📚 Year 11 CAIE Psychology: A Rapid Memorisation Guide to Key Terms | Year 11 CAIE 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Psychology is a word-heavy subject, and exam success often hinges on your ability to recall precise definitions of key terms. This guide is designed specifically for Year 11 CAIE IGCSE Psychology students, offering both clear meanings and memorable hooks to lock each term into your long-term memory. Use it actively by covering the definition and testing yourself, or by drawing the silly images suggested.
心理学是一门词汇量很大的学科，考试的成功往往取决于你能否准确回忆关键术语的定义。本指南专为 Year 11 CAIE IGCSE 心理学的学生设计，既提供清晰的含义，也给出好记的“挂钩”，帮你把每个术语锁进长期记忆。你可以盖住定义主动自测，也可以画出我们建议的好笑图像来加深印象。
1. Research Methods: The Foundation | 研究方法：基础
Independent Variable (IV): the factor the researcher changes or manipulates to see if it has an effect. Mnemonic: ‘I’ change the IV – the researcher is in control.
自变量 (IV)：研究者为了观察其是否有影响而改变或操纵的因素。速记法：“我”（I）改变 IV——研究者掌控一切。
Dependent Variable (DV): the factor the researcher measures; it ‘depends’ on the IV. Mnemonic: DV is what you Discover at the end, after the experiment.
因变量 (DV)：研究者测量的因素，它“依赖于”自变量而变化。速记法：DV 是实验结束后你“发现”（Discover）的结果。
Hypothesis: a clear, testable prediction about how the IV will affect the DV. Remember: a hypothesis is not a question but a statement. Think ‘If IV, then DV’.
假设：关于自变量将如何影响因变量的清晰、可检验的预测。记住：假设不是问句，而是一个陈述句。想想“如果改变 IV，那么 DV 就会变化”。
Demand Characteristics: cues in an experiment that make participants guess the aim and change their natural behaviour. ‘Demand’ hints that the situation seems to ‘demand’ a certain response.
要求特征：实验中让参与者猜出实验目的并改变其自然行为的线索。“要求”（Demand）一词暗示，情境似乎在“要求”某种特定的反应。
2. Memory: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储与提取
Encoding: changing information into a format the brain can store. Think of ‘encoding’ a video into a digital file – changing its form so it can be saved.
编码：把信息转换成大脑可以存储的格式。想一想把视频“编码”成数字文件——改变形式，以便保存。
Storage: retaining encoded information over time. Link to a warehouse ‘store’ where information is kept until needed.
存储：将编码后的信息长时间保留。把它联想成一个仓库（store），信息一直保存在那里直到被需要。
Retrieval: accessing stored information when it is needed. Remember ‘re-‘ (again) + ‘trieve’ (like ‘find’) – finding the memory again.
提取：在需要时访问已存储的信息。记住 ‘re-‘（再次）和 ‘trieve’（像 ‘find’，寻找）——重新找到记忆。
Short-Term Memory (STM) capacity: 7 ± 2 items. Magic number 7. Imagine a short street with only 7 houses, some might have 5 or 9.
短时记忆 (STM) 的容量：7 ± 2 个组块。神奇的数字 7。想象一条短街，只有 7 座房子，有时可能 5 座或 9 座。
3. Brain and Neuropsychology | 大脑与神经心理学
Frontal Lobe: responsible for decision-making, personality and voluntary movement. Mnemonic: at the ‘front’ of your head, you make frontal decisions and plan your future.
额叶：负责决策、人格和随意运动。速记法：在头部最“前方”（front），你做出“前沿”决策并规划未来。
Temporal Lobe: processes auditory information and memory. ‘Temporal’ sounds like ‘tempo’ – music tempo is heard, and hearing is processed here.
颞叶：处理听觉信息和记忆。“Temporal” 听起来像 “tempo”（节拍）——音乐节拍是听到的，而听觉就在这里处理。
Synapse: the tiny gap between two neurons where signals are passed chemically. Picture a ‘synaptic kiss’ – two neurons almost touching but not quite, sending a chemical message.
突触：两个神经元之间极小的间隙，信号在此通过化学物质传递。想象一个“突触之吻”——两个神经元几乎碰到但没碰到，传递着化学信息。
Neuroplasticity: the brain’s ability to change and reorganize itself throughout life. Think ‘plastic brain’ – it can be moulded by experience just like plasticine.
