📚 Essential SQA Philosophy Vocabulary Quick Memory Guide | SQA 哲学术语速记指南
In SQA National 5 Philosophy, mastering key terminology is crucial for constructing arguments, analysing texts and scoring well in assessments. This guide provides a structured approach to memorising the most important terms across the three core units: Arguments in Action, Knowledge and Truth, and Moral Philosophy. Each section presents core vocabulary with clear definitions, paired bilingual explanations and clever memory tricks to help you recall them effortlessly.
在SQA National 5哲学课程中，掌握关键术语对于构建论证、分析文本和在评估中取得高分至关重要。本指南提供了一种结构化方法，帮助记忆涵盖“论证实践”、“知识与真理”和“道德哲学”三个核心单元的最重要词汇。每一部分都通过清晰的定义、中英双语解释和巧妙的速记技巧，让你轻松记忆。
1. Core Argument Components | 论证核心要素
Every argument in philosophy is built from basic components. Understanding these is the first step to clear thinking.
哲学中的每个论证都由基本要素构成。理解这些是清晰思考的第一步。
A premise is a statement that offers a reason or support for a conclusion. Think of premises as the foundations of a building; if they are weak, the argument collapses.
前提 (premise) 是为结论提供理由或支持的陈述。把前提想象成建筑物的地基；如果地基薄弱，论证就会崩塌。速记：Premise 与 “preliminary”（初步的）同源，是推理的起点。
A conclusion is the statement that the argument tries to prove or establish, based on the premises.
结论 (conclusion) 是论证试图基于前提来证明或确立的陈述。速记：Conclusion 中的 “clu” 像 “clue”（线索），所有线索指向结论。
An argument is a set of statements where some (premises) are intended to support another (conclusion). Note that in philosophy, an argument is not a quarrel but a reasoning process.
论证 (argument) 是一组陈述，其中一些（前提）旨在支持另一个（结论）。注意，在哲学中 argument 不是争吵，而是推理过程。速记：Argu- 联想到 “argue for a claim”，为某个主张提供理由。
An assertion is a simple statement that something is the case, without giving any supporting reasons. It is not an argument.
断言 (assertion) 是声称某事如此的简单陈述，不提供任何支持理由。这不是论证。速记：Assert 谐音 “a sure thing” 但无证据，记住断言像喊 “sure！” 却没解释。
2. Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning | 演绎推理与归纳推理
Philosophical arguments are often divided into two main forms of reasoning. Spotting the difference is an essential skill.
哲学论证常分为两种主要推理形式。识别它们的差异是一项基本技能。
Deductive reasoning aims to provide arguments where the conclusion must be true if the premises are true. The inference is necessary.
演绎推理 (deductive reasoning) 旨在提供这样的论证：如果前提为真，结论必然为真。推理具有必然性。速记：Deduction 的 “de-” 像 “define”（定义），演绎从一般定义推特殊，就像从定义引出必然结论。
Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to a general conclusion, but the conclusion is only probable, not guaranteed.
归纳推理 (inductive reasoning) 从具体观察得出一般结论，但结论只是可能的，并非必然。速记：Induction 像 “introduce”（引入），归纳引入新观点，但总带着 “可能” 的尾巴。
A necessary truth is one that cannot be false, such as “2+2=4”; a probable truth is likely but could be false, such as “the sun will rise tomorrow”.
必然真理 是不可能为假的真理，如 “2+2=4”；或然真理 很可能为真但可能为假，如 “明天太阳会升起”。速记：Necessary 同 “never false”，Probable 像 “probably”，永远留个问号。
3. Validity, Soundness and Cogency | 有效性、可靠性与说服力
Once we understand argument types, we evaluate them with specific terms. These terms help you decide whether an argument actually works.
理解了论证类型后，我们使用特定术语来评价它们。这些术语帮助判断论证是否真的站得住脚。
Validity applies only to deductive arguments: an argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. It cares about form, not actual truth.
