Core Knowledge Review for Year 11 Eduqas Science | Year 11 Eduqas 科学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Core Knowledge Review for Year 11 Eduqas Science | Year 11 Eduqas 科学：核心知识点梳理

Year 11 is a decisive year for GCSE Science. The Eduqas specification weaves together biology, chemistry and physics, testing your ability to recall facts, apply concepts and analyse data. This article draws together the essential knowledge from all three disciplines to help you revise efficiently and target the highest marks.

对Eduqas科学课程而言，Year 11是最后冲刺的关键一年。课程将生物、化学和物理交织在一起，既考查知识记忆，也要求应用和分析。本文将梳理三大学科的核心知识点，帮助你高效复习，冲击高分。

1. Cell Structure and Function | 细胞结构与功能

All living organisms are made of cells. Eukaryotic cells, such as animal and plant cells, contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Plant cells have a rigid cellulose cell wall, a large permanent vacuole for storage and chloroplasts to absorb light for photosynthesis. Animal cells lack these structures.

所有生物都由细胞构成。真核细胞（如动植物细胞）具有真正的细胞核和膜性细胞器。植物细胞还有坚硬的纤维素细胞壁、用于储存物质的大液泡以及吸收光能以进行光合作用的叶绿体，而动物细胞则没有这些结构。

Prokaryotic cells, like bacteria, are much smaller and simpler. Their genetic material is a single loop of DNA in the cytoplasm, and they may contain small rings of extra genes called plasmids. They multiply by binary fission.

原核细胞（如细菌）较小、结构简单。它们的遗传物质是细胞质中一个环状DNA分子，可能还携带称为质粒的小环状基因。原核细胞通过二分裂进行繁殖。

Organelle	Function 功能
Nucleus	Contains DNA; controls cell activities. 储存遗传物质，控制细胞活动。
Mitochondria	Site of aerobic respiration, releasing energy. 有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。
Ribosomes	Protein synthesis. 蛋白质合成。
Cell membrane	Controls movement of substances in and out. 控制物质进出。
Chloroplast (plant)	Absorbs light for photosynthesis. 吸收光能进行光合作用。

When using a light microscope, total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification × objective lens magnification. To calculate the size of a specimen, divide the image size by the magnification.

使用光学显微镜时，总放大倍数 = 目镜放大倍数 × 物镜放大倍数。要计算标本的实际大小，用图像尺寸除以放大倍数。

2. Enzymes and Digestion | 酶与消化

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up reactions without being consumed. Each enzyme has an active site whose shape fits a specific substrate—this is the lock-and-key model. The active site is complementary to the substrate.

酶是起生物催化剂作用的蛋白质，能在不被消耗的情况下加速反应。每种酶都有一个活性中心，其形状与特定底物匹配，这就是锁钥模型。活性中心与底物是互补的。

Enzyme activity is sensitive to temperature and pH. At low temperatures molecules move slowly, so collisions are few. As temperature rises to an optimum, rate increases. Beyond that, the enzyme denatures—the active site permanently loses its shape. Extreme pH also causes denaturation.

酶活性对温度和pH敏感。低温时分子运动缓慢，碰撞频率低。随着温度上升到最适温，反应速率加快。超过最适温度，酶会变性——活性中心永久变形。极端pH也会导致变性。

Digestive enzymes break down large insoluble food molecules into small soluble ones that can be absorbed. Amylase (produced in salivary glands and pancreas) breaks down starch into maltose. Proteases (stomach, pancreas) digest proteins into amino acids. Lipases (pancreas, small intestine) split lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Bile, made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid.

消化酶将食物中大分子不溶性物质分解为可吸收的小分子。淀粉酶（由唾液腺和胰腺分泌）将淀粉分解为麦芽糖。蛋白酶（胃和胰腺）将蛋白质消化为氨基酸。脂肪酶（胰腺和小肠）将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油。肝分泌并储存在胆囊中的胆汁能乳化脂肪并中和胃酸。

3. The Circulatory System and Health | 循环系统与健康

The heart is a double pump. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, passes into the left ventricle, and is pushed to the whole body. Valves prevent backflow.

