Eduqas Chemistry Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Eduqas 化学核心术语速记指南

📚 Eduqas Chemistry Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Eduqas 化学核心术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology is half the battle in Year 11 Eduqas Chemistry. This guide breaks down the must-know terms into bite-sized, paired definitions with memory hooks – helping you recall them fast under exam pressure.

掌握核心术语是 Eduqas 化学 Year 11 成功的一半。本指南将必考术语拆解成易消化的中英配对定义，并配有记忆提示，帮助你在考试压力下快速提取知识。

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1. Atomic Structure | 原子结构

Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist; it has a tiny central nucleus surrounded by electrons.

原子：能够独立存在的最小元素粒子，由一个极小的中心原子核和绕核电子构成。

Nucleus: The dense, positively charged core containing protons and neutrons; it holds nearly all the mass.

原子核：致密带正电的核心，内含质子和中子，几乎承载原子全部质量。

Proton (p⁺): Subatomic particle with relative charge +1 and relative mass 1, found in the nucleus. Think: proton = positive, and it defines the element.

质子 (p⁺)：相对电荷 +1、相对质量 1 的亚原子粒子，位于核内。记忆：质子决定元素身份。

Neutron (n⁰): Neutral particle (charge 0) with relative mass 1, present in the nucleus; it holds the nucleus together.

中子 (n⁰)：电中性、相对质量 1 的粒子，存于核内，起到“胶水”般稳定核的作用。

Electron (e⁻): Negatively charged particle (charge -1) with negligible mass, moving in shells around the nucleus.

电子 (e⁻)：带负电、质量极小的粒子，在核外电子层上高速运动。

Atomic number (Z): The number of protons in the nucleus; it identifies the element uniquely.

原子序数 (Z)：核内质子数，它唯一标识一种元素。

Mass number (A): The total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus. Remember: mass number – atomic number = number of neutrons.

质量数 (A)：核内质子数与中子数之和。记住：质量数 – 原子序数 = 中子数。

Isotope: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons; they have the same chemical properties but different physical masses.

同位素：质子数相同而中子数不同的同种元素原子；化学性质相同，但物理质量不同。

Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ): The weighted mean mass of an atom relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, accounting for isotopic abundance.

相对原子质量 (Aᵣ)：将同位素丰度加权平均后，与碳‑12 原子质量 1/12 的比值。

Ion: A charged particle formed when an atom gains (anion, negative) or loses (cation, positive) electrons.

离子：原子得到电子（阴离子）或失去电子（阳离子）后形成的带电粒子。

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2. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表

Period: A horizontal row on the periodic table; elements in the same period show a trend where properties gradually change as you move across.

周期：周期表的水平行；同周期元素从左到右性质呈现渐变趋势。

Group: A vertical column; group number tells you the number of electrons in the outer shell, giving similar chemical properties.

族：垂直列；族数反映最外层电子数，因此同族元素化学性质相似。

Alkali metals (Group 1): Soft, highly reactive metals with one outer electron; reactivity increases down the group as the outer electron becomes easier to lose.

碱金属 (第1族)：柔软、极活泼的金属，最外层有1个电子；越往下越活泼，因外层电子更易失去。

Halogens (Group 7): Diatomic non-metals with seven outer electrons; reactivity decreases down the group because it becomes harder to gain an extra electron.

卤素 (第7族)：双原子非金属，最外层7个电子；往下活泼性减弱，因为更难获得外来电子。

Noble gases (Group 0/8): Unreactive gases with full outer electron shells; they exist as single atoms (monatomic).

稀有气体 (第0/8族)：最外层电子已满的惰性气体，化学性质极不活泼，以单原子形式存在。

Transition metals: A block of metals found in the central region of the table; they form coloured compounds, have variable oxidation states and are often good catalysts.

过渡金属：位于周期表中部的一个金属区，常生成有色化合物、具有多种氧化态并常用作催化剂。

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3. Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构

Ionic bond: Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions; typical between a metal and a non-metal. Ions form a giant ionic lattice.

离子键：带相反电荷离子间的静电引力，通常存在于金属与非金属之间，形成巨型离子晶格。

Covalent bond: Sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between non-metal atoms to achieve a full outer shell.

共价键：非金属原子之间通过共用电子对，使双方达到稳定最外层电子结构。

Metallic bond: The attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons; it allows metals to conduct electricity and bend.