有效性 (validity) 仅适用于演绎论证：一个论证有效，当且仅当不可能前提真而结论假。它关心的是形式，而非实际真值。速记：Valid 聚焦于 “connection”（联结），前提到结论的链条必须完整。
Soundness describes a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises. A sound argument guarantees a true conclusion.
可靠性 (soundness) 描述一个演绎论证既有效又拥有全部为真的前提。一个可靠的论证保证结论为真。速记：Sound 谐音 “sound”（声音）饱满，因为形式有效且前提真实，听起来很 “对头”。
Cogency is the inductive equivalent of soundness: a cogent argument is strong (the premises make the conclusion highly probable) and has true premises.
说服力 (cogency) 是归纳论证中相当于可靠性的概念：一个有说服力的论证是强的（前提使结论高度可能）并且前提真实。速记：Cogency 像 “cog” （齿轮），各环节啮合紧密，推动结论很有力。
4. Common Fallacies | 常见逻辑谬误
Fallacies are errors in reasoning that weaken an argument. Recognising them helps you avoid being misled and strengthens your own writing.
谬误是推理中的错误，会削弱论证。识别谬误有助于避免被误导，并加强自己的写作。
Ad Hominem: attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself. This diverts attention from the real issue.
人身攻击 (ad hominem)：攻击论证者本人而非论证本身，转移了真正问题的焦点。速记：拉丁语 “ad hominem” 意为 “针对人”，homo=人，记住 “打人不是打论点”。
Straw Man: misrepresenting or exaggerating an opponent’s argument to make it easier to attack.
稻草人 (straw man)：歪曲或夸大对方的论证，使其更容易被攻击。速记：想象你用稻草扎的假人代替真对手，打倒稻草人不等于赢了辩论。
False Dilemma: presenting only two options when in fact more exist, forcing an either/or choice.
假两难 (false dilemma)：只给出两个选项，而实际上还有更多，逼迫做出非此即彼的选择。速记：Dilemma 原本是 “两难”，前面加个 “False” 提醒你，这儿还有第三条路。
Begging the Question: assuming the very point that is at issue in the premise, essentially arguing in a circle.
乞题 (begging the question)：在前提中预设了待证明的观点，本质上是循环论证。速记：像讨要问题本身，偷偷把结论装进前提里，转圈圈。
| Fallacy | Speed Recall |
|---|---|
| Ad Hominem | “To the man” → attack person |
| Straw Man | Fake version of argument → easy to knock down |
| False Dilemma | Only black/white, ignore grey |
| Begging the Question | Circular reasoning → assume conclusion in premise |
5. The Tripartite Definition of Knowledge | 知识的三要素定义
For centuries, philosophers have analysed knowledge as justified true belief. This so‑called tripartite definition remains the starting point for epistemology in SQA.
几个世纪以来，哲学家们将知识分析为被证成的真信念。这个所谓的三要素定义仍然是SQA认识论单元的起点。
Belief: to know something, you must first believe it. You cannot know something you do not accept as true.
信念 (belief)：要知道某事，你必须首先相信它。你不可能知道一件你不认为是真的事。速记：Belief 是 “be-lief”，像 “be-lie-f” 但其实是 “愿意持有” 的立场。
Truth: what you believe must actually be true. A false belief, no matter how strongly held, cannot be knowledge.
真理 (truth)：你所相信的必须事实为真。一个错误的信念，无论多么坚定，都不能成为知识。速记：Truth 是客观的 “事实”，不因信念而转移。
Justification: you must have adequate reasons or evidence for your belief. A lucky guess, even if true, does not count as knowledge.
证成 (justification)：你必须拥有充分的理由或证据支持你的信念。即使猜对了，碰运气也不算是知识。速记：Justification 里的 “just” 像 “just right”（刚好有理），要有证据才能说 “我懂”。
Together, these three conditions – belief, truth and justification – form JTB. Remember the acronym JTB to quickly recall the tripartite definition.
