Year 11 CCEA Politics: Quick-reference Terminology Guide | 政治词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 CCEA Politics: Quick-reference Terminology Guide | 政治词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the vocabulary of government and politics is the first step towards exam success. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will encounter in your Year 11 CCEA course, pairing clear English explanations with precise Chinese translations and memory triggers. Each section targets a specific topic area, so you can build your political literacy step by step.

掌握政府与政治领域的术语是迈向考试成功的第一步。这份指南梳理了你在十一年级 CCEA 课程中必遇的核心词汇，将清晰的英文释义与准确的中文翻译及记忆触发点配对呈现。每个板块聚焦一个主题领域，助你一步步搭建起政治素养的框架。

1. Democracy and Political Participation | 民主与政治参与

Democracy lies at the heart of the CCEA specification. A democracy is a political system in which the people hold the ultimate power, usually exercised through voting in free and fair elections or by participating directly in decision-making. Direct democracy means citizens vote on every law themselves, while representative democracy means they elect others to make decisions on their behalf. A referendum is a specific vote on a single issue, offering a modern example of direct democracy. Political participation refers to the many ways individuals can influence politics, from casting a ballot to joining a protest or writing to an MP.

民主处于 CCEA 考试大纲的核心。民主是一种人民拥有最终权力的政治制度，通常通过参加自由公正的选举或直接参与决策来行使。在直接民主下，公民对每一项法律亲自投票；而在代议制民主下，公民选举代表代其做出决定。全民公决是针对单一议题的专门投票，是直接民主在现代的一个范例。政治参与则指个人影响政治的各种途径，从投票到参加抗议或给议员写信。

2. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度

Voting systems translate votes into seats, and CCEA expects you to compare them critically. First Past the Post (FPTP) is a simple system used in UK general elections: the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, even if they lack an overall majority. Additional Member System (AMS) combines constituency MPs with regional list MPs to make the result more proportional, used for the Scottish Parliament and the London Assembly. Single Transferable Vote (STV) asks voters to rank candidates in order of preference, and seats are awarded once a candidate reaches a quota; this is the system used for the Northern Ireland Assembly. Proportional representation (PR) is a family of systems designed to ensure parties gain seats in line with their share of the vote.

投票制度将选票转化为席位，CCEA 要求你对其进行比较性分析。简单多数制（FPTP）是英国大选中使用的简易制度：每个选区得票最多的候选人胜出，即便所得票数未过半亦可。附议席制（AMS）将选区议员与区域名单议员相结合，使结果更具比例性，用于苏格兰议会和伦敦议会。单一可转移投票制（STV）要求选民按偏好排序候选人，候选人达到当选基数即获席位；北爱尔兰议会便采用此制度。比例代表制（PR）是一组旨在确保政党席位比例与其得票份额相符的选举制度。

3. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政党与意识形态

A political party is an organised group of people who share similar beliefs and seek to gain power by winning elections. Ideology is the coherent set of ideas that guides a party’s policies; on the left-right spectrum, left-wing ideology tends to support greater equality and state intervention, while right-wing ideology generally favours individual freedom, lower taxes and a smaller state. A manifesto is a party’s published list of promises before an election. In the UK context, the Conservative Party is right-leaning, while the Labour Party is traditionally left-leaning. The Liberal Democrats often position themselves in the centre, advocating civil liberties and constitutional reform.

政党是由信念相似者组成，通过赢得选举谋求权力的有组织团体。意识形态是指导政党政策的成套理念；在左右光谱上，左翼意识形态倾向于支持更大程度的平等与国家干预，而右翼则普遍偏爱个人自由、低税率与小政府。竞选纲领是政党在大选前公布的承诺清单。在英国语境中，保守党偏右，工党传统上偏左。自由民主党常定位中间地带，倡导公民自由与宪政改革。

4. The Media and Public Opinion | 媒体与舆论

The media play a powerful role in shaping how citizens understand politics. The term Fourth Estate highlights the media’s function as an unofficial branch of government that scrutinises those in power and holds them accountable. Agenda setting describes the media’s ability to decide which issues receive public attention. Opinion polls measure public views at a given moment and can influence both voter behaviour and party strategy. Political bias occurs when a news outlet consistently favours one party or ideology, which may undermine the ideal of a neutral press.