金属键：金属阳离子晶格与离域电子“海洋”之间的静电引力，赋予金属导电性和延展性。

Giant ionic lattice: A regular, repeating 3D arrangement of cations and anions, giving high melting points and brittleness.

巨型离子晶格：阳离子与阴离子有规律的三维排列，导致高熔点和脆性。

Simple molecular substance: Made of small molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces, resulting in low melting and boiling points.

简单分子物质：由小分子组成，分子间以弱分子间力结合，熔点和沸点较低。

Giant covalent structure: A vast network of atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds throughout, e.g. diamond, silicon dioxide. Extremely high melting point.

巨型共价结构：无数原子通过强共价键连成的巨大网络，如金刚石、二氧化硅，熔点极高。

Intermolecular forces: Weak attractions between molecules; they determine bulk properties such as boiling point for simple molecular substances.

分子间力：分子之间的微弱吸引力，决定简单分子物质的熔点、沸点等宏观性质。

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4. Chemical Formulae and Equations | 化学式与方程式

Chemical formula: Symbols showing the types and ratios of atoms in a compound, e.g. H₂O has two hydrogen atoms per oxygen.

化学式：用元素符号表示化合物中原子种类与比例的式子，如 H₂O 表示两个氢和一个氧。

Empirical formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.

实验式：化合物中原子最简整数比的式子。

Molecular formula: The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule; a multiple of the empirical formula.

分子式：分子中各元素原子的实际数目，是实验式的整数倍。

Word equation: A description of a reaction using reactant and product names, e.g. ‘methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water’.

文字表达式：用反应物和生成物的名称描述反应，如“甲烷 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水”。

Balanced symbol equation: A chemical equation with the same number of each type of atom on both sides, respecting conservation of mass.

配平符号方程式：两边各原子数目相等的化学方程式，体现质量守恒。

State symbols: Letters in brackets after a formula indicating physical state: (s) solid, (l) liquid, (g) gas, (aq) aqueous (dissolved in water).

状态符号：化学式后括号内的字母，表示物态：(s) 固,(l) 液,(g) 气,(aq) 水溶液。

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5. Quantitative Chemistry | 定量化学

Mole (mol): The unit for amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro constant).

摩尔 (mol)：物质的量的单位。1 摩尔物质含恰好 6.02 × 10²³ 个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数）。

Avogadro constant (Nₐ): 6.02 × 10²³ particles per mole.

阿伏伽德罗常数 (Nₐ)：每摩尔 6.02 × 10²³ 个微粒。

Molar mass (M): The mass of one mole of a substance in g/mol; numerically equal to the relative formula mass.

摩尔质量 (M)：每摩尔物质的质量，单位 g/mol，数值上与相对式量相同。

Relative formula mass (Mᵣ): The sum of relative atomic masses of all atoms in the formula unit; used for ionic compounds.

相对式量 (Mᵣ)：一个式单元中所有原子的相对原子质量之和，通常用于离子化合物。

The key mole equation:

n = m ÷ M

其中 n 是物质的量 (mol), m 是质量 (g), M 是摩尔质量 (g/mol)。

Concentration: Measure of how much solute is dissolved in a given volume of solvent; commonly mol/dm³.

浓度：单位体积溶液中溶质的量，常用 mol/dm³。

c = n ÷ V

c 浓度 (mol/dm³), n 溶质物质的量 (mol), V 溶液体积 (dm³)。

Percentage yield: (actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) × 100; shows how efficient a reaction is.

产率：(实际产量 ÷ 理论产量) × 100，衡量反应效率。

Atom economy: (Mᵣ of desired product ÷ sum of Mᵣ of all reactants) × 100; a measure of ‘greenness’.

原子经济性：(目标产物的 Mᵣ ÷ 所有反应物的 Mᵣ 总和) × 100，衡量反应“绿色”程度。

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6. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱和盐

Acid: A substance that releases H⁺ ions in aqueous solution; has a pH less than 7.

酸：在水溶液中释放 H⁺ 离子的物质，pH 小于 7。

Base: A substance that can neutralise an acid, often metal oxides or hydroxides; alkalis are soluble bases that release OH⁻.

碱：能中和酸的物质，通常是金属氧化物或氢氧化物；可溶性碱叫 alkali，释放 OH⁻。

Alkali: A soluble base that produces OH⁻ ions in water; pH greater than 7.

可溶性碱：溶于水产生 OH⁻ 离子的碱，pH 大于 7。

Neutralisation: Reaction where an acid and a base react

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