这三个条件——信念、真理和证成——共同构成 JTB。记住缩写 JTB 可以快速回忆三要素定义。
6. Scepticism and Responses | 怀疑主义及其回应
Scepticism challenges the very possibility of knowledge. Understanding its arguments sharpens your ability to defend knowledge claims.
怀疑主义挑战知识的可能性。理解其论证能增强你为知识主张辩护的能力。
Global scepticism is the view that we cannot know anything at all. It doubts every belief equally, even that an external world exists.
全面怀疑主义 (global scepticism) 认为我们根本无法知道任何事。它同等质疑每一个信念，甚至质疑外部世界是否存在。速记：Global = 全球的，怀疑主义席卷 “一切”，不留任何知识孤岛。
Descartes’ Evil Demon imagines a powerful deceiver who feeds us false experiences, making it impossible to trust our senses. This thought experiment supports scepticism about the external world.
笛卡尔的恶魔 (Descartes’ Evil Demon) 设想一个强大的欺骗者，给我们植入虚假体验，使我们无法信任感官。这个思想实验支持对外部世界的怀疑。速记：Evil Demon 像隐藏的黑客，篡改你所有感官数据。
In response, foundationalism claims that some basic beliefs are self‑justified and certain, providing a firm foundation for all other knowledge.
作为回应，基础主义 (foundationalism) 主张某些基本信念是自我证成且确定的，为所有其他知识提供了坚实基础。速记：Foundation 像大楼地基，不用再往下挖。
Coherentism argues that beliefs are justified by fitting together in a mutually supporting web, rather than resting on a single foundation.
融贯论 (coherentism) 则主张信念通过在一个互相支持的网中彼此契合而得到证成，而非依赖单一基础。速记：Coherent 如拼图碎片，互相咬住，整体稳定。
7. Rationalism and Empiricism | 理性主义与经验主义
This classic debate asks where knowledge comes from. Grasping the key terms here is vital for the Knowledge and Truth unit.
这场经典辩论探讨知识的来源。掌握这里的关键术语对“知识与真理”单元至关重要。
Rationalism holds that reason is the primary source of knowledge, and that we can have substantive knowledge independently of sense experience.
理性主义 (rationalism) 认为理性是知识的主要来源，我们能够在独立于感官经验的情况下获得实质性知识。速记：Ratio- 像 “ratio”（理性），理性至上，不靠感官。
Empiricism argues that all knowledge ultimately comes from sensory experience. The mind at birth is a blank slate.
经验主义 (empiricism) 主张所有知识最终都来自感官经验。心灵在出生时是一块白板。速记：Empiric- 与 “empire” 形似，但更似 “experience” 缩写，经验为王。
A priori knowledge is justified independently of experience, e.g. “All bachelors are unmarried.” A posteriori knowledge depends on experience, e.g. “The cat is on the mat.”
先天知识 (a priori) 是不依赖于经验而证成的知识，如 “所有单身汉都未婚”。后天知识 (a posteriori) 依赖于经验，如 “猫在垫子上”。速记：A priori 像 “prior to” 经验；a posteriori 像 “post”（之后），必须经验过后才知道。
Innate ideas are concepts or knowledge we are born with, a hallmark of rationalism. Empiricists reject this with the tabula rasa (blank slate) model.
天赋观念 (innate ideas) 是我们与生俱来的概念或知识，是理性主义的标志。经验主义者用 tabula rasa（白板）模型予以否定。速记：Innate 像 “in-born”，自带；tabula rasa 联想 “table erased”，桌子被擦干净。
8. Utilitarianism | 功利主义
In Moral Philosophy, utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory centred on happiness. Memorise these core terms to tackle any exam question on Bentham or Mill.
在道德哲学中，功利主义是一种以幸福为中心的后果论。记住这些核心术语，轻松应对关于边沁或密尔的任何考题。
Utility refers to the usefulness or amount of happiness produced by an action. The right action is the one that maximises utility.