心脏是双泵。右心房接收来自全身的缺氧血，送入右心室，再泵到肺部。含氧血回到左心房，进入左心室，被压送至全身。瓣膜能防止血液倒流。

Major blood vessels: arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure—thick, muscular, elastic walls. Veins return blood to the heart at lower pressure—they have valves and thinner walls. Capillaries are one-cell thick to allow exchange of materials by diffusion.

主要血管：动脉在高压下将血液运离心脏，管壁厚、肌肉多、有弹性。静脉在低压下将血液送回心脏，有瓣膜、壁较薄。毛细血管只有一层细胞厚，便于物质通过扩散进行交换。

Blood components: red blood cells (no nucleus, contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen), white blood cells (defend against pathogens), platelets (help clotting) and plasma (transports dissolved substances, hormones, urea, heat).

血液成分：红细胞（无细胞核，含血红蛋白，运输氧气）、白细胞（防御病原体）、血小板（帮助凝血）和血浆（运输溶解物质、激素、尿素、热量等）。

Coronary heart disease is caused by a build-up of fatty material in coronary arteries, narrowing the lumen and reducing oxygen supply to heart muscle. Stents can be inserted to keep arteries open. Statins lower blood cholesterol and reduce the risk. A faulty heart valve can be replaced by a mechanical or biological valve.

冠心病是由于冠状动脉内脂肪物质堆积，使血管内腔变窄，导致心肌供氧减少而引起的。支架可植入以保持血管通畅。他汀类药物降低胆固醇水平，减小风险。心脏瓣膜功能不全时可用机械瓣或生物瓣替换。

4. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与周期表

Atoms consist of protons (positive charge, mass 1), neutrons (neutral, mass 1) and electrons (negative charge, mass approx. 1/1840). The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit in shells. Atomic number = number of protons. Mass number = protons + neutrons. For a neutral atom, electrons = protons.

原子由质子（带正电，质量1）、中子（不带电，质量1）和电子（带负电，质量约1/1840）组成。原子核包含质子和中子，电子在核外分层排布。原子序数=质子数，质量数=质子数+中子数。中性原子中电子数等于质子数。

Elements are arranged in the modern periodic table by increasing atomic number. The group number for many main-group elements tells the number of outer-shell electrons. Group 1 (alkali metals) are reactive, soft metals with low density. Group 7 (halogens) are reactive non-metals. Group 0 (noble gases) are inert, full outer shells.

现代周期表按原子序数递增排列元素。许多主族元素的族序数表示最外层电子数。第1族（碱金属）是反应性强的软金属，密度低。第7族（卤素）是活泼的非金属。第0族（稀有气体）具有满壳层结构，化学性质不活泼。

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They have identical chemical properties but different physical properties (e.g., density, mass). Relative atomic mass reflects the average mass of isotopes.

同位素是质子数相同而中子数不同的同种原子。它们化学性质相同，但一些物理性质（如密度、质量）不同。相对原子质量反映了同位素的平均质量。

Electronic configuration: Sodium (Na) = 2,8,1

5. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构

Ionic bonding happens when a metal transfers electrons to a non-metal, forming positive and negative ions. The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions builds a giant ionic lattice. Ionic compounds have high melting points, dissolve in water, and conduct electricity when molten or in solution because ions become free to move.

金属与非金属之间通过电子转移形成离子键，产生正负离子。带相反电荷的离子之间静电引力构成巨型离子晶格。离子化合物熔点高，可溶于水，熔融或溶于水时能导电，因为离子可以自由移动。

Covalent bonding forms when non-metal atoms share pairs of electrons to gain a full outer shell. Simple molecular substances such as water, oxygen and carbon dioxide have low melting and boiling points because the intermolecular forces are weak. Giant covalent structures like diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide have very high melting points and are hard. In diamond each carbon atom bonds to four others; in graphite each carbon bonds to three, forming layers that can slide—making graphite soft and able to conduct electricity along the layers.