神经可塑性：大脑在一生中自我改变和重组的能力。想象一个“可塑的大脑”——像橡皮泥一样可以被经验塑形。
4. Sleep and Dreaming | 睡眠与做梦
REM Sleep: Rapid Eye Movement stage, where most vivid dreaming occurs. Visualize eyes darting under closed lids, like watching a rapid ping-pong match.
快速眼动睡眠：出现快速眼动的阶段，大多数生动的梦境发生于此。想象眼皮底下眼球快速扫视，像观看一场快速的乒乓球比赛。
Circadian Rhythm: biological clock cycling about 24 hours. ‘Circa’ = about, ‘dian’ = day. Your body roughly follows the sun’s cycle each day.
昼夜节律：约 24 小时为一个周期的生物钟。“Circa” = 大约，“dian” = 一天。身体大致遵循每天太阳的周期。
Manifest Content: the actual storyline of a dream, according to Freud. ‘Manifest’ sounds like ‘man if he said it’ – the surface story a man tells you.
显性内容：弗洛伊德所指的梦的实际故事情节。“Manifest” 有点像 “man if he said it” ——就是一个人告诉你的表面故事。
Latent Content: the hidden, symbolic meaning behind a dream. ‘Latent’ = lying hidden, like a ‘latent’ fingerprint at a crime scene.
隐性内容：梦背后隐藏的、象征性的意义。 “Latent” 就是隐藏着的，如同犯罪现场中的“潜隐”指纹。
5. Attachment | 依恋
Attachment: a deep, enduring emotional bond between two people. Picture a baby koala literally ‘attached’ to its mother – inseparable.
依恋：两个人之间深厚而持久的情感纽带。想象一只小考拉紧紧“附着”（attached）在妈妈身上——分不开。
Secure Attachment: a healthy bond where the infant feels safe to explore, knowing the caregiver is a secure base. Mnemonic: a ‘secure’ fortress gives you confidence to go out.
安全型依恋：一种健康的纽带，婴儿感到安全并敢于探索，知道照料者是安全基地。速记法：一座“安全” (secure) 的堡垒让你有信心走出去。
Strange Situation: Ainsworth’s procedure to measure attachment style through separations and reunions. Remember ‘stranger’ enters and mom leaves – it feels strange for the baby.
陌生情境：艾因斯沃斯通过分离和团聚来测量依恋类型的实验程序。记住“陌生人”（stranger）进来，妈妈离开——这对婴儿来说很陌生。
Separation Anxiety: distress shown by an infant when separated from the primary caregiver. The word ‘anxiety’ stems from ‘anxious’ – feeling anxious when apart.
分离焦虑：婴儿与主要照料者分离时表现出的痛苦。“焦虑”（anxiety）一词源于“不安”（anxious）——分开时感到不安。
6. Social Influence | 社会影响
Conformity: changing one’s behaviour or beliefs to match those of a group. Mnemonic: when you ‘conform’, you become like a ‘form’ – identical shape to others.
从众：改变自己的行为或信念以与群体保持一致。速记法：当你“从众”（conform）时，你就像一个“模板”（form）——跟别人一个模样。
Obedience: following direct orders from an authority figure. Think ‘OBey’ – the O and B suggest Order and Boss.
服从：听从权威人物直接下达的命令。想想 ‘OBey’——O 和 B 代表 Order 和 Boss。
Minority Influence: a small group changes the majority’s view by being consistent and confident. The ‘minor’ in minority is like a ‘miner’ – persistently digging until the rock changes shape.
少数派影响：小群体通过保持一贯和自信来改变多数人的观点。Minority 里的 ‘minor’ 就像一个矿工 (miner)——坚持不懈地挖掘，直到岩石变形。
Social Loafing: exerting less effort in a group task because individual performance can’t be identified. Imagine a loaf of bread – when everyone bakes it, no one feels responsible and the bread may be heavy and undercooked.
社会惰化：在群体任务中付出较少努力，因为个人表现无法被识别。想象一条面包 (loaf)——人人都在烤，谁也不负责，面包可能又重又没烤熟。
7. Language and Thought | 语言与思维
Phoneme: the smallest unit of sound in language, like /p/ or /b/. ‘Phon’ relates to sound, as in telephone. Think of a tiny ‘phone’ call made by two sounds.
音素：语言中最小的声音单位，如 /p/ 或 /b/。“Phon” 与声音有关，好比电话 (telephone)。想象两个声音在进行一次小小的“电话”通话。
Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language, e.g. ‘un-‘, ‘cat’. ‘Morph’ means form or shape – a morpheme gives form to meaning.