功利 (utility) 指一个行动产生的有用性或幸福感总量。正确的行动就是能使功利最大化的行动。速记：Utility 听起来像 “you’ll be happy”，做好事人人都快乐。
The Greatest Happiness Principle states that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.
最大幸福原则 (Greatest Happiness Principle) 主张：行动的正确性与其促进幸福的倾向成正比，错误性与其产生不幸的倾向成正比。速记：缩写 GHP，像 “give happiness please”（请给幸福）。
Hedonic Calculus (Bentham) is a quantitative method to measure pleasure and pain by considering factors like intensity, duration, certainty and extent.
快乐计算 (hedonic calculus) 是边沁提出的一种量化方法，通过考察强度、持续度、确定性、范围等因素来衡量快乐与痛苦。速记：Hedonic 像 “hedonism”（享乐），计算器算快乐得分。
Higher and lower pleasures (Mill) distinguish quality of pleasure: intellectual and moral pleasures are superior to bodily ones. ‘Better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.’
高级快乐与低级快乐 (higher and lower pleasures) 是密尔区分的快乐品质：理智与道德快乐优于肉体快乐。“宁愿做不满足的苏格拉底，也不做满足的傻瓜。” 速记：Higher 快乐来自脑力，Lower 来自肚子，记住苏格拉底的选择。
9. Deontology (Kantian Ethics) | 义务论（康德伦理学）
Deontology focuses on duty and rules rather than consequences. Kant’s framework contains highly specific vocabulary that you must know.
义务论关注义务和规则，而非后果。康德的框架包含高度特定的词汇，必须掌握。
Good Will is the only thing that is good without qualification, according to Kant. It acts for the sake of duty, not from inclination or for a reward.
善良意志 (good will) 是康德眼中唯一无条件的善。它为了义务本身而行动，而非出于爱好或为了奖赏。速记：Good Will 如同纯粹的 “好心”，不求结果，只求动机正当。
Duty is the necessity of acting out of respect for the moral law. We discover our duties through reason, not through feelings.
义务 (duty) 是出于对道德法则的敬重而行动的必要性。我们通过理性，而非情感，来发现义务。速记：Duty 像 “do it for the law”，不为好处。
The Categorical Imperative commands us to act according to rules that could be universalised: “Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.”
定言命令 (categorical imperative) 命令我们只按照那些可以普遍化的准则行动：“只依照你认为能够同时愿意它成为普遍法则的准则去行动。” 速记：Categorical 像 “必定的”，没有 “如果”，无条件执行；Imperative 就是命令。
A maxim is the subjective principle or rule behind an action. You test whether your maxim can be universalised without contradiction.
准则 (maxim) 是行动背后的主观原则或规则。你要检验自己的准则能否无矛盾地普遍化。速记：Maxim 像 “max”（最大）范围，想象把你的行动规则放大到全世界看是否成立。
10. Virtue Ethics | 美德伦理学
Virtue ethics, inspired by Aristotle, shifts focus from actions or rules to the character of the moral agent. Several Greek terms are essential.
美德伦理学受亚里士多德启发，将焦点从行动或规则转移到道德行为者的品格上。有几个希腊术语是必会的。
Eudaimonia is often translated as ‘flourishing’ or ‘well‑being’. It is the final goal of human life, achieved by living virtuously in accordance with reason.
幸福/昌盛 (eudaimonia) 常译为“繁荣”或“福祉”。它是人生的终极目标，通过合乎理性的美德生活来实现。速记：Eu- 好，daimon 神明 → 好的灵魂状态，像内在的“盛开”。
A virtue is a stable character trait that enables a person to act and feel in the right way, at the right time, towards the right objects. Examples: courage, honesty, temperance.
美德 (virtue) 是一种稳定的品格特质，使人能够在正确的时间、以正确的方式、对正确的对象行动和感受。例如：勇气、诚实、节制。速记
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