📚 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Vocabulary Quick Memorization Guide | 剑桥IGCSE 化学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering chemistry begins with mastering its language. In Year 11 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry, you are expected not only to recall scientific facts but also to use technical vocabulary accurately in explanations, equations, and exam answers. This guide organizes the most important terms by topic, provides clear English definitions, pairs them with precise Chinese translations, and offers practical memory techniques to help you retain and apply these words with confidence. Bookmark this page and treat it as your daily vocabulary workout throughout your revision.
掌握化学，始于掌握它的语言。在 Year 11 剑桥 IGCSE 化学课程中，你不仅要记忆科学事实，还需在解释、方程式和考试答案中准确使用专业术语。本指南按主题梳理最重要的词汇，提供清晰的英文定义，配对精准的中文翻译，并分享实用的记忆技巧，帮助你自信地记忆和运用这些词语。收藏此页，把它当作你复习期间的每日词汇训练。
1. Why Vocabulary Matters in IGCSE Chemistry | 为什么词汇在 IGCSE 化学中如此重要
In Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry, examiners award marks for precise language. Writing ‘the substance disappears’ instead of ‘the substance dissolves to form an aqueous solution’ may cost you a grade boundary. Command words such as define, explain, describe, and predict all require you to have specific terminology at your fingertips. Understanding word roots, prefixes, and suffixes in chemical language also helps you decode unfamiliar terms during the exam.
在剑桥 IGCSE 化学中，考官为精准的语言打分。写 ‘the substance disappears’ 而非 ‘the substance dissolves to form an aqueous solution’ 可能会让你丢掉关键分数。Define, explain, describe, predict 等指令词都要求你熟练掌握特定术语。理解化学语言中的词根、前缀和后缀，还能帮助你在考场上解读陌生词汇。
2. Word-Building in Chemistry: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots | 化学中的构词法：前缀、后缀与词根
Many chemical terms are constructed from predictable parts. The prefix ‘mono-‘ means one, ‘di-‘ means two, ‘poly-‘ means many. The suffix ‘-ide’ indicates a binary compound containing two elements, ‘-ite’ and ‘-ate’ refer to oxyanions with different numbers of oxygen atoms, ‘-ane’ tells you a hydrocarbon has only single bonds. Recognizing these patterns reduces the number of separate words you need to memorize and gives you the ability to deduce meanings.
许多化学术语由可预测的构件组成。前缀 ‘mono-‘ 表示 1，’di-‘ 表示 2，’poly-‘ 表示 多。后缀 ‘-ide’ 表示含有两种元素的二元化合物，’-ite’ 和 ‘-ate’ 指代含氧量不同的含氧酸根离子，’-ane’ 告诉你烃分子中只有单键。识别这些规律能减少你需要孤立记忆的词汇数量，并使你具备推断词义的能力。
| Affix | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| an- (prefix) | without / 无 | anhydrous — without water / 无水 |
| electro- (prefix) | involving electricity / 与电相关 | electrolysis — splitting by electricity / 电解 |
| -ide (suffix) | binary compound / 二元化合物 | sodium chloride / 氯化钠 |
| -ate (suffix) | oxyanion with more oxygen / 含较多氧的含氧酸根 | sulfate SO₄²⁻ / 硫酸根 |
| -ite (suffix) | oxyanion with less oxygen / 含较少氧的含氧酸根 | sulfite SO₃²⁻ / 亚硫酸根 |
3. States of Matter and State Changes | 物质状态与状态变化
The particle model underpins most of your early IGCSE chemistry. When a solid melts at its melting point, particles gain enough kinetic energy to overcome the forces holding them in fixed positions. Freezing is the reverse process. Boiling occurs throughout a liquid at the boiling point, whereas evaporation happens only at the surface and at temperatures below the boiling point. Sublimation is the direct change from solid to gas, bypassing the liquid state — iodine and solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) are classic examples.
粒子模型是你早期 IGCSE 化学知识的基础。当固体在其熔点熔化时，粒子获得了足够的动能，足以克服将它们固定在原位的作用力。凝固是相反的过程。沸腾在沸点时发生于整个液体内部，而蒸发仅在液体表面发生，且温度低于沸点。升华是固体直接变为气体的过程，跳过液态 — 碘和固态二氧化碳（干冰）是经典例子。
4. Atomic Structure Terminology | 原子结构术语
The proton number (atomic number, Z) defines the element and tells you the number of protons in the nucleus. The mass number (nucleon number, A) is the total number of protons plus neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to differing numbers of neutrons. The relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) of an element is a weighted average that takes into account the relative abundances of all its naturally occurring isotopes. Electrons are arranged in shells (energy levels), and the valency of an atom is determined by the number of electrons in its outer shell.
