📚 WJEC Year 11 English: Terminology Memorisation Guide | WJEC 十一年级英语：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vast array of terminology for WJEC Year 11 English can feel like learning a new language. This guide breaks down key terms into clear categories, pairs every concept with a memorable definition, and gives you a simple structure to follow so you can recall each term confidently in your exams.
掌握 WJEC 十一年级英语中的海量术语，就像在学习一门新的语言。这份速记指南将核心术语分门别类，为每个概念配上易于记忆的定义，并为你提供清晰的结构，让你在考试中自信回忆起每一个术语。
1. Figurative Language | 比喻与修辞语言
Simile: A direct comparison between two different things using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’.
明喻：使用 ‘like’ 或 ‘as’ 将两种不同事物进行直接比较。
Metaphor: A figure of speech that states one thing is another, creating an implicit comparison without using ‘like’ or ‘as’.
暗喻：直接将一事物说成另一事物，不使用 ‘like’ 或 ‘as’，形成隐含的比较。
Personification: Giving human qualities, emotions, or actions to inanimate objects or abstract ideas.
拟人：将人的特质、情感或行为赋予无生命物体或抽象概念。
Hyperbole: Deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or effect, not meant to be taken literally.
夸张：为了强调或达到某种效果而故意进行的夸大，并非字面意义上的真实描述。
Oxymoron: A phrase that combines two contradictory or opposing words for a striking effect, such as ‘living death’ or ‘bittersweet’.
矛盾修饰法：将两个互相矛盾的词语组合在一起的短语，以产生引人注目的效果，例如 ‘living death’ 或 ‘bittersweet’。
Pathetic fallacy: A type of personification in which the natural world or setting reflects human emotions, e.g. gloomy weather mirroring sadness.
感情误置：一种拟人手法的变体，让自然环境或场景反映人物的情感，例如阴沉天气映照内心的悲伤。
2. Sound Devices | 音韵与听觉效果
Alliteration: The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of closely placed words, e.g. ‘wild whistling wind’.
头韵：紧邻的单词开头辅音音素的重复，例如 ‘wild whistling wind’。
Sibilance: A specific form of alliteration that repeats the ‘s’ or ‘sh’ sound, producing a hissing or soothing effect, as in ‘soft silver sea’.
咝音：是头韵的一种特殊形式，重复 ‘s’ 或 ‘sh’ 音，产生嘶嘶声或柔和舒缓的效果，如 ‘soft silver sea’。
Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds within words placed close together, such as ‘sweet sea’ where the ‘ee’ sound lingers.
谐音：紧邻单词内部元音音素的重复，如 ‘sweet sea’ 中 ‘ee’ 音的延续。
Consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds anywhere within words, not just at the start, e.g. ‘blank and think’ repeating the ‘nk’ sound.
辅音韵：辅音音素在单词中间或末尾的重复，不仅限于开头，如 ‘blank and think’ 重复了 ‘nk’ 音。
Onomatopoeia: A word that imitates or suggests the sound it describes, such as ‘buzz’, ‘hiss’, or ‘bang’.
拟声词：模仿或暗示其描述声音的词语，如 ‘buzz’、’hiss’、’bang’。
3. Structural Techniques | 结构与组织技巧
Anaphora: The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences or clauses to build rhythm and emphasis.
首语重复：在连续的句子或从句开头有意重复相同的词语或短语，以营造节奏并增强重点。
Epistrophe: The opposite of anaphora; the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of consecutive clauses or sentences.
尾语重复：与首语重复相反，在连续的从句或句子末尾重复相同的词语或短语。
Tricolon: A list of three parallel items or phrases used to create a sense of completeness and rhythm, e.g. ‘clean, safe, and friendly’.
三叠排比：将三个并列的项目或短语罗列在一起，营造完整感和节奏感，例如 ‘clean, safe, and friendly’。
Juxtaposition: Placing two different or opposing ideas, images, or words close together to highlight contrasts and enhance meaning.
并置：将两种不同或对立的观念、意象或词语放在一起，以突出对比并加深含义。
Foreshadowing: Hints or clues the writer plants early in a text to hint at future events, creating suspense.
