → -qué，-gar → -gué，-zar → -cé。
4. Imperfect Tense | 过去未完成时
The imperfect describes ongoing or habitual past actions. It has one of the simplest sets of endings in Spanish, with only three irregular verbs: ir, ser, ver.
过去未完成时描述进行中的或习惯性的过去动作。它拥有西班牙语中最简单的词尾之一，只有三个不规则动词：ir, ser, ver。
Formula (AR): [stem] + -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban
Formula (ER/IR): [stem] + -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían
| Person | Hablar | Comer | Vivir |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hablaba | comía | vivía |
| tú | hablabas | comías | vivías |
| él/ella/usted | hablaba | comía | vivía |
| nosotros/as | hablábamos | comíamos | vivíamos |
| vosotros/as | hablabais | comíais | vivíais |
| ellos/ellas/ustedes | hablaban | comían | vivían |
Irregulars: ir → iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban; ser → era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran; ver → veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían.
不规则形式：ir → iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban；ser → era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran；ver → veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían。
5. Future Tense – Regular and Irregular stems | 将来时——规则与不规则词干
The future tense is formed by adding endings to the whole infinitive, a real time‑saver. A handful of common verbs have irregular stems but use the same endings.
将来时是通过在整个不定式后添加词尾来构成的，这很省时。少数常用动词有不规则词干，但使用相同的词尾。
Formula: [infinitive] + -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án
| Infinitive | Future stem | Example (yo) |
|---|---|---|
| tener | tendr- | tendré |
| poner | pondr- | pondré |
| salir | saldr- | saldré |
| venir | vendr- | vendré |
| hacer | har- | haré |
| decir | dir- | diré |
Note the written accents on all forms except nosotros. The irregular stems drop the infinitive vowel and often add ‘d’. This formula works exactly like a mathematical substitution.
请注意，除 nosotros 之外所有形式都带有重音。不规则词干省略不定式元音，通常加上“d”。这个公式就像数学代入法一样运作。
6. Perfect Tense – Haber + Past Participle | 完成时——haber + 过去分词
The perfect tense (pretérito perfecto) is formed with the present tense of ‘haber’ plus the past participle. It is used for past actions related to the present time.
完成时由助动词“haber”的现在时加上过去分词构成，用于与现在有联系的过去动作。
Formula: he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han + [‑ado (AR) / ‑ido (ER/IR)]
| Haber | Hablar (hablado) | Comer (comido) | Vivir (vivido) |
|---|---|---|---|
| he | he hablado | he comido | he vivido |
| has | has hablado | has comido | has vivido |
Irregular past participles are common: abrir → abierto, escribir → escrito, volver → vuelto, poner → puesto, hacer → hecho, decir → dicho, ver → visto, romper → roto. Learn these as exceptions to the rule.
不规则过去分词很常见：abrir → abierto、escribir → escrito、volver → vuelto、poner → puesto、hacer → hecho、decir → dicho、ver → visto、romper → roto。把这些作为规则的例外来记忆。
7. Present Subjunctive – Formation and Triggers | 现在虚拟式——构成与触发词
The subjunctive mood expresses doubt, desire, emotion, or uncertainty. To form the present subjunctive, take the first person singular (yo) of the present indicative, drop the ‑o, and add opposite‑vowel endings.
虚拟式表达怀疑、愿望、情感或不确定性。构成现在虚拟式时，取现在时直陈式第一人称单数（yo），去掉 ‑o，加上相反元音词尾。
Formula: yo form [minus ‑o] + ‑e, ‑es, ‑e, ‑emos, ‑éis, ‑en (AR) | + ‑a, ‑as, ‑a, ‑amos, ‑áis, ‑an (ER/IR)
- Hablo → habl- → hable, hables, hable, hablemos, habléis, hablen
- Como → com- → coma, comas, coma, comamos, comáis, coman
- Vivo → viv- → viva, vivas, viva, vivamos, viváis, vivan
Common triggers requiring the subjunctive in a subordinate clause: quiero que, es importante que, dudo que, es posible que, para que, sin que, a condición de que. If there is no change of subject, use the infinitive instead.
要求从句中使用虚拟式的常见触发词：quiero que、es importante que、dudo que、es posible que、para que、sin que、a condición de que。如果没有改变主语，则使用不定式。
8. Commands – Affirmative and Negative Imperatives | 命令式——肯定和否定命令
Commands show another side of the ‘formula’ approach. The affirmative tú command uses the third‑person singular of the present indicative; the negative tú command uses the second‑person singular of the present subjunctive.
