SQA German: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | SQA 德语：公式定理速查手册

📚 SQA German: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | SQA 德语：公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your SQA German Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook. In this revision guide, you will find essential grammar rules expressed as compact formulas and theorems. English explanations are paired with Chinese translations throughout, so you can quickly understand and memorise the patterns needed for National 5 German. By treating language structures like mathematical equations, you can approach your exams with confidence.

欢迎使用你的 SQA 德语公式定理速查手册。在这本复习指南中，你将以紧凑的公式和定理形式看到核心语法规则。全文采用中英双语配对讲解，方便你快速理解并记忆 National 5 德语所需的各种模式。把语言结构当作数学方程式来掌握，让你自信应对考试。

1. Noun Gender Identification Formula | 名词性别识别公式

German nouns have one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. While there are some exceptions, you can often determine gender using the ending formula. Mastering these tendencies makes article and adjective agreement much easier.

德语名词有三种性别：阳性、阴性和中性。虽然存在例外，但根据词尾公式往往能推断性别。掌握这些规律可以让冠词和形容词搭配变得简单许多。

Masculine nouns often end in -er, -el, -en, -ig, -ling, -or. Examples: der Lehrer, der Vogel, der Wagen, der König, der Liebling, der Motor.

阳性名词常以 -er, -el, -en, -ig, -ling, -or 结尾。例如：der Lehrer, der Vogel, der Wagen, der König, der Liebling, der Motor。

Feminine nouns often end in -ung, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -tion, -ie, -tät, -e. Examples: die Zeitung, die Freiheit, die Möglichkeit, die Freundschaft, die Nation, die Magie, die Universität, die Lampe.

阴性名词常以 -ung, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -tion, -ie, -tät, -e 结尾。例如：die Zeitung, die Freiheit, die Möglichkeit, die Freundschaft, die Nation, die Magie, die Universität, die Lampe。

Neuter nouns often end in -chen, -lein, -ment, -um, -tum. Examples: das Mädchen, das Fräulein, das Instrument, das Datum, das Eigentum.

中性名词常以 -chen, -lein, -ment, -um, -tum 结尾。例如：das Mädchen, das Fräulein, das Instrument, das Datum, das Eigentum。

Key compound noun formula: the gender of a compound noun is always determined by the very last part. For example, ‘die Schule’ + ‘der Hof’ = ‘der Schulhof’ (masculine), not ‘die’. Apply this rule every time you meet a long noun.

关键复合名词公式：复合名词的性别永远由最后一部分决定。例如 die Schule + der Hof = der Schulhof（阳性），而不是 die。每次遇到长名词都套用这个公式。

2. Definite & Indefinite Article Declension Formulas | 定冠词与不定冠词变格公式

Articles change according to case and gender. The definite article (the) follows this declension table. Memorise it as a fundamental theorem for all subsequent case work.

冠词根据格和性别变化。定冠词 (the) 遵循以下变格表。把它当作后续所有格应用的基础定理来记忆。

主格：der, die, das, die；宾格：den, die, das, die；与格：dem, der, dem, den。特别注意复数与格名词还要加上词尾 -n（例如 den Kindern, den Frauen），这是 National 5 高频考点。

The indefinite article (a/an) and negative article (kein) reuse almost the same endings. There is no plural indefinite article; use ‘keine’ in the plural for negation. The table below gives the shape of ein/kein.

不定冠词 (a/an) 和否定冠词 (kein) 使用几乎相同的词尾。复数没有不定冠词；复数否定用 keine。下表给出 ein/kein 的形态。