Year 11 Cambridge Science: Core Knowledge Review | 十一年级剑桥科学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 11 Cambridge Science: Core Knowledge Review | 十一年级剑桥科学：核心知识点梳理

As Year 11 students prepare for their Cambridge IGCSE Coordinated Science examinations, a solid grasp of the core content across Biology, Chemistry and Physics is essential. This article provides a structured review of the fundamental topics, linking concepts across the three sciences to help you consolidate your knowledge and boost exam confidence.

在十一年级学生备战剑桥 IGCSE 协调科学考试之际，牢固掌握生物、化学和物理的核心内容至关重要。本文对基础主题进行结构化梳理，串讲三门学科的共同概念，帮助你巩固知识、增强应考信心。

1. Cells and Cell Organisation | 细胞与细胞组织

All living organisms are made of cells, the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells can be prokaryotic (lacking a true nucleus, e.g., bacteria) or eukaryotic (with a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, e.g., plants, animals and fungi).

所有生物都由细胞组成，细胞是生命的基本结构和功能单位。细胞可分为原核细胞（没有真正的细胞核，如细菌）和真核细胞（有核膜包裹的细胞核，如植物、动物和真菌）。

Animal and plant cells share common organelles such as cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria and ribosomes. However, plant cells possess a rigid cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a large permanent vacuole containing cell sap.

动物细胞和植物细胞共有细胞膜、细胞质、线粒体和核糖体等细胞器。但植物细胞具有坚硬的纤维素细胞壁、进行光合作用的叶绿体以及含细胞液的大液泡。

In multicellular organisms, cells are specialised: red blood cells have a biconcave shape and lack a nucleus to maximise oxygen transport; root hair cells have long extensions to increase water absorption. These specialised cells group into tissues, which form organs, which are organised into organ systems.

在多细胞生物中，细胞会特化：红细胞呈双凹圆盘状且无核，以最大限度运输氧气；根毛细胞有长突起，增强吸水能力。特化细胞聚集成组织，组织构成器官，器官再组成器官系统。

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2. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are essential biological molecules. Carbohydrates, such as glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and starch, are primary energy sources. Proteins are made of amino acids and are needed for growth and repair. Lipids provide long-term energy storage and insulation.

碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂质是必需的生物分子。碳水化合物如葡萄糖（C₆H₁₂O₆）和淀粉是主要能源。蛋白质由氨基酸组成，用于生长和修复。脂质提供长期能量储存和隔热。

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions without being used up. They are proteins with a specific active site that fits a particular substrate, explained by the lock-and-key hypothesis. Enzyme activity is influenced by temperature and pH; extreme temperatures can cause denaturation, permanently altering the active site shape.

酶是生物催化剂，可加速代谢反应而自身不被消耗。酶是蛋白质，具有特定的活性位点，与特定底物结合，这可用“锁钥假说”解释。酶的活性受温度和 pH 影响；极端高温会导致变性，永久改变活性位点形状。

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3. Genetics and Evolution | 遗传与进化

Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins. Different forms of a gene are called alleles. Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Meiosis produces gametes (sperm and egg) with 23 chromosomes each, so fertilisation restores the diploid number.

基因是编码蛋白质的 DNA 片段。基因的不同形式称为等位基因。人体细胞含有 46 条染色体（23 对）。减数分裂产生各含 23 条染色体的配子（精子和卵子），受精后恢复二倍体数目。

Monohybrid inheritance can be represented with Punnett squares. A dominant allele is expressed even if only one copy is present; a recessive allele is expressed only when homozygous. For example, a cross between Tt (tall) and tt (short) yields a 1:1 ratio of tall to short offspring.

单基因遗传可用庞纳特方格表示。显性等位基因只要有一份即可表达，隐性等位基因仅在纯合时表达。例如，Tt（高茎）与 tt（矮茎）杂交，后代高矮比为 1:1。

Natural selection drives evolution: individuals with advantageous traits survive, reproduce and pass favourable alleles to offspring, leading to gradual changes in the species over generations. Fossil records and homologous structures provide evidence for evolution.

自然选择驱动进化：具有有利性状的个体生存、繁殖并将有利等位基因传给后代，导致物种代代渐变。化石记录和同源结构为进化提供证据。

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4. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与周期表

An atom contains a nucleus of protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting in shells. The atomic number (Z) equals the number of protons, identifying the element. The mass number (A) is the sum of protons and neutrons. The first electron shell holds up to 2 electrons, the second and third up to 8 each.

原子由含质子和中子的原子核以及绕核旋转的电子组成。原子序数（Z）等于质子数，决定元素种类。质量数（A）为质子数与中子数之和。第一电子层最多容纳 2 个电子，第二、三层各最多 8 个。

The Periodic Table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. Groups (vertical columns) contain elements with the same number of outer electrons, giving similar chemical properties. Group 1 are reactive alkali metals, Group 7 are halogens, and Group 0 are unreactive noble gases.

周期表按原子序数递增排列元素。族（纵列）内元素最外层电子数相同，因此化学性质相似。第1族为活泼的碱金属，第7族为卤素，第0族为不活泼的稀有气体。

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5. Chemical Bonding and Structure | 化学键与结构

Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals: metals lose electrons to form cations (e.g., Na⁺), non-metals gain electrons to form anions (e.g., Cl⁻). The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions forms a giant ionic lattice, as in NaCl.

离子键形成于金属与非金属之间：金属失电子形成阳离子（如 Na⁺），非金属得电子形成阴离子（如 Cl⁻）。相反电荷离子间的静电引力构成巨大离子晶格，如 NaCl。

Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. Simple molecular substances like H₂O and CO₂ have strong covalent bonds within molecules but weak intermolecular forces, giving low melting and boiling points. Giant covalent structures, such as diamond and SiO₂, have extremely high melting points due to extensive covalent networks.

共价键是非金属原子间共享电子对。简单分子物质如 H₂O 和 CO₂，分子内共价键强但分子间作用力弱，因此熔沸点低。巨型共价结构如金刚石和 SiO₂，因遍布整个网络的共价键而熔沸点极高。

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6. Stoichiometry and Chemical Calculations | 化学计量与计算

The mole is the unit for amount of substance; one mole contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro’s constant). Molar mass (g/mol) equals the relative formula mass (Mᵣ). Balanced equations give mole ratios, e.g., 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O shows 2 mol H₂ react with 1 mol O₂ to produce 2 mol H₂O.

摩尔是物质的量的单位；1 摩尔含 6.02 × 10²³ 个微粒（阿伏伽德罗常数）。摩尔质量（g/mol）数值上等于相对式量（Mᵣ）。配平方程式给出摩尔比，如 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O 表示 2 mol H₂ 与 1 mol O₂ 反应生成 2 mol H₂O。

Using molar mass, you can calculate reacting masses. For gases at room temperature and pressure, one mole

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