伏笔：作者在文本早期埋下的暗示或线索，预示即将发生的事情，制造悬念。
4. Word Classes (Parts of Speech) | 词类（词性）
Understanding word classes helps you analyse how writers manipulate language to create precise effects. Below is a quick reference table for the main parts of speech.
理解词类能帮助你分析作者如何操控语言以产生特定的效果。以下是主要词性的快速参考表格。
| Word Class | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Noun | A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. | city, courage |
| Verb | A word that shows action or state of being. | run, is |
| Adjective | A word that describes or modifies a noun. | gentle, blue |
| Adverb | A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, often ending in -ly. | quickly, very |
| Pronoun | A word that takes the place of a noun (e.g. he, she, it, they). | they, myself |
| Preposition | A word that shows the relationship between a noun/pronoun and other words, often indicating position or time. | under, before |
| Conjunction | A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses (e.g. and, but, because). | and, although |
| Determiner | A word placed before a noun to clarify which or how many (e.g. a, the, this, some). | a, the, every |
When revising for the WJEC exam, remember that adjectives and adverbs shape the reader’s perception of a scene, while pronouns can reveal the relationship between the writer and the audience.
在 WJEC 考试复习中，要记住形容词和副词塑造着读者对场景的感知，而代词则能揭示作者与读者之间的关系。
5. Sentence Types and Functions | 句子类型与功能
Simple sentence: A sentence with one independent clause containing a subject and a verb, e.g. ‘The rain fell.’
简单句：只包含一个独立从句的句子，有一个主语和一个谓语，如 ‘The rain fell.’。
Compound sentence: Two or more independent clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction such as ‘and’, ‘but’, or ‘or’.
并列句：由并列连词如 ‘and’、’but’、’or’ 连接的两个或多个独立从句。
Complex sentence: A sentence containing one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause, e.g. ‘Although it was late, he stayed.’
复合句：包含一个独立从句和至少一个从属从句的句子，如 ‘Although it was late, he stayed.’。
Declarative sentence: A sentence that makes a statement or conveys information, ending with a full stop.
陈述句：做出陈述或传递信息的句子，以句号结尾。
Imperative sentence: A sentence that gives a command or instruction, starting with a verb, e.g. ‘Stop shouting.’
祈使句：发出命令或指令的句子，以动词开头，如 ‘Stop shouting.’。
6. Register, Tone and Style | 语域、语气与风格
Formal register: Language that follows standard conventions, avoids contractions and slang, and uses sophisticated vocabulary to convey seriousness or authority.
正式语域：遵循标准规范、避免缩略形式和俚语、使用复杂词汇以传递严肃或权威感的语言。
Informal register: Relaxed, conversational language that may include contractions, colloquial expressions, and personal pronouns, creating a sense of intimacy.
非正式语域：轻松、口语化的语言，可能包含缩约形式、俗语和个人代词，营造亲切感。
Colloquial language: Everyday words and phrases used in casual speech, such as ‘gonna’ or ‘cool’, which help to create a realistic, down-to-earth tone.
口语体：在日常交谈中使用的词语和短语，如 ‘gonna’ 或 ‘cool’，有助于营造真实、接地气的语气。
Emotive language: Words deliberately chosen to stir an emotional response in the reader, such as ‘devastating’, ‘heart-warming’, or ‘brutal’.
情感语言：刻意挑选以激起读者情感反应的词语，如 ‘devastating’、’heart-warming’、’brutal’。
7. Narrative Voice and Perspective | 叙述视角与声音
First-person narration: The story is told by a character using ‘I’ or ‘we’, giving the reader direct access to that character’s thoughts and feelings but limiting the perspective to one viewpoint.
第一人称叙述：故事由一个人物使用 ‘I’ 或 ‘we’ 讲述，让读者直接了解该人物的思想和感受，但视角仅限于这一个观点。
Third-person limited narration: The narrator is outside the story and refers to characters as ‘he’, ‘she’, or ‘they’, revealing the thoughts and feelings of only one character.
第三人称有限叙述：叙述者在故事之外，用 ‘he’、’she’、’they’ 指称人物，但只揭示其中一个人物的思想和感受。
Third-person omniscient narration: An all-knowing narrator who shares the thoughts and emotions of all characters, moving freely across time and space.