命令式展示了“公式”方法的另一面。肯定 tú 命令使用现在时直陈式的第三人称单数；否定 tú 命令使用现在虚拟式的第二人称单数。
Affirmative tú: [3rd person sg present] – e.g. habla, come, vive
Negative tú: [no + 2nd person sg present subjunctive] – no hables, no comas, no vivas
For usted/ustedes, always go to the subjunctive: hable(n), coma(n), viva(n); negative: no hable(n), etc. Irregular tú commands: decir → di, hacer → haz, ir → ve, poner → pon, salir → sal, ser → sé, tener → ten, venir → ven.
对于 usted/ustedes，始终使用虚拟式：hable(n)、coma(n)、viva(n)；否定形式：no hable(n) 等。不规则 tú 命令：decir → di、hacer → haz、ir → ve、poner → pon、salir → sal、ser → sé、tener → ten、venir → ven。
9. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns – Placement Rules | 直宾与间宾代词——位置规则
Pronouns follow strict positional formulas. In a single‑verb sentence, they go directly before the conjugated verb. With infinitives or gerunds, they can be attached to the end, or placed before the conjugated verb.
代词遵循严格的位置公式。在单动词句中，它们直接置于变位动词之前。与不定式或副动词连用时，它们可以附着在末尾，也可以放在变位动词之前。
Formula: [pronoun(s)] + [conjugated verb] / [infinitive] + [pronoun(s)] (attached)
- Lo veo. (I see it/him)
- Voy a verlo / Lo voy a ver.
- Estoy viéndolo / Lo estoy viendo.
When both direct and indirect object pronouns appear, the indirect goes first. Le/les changes to ‘se’ before lo/la/los/las to avoid tongue‑twisters.
当直宾和间宾代词同时出现时，间宾在前。在 lo/la/los/las 之前，le/les 变为“se”，以避免绕口令。
Order: se (le/les) + lo/la/los/las + verb
10. Ser vs Estar – Decision Chart | Ser 与 Estar——判断表
Choosing between ser and estar is a classic exam challenge. Think of it as a set of conditions: apply the correct “mathematical operator” based on the nature of what you are describing.
在 ser 和 estar 之间做出选择是典型的考试难题。把它看作一组条件：根据你所描述的性质，应用正确的“数学运算符”。
Ser: Identity, origin, possession, time, permanent characteristics, profession, material
Estar: Location, temporary state, condition, progressive actions, resultant states
| Use | Ser | Estar |
|---|---|---|
| Nationality | Soy escocés. | – |
| Location of event | La fiesta es en casa. | – |
| Physical location | – | Estoy en Madrid. |
| Mood/condition | – | Está contenta. |
| Material | La mesa es de madera. | – |
Remember: a change in the verb can alter the meaning of the adjective – ser aburrido (to be boring) vs estar aburrido (to be bored). Use the formula that matches the quality you intend.
记住：动词的改变可以改变形容词的含义——ser aburrido（令人厌烦）与 estar aburrido（感到厌烦）。使用与你意图表达的性质相匹配的公式。
11. The Near Future and Other Key periphrastic structures | 近将来时与其他关键短语结构
Periphrastic constructions combine a conjugated verb with an infinitive or gerund to express a specific time frame or aspect. They work like plug‑and‑play modules.
短语结构将变位动词与不定式或副动词结合，以表达特定的时间框架或体貌。它们就像即插即用的模块。
Near future: ir a + [infinitive] → Voy a estudiar.
Obligation: tener que + [infinitive] → Tengo que salir.
Present continuous: estar + [gerund (-ando/-iendo)] → Estoy leyendo.
Acabar de + [infinitive] (to have just done) → Acabo de comer.
These templates require no further conjugation of the second verb; simply insert the appropriate infinitive. Keep an eye on gerund spelling changes: dormir → durmiendo, leer → leyendo.
这些模板不需要对第二个动词进行额外的变位；只需插入适当的不定式。要注意副动词的拼写变化：dormir → durmiendo，leer → leyendo。
12. Key Connectors and Time Phrases | 关键连接词与时间短语
A well‑structured answer in the writing or speaking exam demands logical flow. These connectors act as the ‘equal signs’ or ‘arrows’ between your ideas.
在写作或口语考试中，结构清晰的答案需要逻辑流畅。这些连接词就像你的想法之间的“等号”或“箭头”。
- y (and), pero (but), sin embargo (however), por lo tanto (therefore), además (furthermore)
- primero (first), luego (then), después (after), finalmente (finally)
- antes de + inf (before doing), después de + inf (after doing)
Time markers are crucial for tense selection: ayer (preterite), anoche (preterite), siempre (imperfect), cada día (imperfect), esta semana (perfect). Memorising which trigger attracts which tense helps you apply the correct “formula” without hesitation.
时间标记对时态选择至关重要：ayer（过去简单时）、anoche（过去简单时）、siempre（过去未完成时）、cada día（过去未完成时）、esta semana（完成时）。记住哪一个触发词吸引哪一种时态，可以帮助你毫不犹豫地应用正确的“公式”。
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