语素：语言中最小的意义单位，如“un-”、“猫”。“Morph” 指形式或形状——语素赋予意义以形式。
Semantics: the study of meaning in language. ‘Semantics’ sounds like ‘some antics’ – words can have some crazy meanings.
语义学：研究语言中意义的学问。“Semantics” 听起来像 “some antics” （一些滑稽动作）——词语可能有些疯狂的含义。
Syntax: the set of rules for arranging words into sentences. Remember ‘syn’ (together) + ‘tax’ (arrangement) – words taxed together in a line.
句法：将词语排列成句的一套规则。记住 “syn” （一起）和 “tax” （安排）——词语被一起征税（tax），排列成行。
8. Psychological Problems | 心理问题
Phobia: an excessive and irrational fear of an object or situation. ‘Phobia’ rhymes with ‘so be a’ – so be afraid! Visualize the object causing huge fear.
恐惧症：对某物体或情境过度而不合理的恐惧。“Phobia” 听起来像 “so be a” ——那就害怕吧！想象那个物体引发巨大恐惧。
Depression: a mood disorder with prolonged low mood and loss of interest. The ‘press’ in depression – feeling pressed down by a heavy weight.
抑郁症：一种情绪障碍，表现为持续的情绪低落和兴趣丧失。抑郁 (depression) 里的 “press” ——感觉被重物压住。
OCD: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, where obsessions (intrusive thoughts) lead to compulsions (repetitive acts). ‘O’ and ‘C’ like ‘Oh! Clean!’ – common compulsion is cleaning.
强迫症 (OCD)：强迫观念（闯入性想法）导致强迫行为（重复动作）。’O’ 和 ‘C’ 像 ‘Oh! Clean!’ ——常见的强迫行为是清洁。
Stigma: a mark of disgrace associated with a particular condition. ‘Stigma’ sounds like ‘stick a mark’ – people stick a negative label.
污名：与特定状况相关联的耻辱标记。“Stigma” 听起来像 “stick a mark”（贴个标签）——人们贴上负面标签。
9. Data Handling and Statistics | 数据处理与统计
Mean: the arithmetic average of a set of scores. Recall ‘mean’ teacher averages your grades. Formula: sum of scores divided by number of scores.
平均数：一组分数的算术平均值。想起那个“刻薄”（mean）的老师计算你的平均分。公式：所有分数之和除以分数个数。
Median: the middle score when data are ordered. ‘Median’ sounds like ‘medium’ – the score in the middle, like a medium-sized sandwich between small and large.
中位数：数据排序后位于中间的那个分数。“Median” 像 “medium”（中等）——中间的分数，就像介于小块和大块之间的中等三明治。
Mode: the most frequently occurring score in a data set. ‘Mode’ rhymes with ‘load’ – the score that loads up most often.
众数：数据集中出现频率最高的分数。“Mode” 与 “load” 押韵——那个“装载” (load) 得最多的分数。
Range: the difference between the highest and lowest scores. A wide range means data are spread out. Think of mountain range – distance between the lowest and highest peak.
极差：最高分与最低分之间的差值。极差大说明数据分散。想象山脉 (mountain range)——最低峰和最高峰之间的距离。
10. Ethical Considerations | 伦理考量
Informed Consent: participants must know the aim of the research and agree to take part. ‘Informed’ means you are told everything. Consent = permission.
知情同意：参与者必须知晓研究目的并同意参加。“知情”意味着你被告知一切。同意 = 许可。
Confidentiality: personal data must be protected and not shared without permission. Think ‘confide’ – you confide a secret, and it stays between you two.
保密原则：个人数据必须受到保护，未经许可不得分享。想想“吐露秘密” (confide) ——你吐露了一个秘密，它就留在你们两人之间。
Deception: deliberately misleading or withholding information from participants. It should be avoided unless essential. ‘Deception’ is like a magic trick – you are tricked, but in psychology it must be justified.
欺骗：故意误导参与者或对其隐瞒信息。除非必要，否则应避免使用。“欺骗”就像魔术——你被耍了，但在心理学中必须有理由。
Right to Withdraw: participants can leave the study at any time without penalty. An escape button. Imagine a ‘withdraw’ rope in a tug-of-war – you can let go anytime.
退出权利：参与者可以随时退出研究而不会受到处罚。一个退出按钮。想象拔河比赛中的“撤回” (withdraw) 绳索——你随时可以松手。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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