第三人称全知叙述：无所不知的叙述者，能展示所有人物的思想和情感，并在时空之间自由移动。
Unreliable narrator: A narrator whose account of events cannot be fully trusted due to bias, limited knowledge, or mental instability, creating irony for the reader.
不可靠叙述者：由于偏见、知识局限或精神不稳定而导致其叙述不可全信的叙述者，为读者制造反讽效果。
8. Rhetorical Devices for Persuasion | 说服性修辞手法
Rhetorical question: A question asked for effect rather than an answer, designed to engage the audience and encourage them to agree with the implied point.
反问句：为达到效果而提出的问题，无需回答，旨在吸引听众并促使他们认同隐含的观点。
Rule of three / Tripling: Presenting three adjectives, phrases, or ideas in quick succession to make a message more memorable and authoritative, e.g. ‘steady, safe, secure’.
黄金三法则 / 三连排：快速连续使用三个形容词、短语或观点，使信息更具记忆点与权威感，例如 ‘steady, safe, secure’。
Direct address: Using the second-person pronoun ‘you’ or ‘we’ to speak directly to the reader, making them feel involved and personally responsible.
直接称呼：使用第二人称代词 ‘you’ 或 ‘we’ 与读者直接对话，让他们感到被卷入其中并负有责任。
Facts and statistics: Objective data and numerical evidence employed to support an argument and lend credibility to the writer’s point of view.
事实与数据：用于支持论点并增加作者观点可信度的客观资料和数字证据。
9. Word Choices and Connotations | 词汇选择与隐含意义
Denotation: The literal, dictionary definition of a word, free from emotional overtones. For instance, the denotation of ‘home’ is simply a place where one lives.
外延：词语的字面定义，即词典上的释义，不含感情色彩。例如 ‘home’ 的外延就是一个居住的地方。
Connotation: The associated emotions, ideas, or cultural meanings a word carries beyond its literal definition. The word ‘home’ connotes warmth, safety, and belonging.
内涵：词语在字面定义之外所承载的情感、观念或文化含义。’home’ 的内涵包括温暖、安全与归属感。
Semantic field: A group of words related in meaning that cluster together in a text to create a particular focus, such as words of warfare (‘battle’, ‘attack’, ‘defend’) in an argument.
语义场：文本中因意义相关而聚集在一起的一组词语，用以构建特定焦点，例如在论证中使用含有战争语义的词汇（’battle’, ‘attack’, ‘defend’）。
Lexical set: A collection of words belonging to the same word class or sharing the same grammatical function; for example, modal verbs (can, must, might) form a lexical set.
词汇集合：属于同一词类或拥有相同语法功能的一组词语，例如情态动词（can, must, might）就构成一个词汇集合。
10. Memory Tricks for Terminology | 术语速记实用技巧
AFOREST: This famous acronym helps you remember persuasive techniques: Alliteration, Facts, Opinion, Rhetorical question, Emotive language, Statistics, Tripling. Recite it before any writing or analysis task.
AFOREST 缩写法：这个著名的首字母缩写能帮你记住说服技巧：Alliteration（头韵）、Facts（事实）、Opinion（观点）、Rhetorical question（反问）、Emotive language（情感语言）、Statistics（数据）、Tripling（三连）。在任何写作或分析任务前先默念一遍。
Flashcards with examples: Write the term on one side of a card and a clear example taken from a past paper or a known poem on the other. The pair forms a mental bridge between the label and real usage.
附带例句的闪卡：在卡片正面写上术语，背面写上从历年真题或著名诗歌中摘录的例句。这一配对会在术语与实际运用之间搭建起思维桥梁。
Grouping by function: Organise terms into functional families – sound, structure, persuasion, narration – rather than memorising a random list. Your brain finds patterns much faster than isolated facts.
按功能分类记忆：将术语归入功能家族——音韵类、结构类、说服类、叙述类——而不是死记硬背一个随机列表。大脑寻找模式的速度远比记忆孤立事实快得多。
Teach a friend: Explain each term aloud to someone else as if you were the examiner. The act of teaching forces you to simplify and clarify, instantly revealing how well you truly understand the concept.
教给朋友：像考官一样向别人大声解释每一个术语。教授的过程迫使你简化和澄清，即刻显露出你对概念真正的理解程度。
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