质子数（原子序数 Z）定义了元素，并告诉你原子核内的质子数。质量数（核子数 A）是质子数加中子数的总和。同位素是同一元素中原子序数相同但质量数不同的原子，因为它们的中子数不同。元素的相对原子质量（Aᵣ）是一个加权平均值，考虑了其所有天然同位素的相对丰度。电子排布在电子层（能级）中，原子的化合价由其最外层电子数决定。
5. Bonding, Structure, and Properties Vocabulary | 键合、结构与性质词汇
Ionic bonding involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically occurring between a metal and a non-metal. A giant ionic lattice has high melting and boiling points and conducts electricity only when molten or dissolved because the ions must be free to move. Covalent bonding is the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. Simple molecular substances like water and carbon dioxide have low melting and boiling points and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent structures (diamond, graphite, silicon dioxide) have very high melting points; graphite conducts electricity due to delocalised electrons between its layers. Metallic bonding is described as a lattice of positive ions immersed in a sea of delocalised electrons, which explains why metals are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of both heat and electricity.
离子键是带相反电荷离子之间的静电吸引力，通常发生在金属与非金属之间。巨型离子晶格具有高熔点和高沸点，只有在熔融或溶解时才能导电，因为离子必须能够自由移动。共价键是非金属原子之间共享电子对。简单分子物质（如水、二氧化碳）熔点和沸点低，不导电。巨型共价结构（金刚石、石墨、二氧化硅）具有极高的熔点；石墨因其层间存在离域电子而能导电。金属键被描述为沉浸在离域电子’海’中的正离子晶格，这解释了为何金属具有延展性、可塑性，并且是热和电的良导体。
6. Stoichiometry and the Mole Concept | 化学计量与摩尔概念
The mole is the SI unit for the amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro’s constant). The relative formula mass (Mᵣ) is the sum of the relative atomic masses in the formula unit. The equation linking mass, moles, and molar mass is central to all quantitative chemistry. The empirical formula gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound, while the molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms. Limiting reactant refers to the reactant that is completely consumed first in a reaction, thereby limiting the amount of product formed. Percentage yield compares the actual yield to the theoretical yield, and titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution using a standard solution.
摩尔是物质的量的 SI 单位。1 摩尔恰好包含 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。相对化学式质量（Mᵣ）是化学式单元中各相对原子质量之和。连接质量、摩尔数与摩尔质量的方程式是所有定量化学的核心。实验式给出化合物中最简整数原子比，而分子式给出原子的实际数目。限量反应物指反应中最先被完全消耗的反应物，从而限制了产物的生成量。百分产率将实际产率与理论产率进行比较，滴定是一种利用标准溶液测定未知溶液浓度的技术。
7. Chemical Energetics Terminology | 化学能量学术语
An exothermic reaction transfers thermal energy to the surroundings, causing the temperature to rise — combustion, neutralisation, and the addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to water are typical examples. An endothermic reaction absorbs thermal energy from the surroundings, causing the temperature to drop — thermal decomposition and photosynthesis fall into this category. The activation energy (Eₐ) is the minimum energy that colliding particles must possess for a reaction to occur. Bond energy calculations can be used to determine the overall enthalpy change of a reaction: energy absorbed when bonds are broken minus energy released when new bonds are formed equals the overall energy change (ΔH). A negative ΔH indicates an exothermic reaction, while a positive ΔH indicates an endothermic reaction.
放热反应将热能传递给周围环境，导致温度升高 — 燃烧、中和反应、以及将浓硫酸加入水中都是典型例子。吸热反应从周围环境吸收热能，导致温度下降 — 热分解和光合作用属于此类。活化能（Eₐ）是碰撞粒子必须拥有的最低能量，以使得反应能够发生。键能计算可用于确定反应的总焓变：断键吸收的能量 减去 成键释放的能量 等于 总能量变化（ΔH）。负的 ΔH 表示放热反应，正的 ΔH 表示吸热反应。
8. Rates of Reaction Key Words | 反应速率关键词
The rate of reaction measures how quickly a reactant is consumed or a product is formed per unit time. Factors that affect reaction rate include concentration of solutions, pressure of gases, surface area of solids, temperature, and the presence of a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being chemically changed or consumed in the process; it works by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. Collision theory states that for particles to react, they must collide with the correct orientation and with energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. Successful collisions are those that lead to product formation.