非金属原子通过共用电子对形成共价键，使每个原子最外层达稳定结构。像水、氧气和二氧化碳这样的简单分子物质熔沸点低，因为分子间作用力弱。金刚石、石墨和二氧化硅等巨型共价结构熔沸点很高且硬度大。金刚石中每个碳原子与四个碳原子键合；石墨中每个碳原子与三个碳原子键合，形成可滑动的层，所以石墨软且沿层面能导电。

Metallic bonding: positive metal ions sit in a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. The strong electrostatic attraction gives metals high melting points. The free electrons allow metals to conduct heat and electricity and make them malleable (layers can slide).

金属键：带正电荷的金属离子浸在“离域电子”的海洋中。强大的静电引力使金属熔点高。自由电子使金属能导热、导电，并具有延展性（离子层可以滑动）。

6. Quantitative Chemistry and Moles | 定量化学与摩尔

The mole (mol) is the unit for amount of substance. One mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles—the Avogadro constant. The mass of one mole of a substance equals its relative formula mass (Mᵣ) in grams. For elements Mᵣ is the relative atomic mass (Aᵣ).

摩尔是物质的量的单位。1摩尔物质含有6.02×10²³个微粒，即阿伏伽德罗常数。1摩尔物质的质量等于以克为单位的相对式量(Mᵣ)，对于元素即为相对原子质量(Aᵣ)。

moles = mass (g) ÷ Mᵣ

Balanced symbol equations show the mole ratio of reactants and products. For example, 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO means 2 moles of magnesium react with 1 mole of oxygen to give 2 moles of magnesium oxide. Calculations can involve finding a limiting reactant, using mole ratios to predict mass of product, or determining percentage yield.

配平的化学方程式给出了反应物与产物的摩尔比。例如2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO表示2摩尔镁与1摩尔氧气反应生成2摩尔氧化镁。计算中可涉及确定限制反应物、用摩尔比预测产物质量或求百分产率。

Concentration in g/dm³ = mass of solute (g) ÷ volume of solution (dm³). In titration calculations, unknown concentration can be worked out using the volumes and known concentration of the other reactant.

浓度(g/dm³) = 溶质质量(g) ÷ 溶液体积(dm³)。在滴定计算中，可根据已知反应物的浓度和体积求出未知浓度。

7. Forces and Motion | 力与运动

Forces are vector quantities, meaning they have both magnitude and direction. A resultant force causes an object to accelerate, decelerate or change direction. Newton’s second law: F = m × a, where F is resultant force (N), m is mass (kg), a is acceleration (m/s²).

力是矢量，既有大小又有方向。合力会使物体加速、减速或改变方向。牛顿第二定律：F=m×a，其中F是合力(N)，m是质量(kg)，a是加速度(m/s²)。

Weight is the force of gravity on an object: W = m × g. On Earth, g ≈ 9.8 m/s². The mass of an object does not change; weight depends on gravitational field strength. An object moving in a circle is constantly accelerating towards the centre (centripetal force).

重量是作用在物体上的重力：W=m×g。在地球表面，g≈9.8 m/s²。物体的质量不变，重量随重力场强度而变化。做圆周运动的物体始终受到指向圆心的加速度，由向心力提供。

F = m a , W = m g

Distance-time graphs: a straight ascending slope shows constant speed; the steeper the slope, the faster the speed. A horizontal line shows object is stationary. Velocity-time graphs: gradient gives acceleration, area under the graph gives distance travelled.

距离-时间图：上升直线表示匀速，斜率越大速度越快；水平线表示静止。速度-时间图：斜率表示加速度，图线下面积表示行驶距离。

8. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移

Energy can be stored in different stores: kinetic, gravitational potential (GPE), elastic, thermal (internal), chemical, nuclear, magnetic and electrostatic. Energy is never created or destroyed, only transferred between stores. When a system changes, energy is transferred by heating, by waves, by electric current or by a force moving an object.

能量可储存在不同储存库中：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、热能（内能）、化学能、核能、磁能和静电能量。能量不会凭空产生或消失，只在不同储存库间转移。系统发生变化时，能量通过加热、波、电流或力做功的方式转移。

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Core Knowledge Review for Year 11 Eduqas Science | Year 11 Eduqas 科学：核心知识点梳理