反应速率衡量单位时间内反应物被消耗或产物被生成的速度。影响反应速率的因素包括溶液的浓度、气体的压强、固体的表面积、温度以及催化剂的存在。催化剂是一种能够提高反应速率而自身在反应过程中不发生化学变化或被消耗的物质；它通过提供一条活化能更低的替代反应路径来发挥作用。碰撞理论指出，粒子要发生反应，必须以正确的取向碰撞，并且能量必须等于或大于活化能。有效碰撞是指那些能够导致产物生成的碰撞。
9. Acids, Bases, and Salts Vocabulary | 酸、碱、盐词汇
An acid is a proton (H⁺) donor, while a base is a proton acceptor. In aqueous solutions, acids produce hydrogen ions, and alkalis — soluble bases — produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻). The pH scale is a logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentration: values below 7 indicate acidic solutions, 7 is neutral, and values above 7 indicate alkaline solutions. A neutralisation reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt plus water: acid + base → salt + water. Strong acids completely dissociate in water (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid), whereas weak acids only partially dissociate (e.g., ethanoic acid, carbonic acid). The terms concentrated and dilute refer to the amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent, not to the degree of dissociation.
酸是质子（H⁺）供体，而碱是质子受体。在水溶液中，酸产生氢离子，而可溶性碱产生氢氧根离子（OH⁻）。pH 标度是对氢离子浓度的对数衡量：低于 7 表示酸性溶液，7 为中性，高于 7 表示碱性溶液。当酸与碱反应生成盐和水时，发生中和反应：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。强酸在水中完全解离（如盐酸、硫酸），而弱酸仅部分解离（如乙酸、碳酸）。浓与稀这两个术语指的是在一定体积溶剂中溶解的溶质的量，而非解离程度。
10. Organic Chemistry Core Terms | 有机化学核心术语
A hydrocarbon is a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, containing only single covalent bonds. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon–carbon double bond (C=C), with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ. A homologous series is a family of organic compounds that share the same general formula, similar chemical properties, and a gradual change in physical properties down the series. A functional group is the atom or group of atoms that determines the characteristic chemical reactions of a molecule — for alkenes, it is C=C; for alcohols, it is –OH; for carboxylic acids, it is –COOH. Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms.
烃是仅含碳和氢原子的化合物。烷烃是通式为 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ 的饱和烃，仅含有单共价键。烯烃是至少含有一个碳碳双键（C=C）的不饱和烃，通式为 CₙH₂ₙ。同系物是一类有机化合物，它们具有相同的通式、相似的化学性质，以及随系列递进逐渐变化的物理性质。官能团是决定分子特征化学反应的原子或原子团 — 对烯烃而言是 C=C；对醇而言是 –OH；对羧酸而言是 –COOH。同分异构体是分子式相同但原子结构排列不同的化合物。
11. Electrolysis Terminology | 电解术语
Electrolysis is the chemical process of using direct electric current to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. The electrolyte is the ionic substance (molten or in aqueous solution) that conducts electricity and is decomposed during electrolysis. The anode is the positive electrode where oxidation occurs (loss of electrons), and the cathode is the negative electrode where reduction occurs (gain of electrons). In the electrolysis of aqueous solutions, you must consider which cations and anions are present and their relative ease of discharge. The reactivity series of metals helps predict whether the metal cation or hydrogen ions will be discharged at the cathode: if the metal is more reactive than hydrogen, hydrogen gas is produced instead of the metal.
电解是利用直流电驱动非自发化学反应进行的化学过程。电解质是能够导电并在电解过程中被分解的离子物质（熔融态或水溶液）。阳极是发生氧化反应（失去电子）的正极，阴极是发生还原反应（获得电子）的负极。在电解水溶液时，你必须考虑溶液中存在哪些阳离子和阴离子，以及它们相对的放电难易程度。金属的活动性顺序有助于预测是金属阳离子还是氢离子在阴极被放电：若金属比氢更活泼，则阴极产生氢气而非金属单质。
12. Practical and Experimental Vocabulary | 实验与实操词汇
When describing experiments, precise verbs matter. You filter to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid; you evaporate to remove solvent and concentrate a solution; you crystallise to obtain pure solid crystals from a saturated solution upon cooling; you distil to separate a liquid from a solution based on differences in boiling points. A burette delivers variable accurate volumes, a pipette delivers a fixed volume, and a measuring cylinder gives approximate volumes. Accuracy describes how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision describes how close repeated measurements are to each other. The independent variable is what you change, the dependent variable is what you measure, and control variables must be kept constant to ensure a fair test.
在描述实验时，准确的动词至关重要。你过滤以将不溶性固体从液体中分离；你蒸发以去除溶剂并浓缩溶液；你结晶以在饱和溶液冷却时获得纯净的固体晶体；你蒸馏以基于沸点差异从溶液中分离液体。滴定管可提供不同体积的精确量取，移液管提供固定体积，量筒提供近似体积。准确度描述测量值与真实值的接近程度，精密度描述重复测量值彼此之间的接近程度。自变量是你改变的变量，因变量是你测量的变量，而控制变量必须保持不变以确保公平测试。
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