媒体在塑造公民对政治的认知方面发挥着强大的作用。第四权一词突显了媒体作为非官方政府分支的功能，即监督当权者并追责。议程设置描述的是媒体决定哪些议题获得公众关注的能力。民意调查测量某一时刻的公众观点，既影响选民行为也影响政党策略。政治偏见指新闻机构一贯偏袒某一政党或意识形态，这可能削弱媒体中立性的理想。

5. Pressure Groups and Lobbying | 压力集团与游说

Pressure groups are organisations that seek to influence government policy without seeking to win elections themselves. Insider groups have close, consultative relationships with decision-makers and operate through lobbying and private meetings. Outsider groups lack this access and often use public campaigns, direct action, and media stunts to build pressure. Lobbying is the act of attempting to persuade politicians or officials to support a particular cause, industry, or piece of legislation. Direct action can range from peaceful marches and strikes to civil disobedience, all designed to draw attention and force change without waiting for electoral cycles.

压力集团是指不求赢得选举、但却试图影响政府政策的组织。内部人集团与决策者保持着紧密的咨询关系，通过游说和非公开会议运作。外部人集团则缺少这种渠道，常常借助公众宣传、直接行动和媒体噱头来施加压力。游说是指试图说服政治家或官员支持某一特定事业、行业或法案的行为。直接行动涵盖和平游行、罢工乃至公民不服从等形式，旨在于不等待选举周期的情况下吸引关注并推动变革。

6. The UK Parliament and Law-Making | 英国议会与立法

The UK Parliament is the supreme legislative body, composed of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the monarch. A proposed law is called a Bill; it must pass through several stages in both Houses before receiving Royal Assent and becoming an Act of Parliament. The Commons is democratically elected and holds most legislative power, while the Lords acts as a revising and scrutinising chamber. Scrutiny refers to the critical examination of government policy and spending, carried out through parliamentary questions, debates, and select committees.

英国议会是最高立法机关，由下议院、上议院和君主组成。一项拟议中的法律被称为法案；它必须在两院历经多个阶段方能获得御准，随后成为议会法令。下议院由民主选举产生，掌握大部分立法权，而上议院则充当修订与审查的院会。审查指通过议会质询、辩论和特别委员会对政府政策及开支进行的批判性检视。

7. Devolution and Northern Ireland | 权力下放与北爱尔兰

Devolution is the transfer of certain powers from central government in Westminster to regional bodies. The Northern Ireland Assembly at Stormont has the authority to legislate on devolved matters such as education, health and agriculture, while reserved matters like defence and foreign policy remain with Westminster. The Good Friday Agreement (Belfast Agreement) of 1998 established a power-sharing executive, requiring unionist and nationalist parties to govern together. Power-sharing is a key feature of Northern Ireland’s constitutional design, preventing any single community from dominating the institutions.

权力下放是指将某些权力从威斯敏斯特的中央政府移交给地区性机构。北爱尔兰议会，即斯托蒙特，有权就教育、卫生、农业等权力下放事项立法，而国防与外交等保留事项仍由威斯敏斯特管辖。1998 年的《贝尔法斯特协议》（亦称《受难日协议》）建立了权力分享型行政机构，要求联合派与民族派政党共同执政。权力分享是北爱尔兰宪政设计的一大特征，旨在防止单一社群主导体制。

8. Rights, Liberties and the Rule of Law | 权利、自由与法治

Civil liberties are fundamental freedoms from interference by the state, such as freedom of speech, assembly and religion. In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law, allowing citizens to defend their rights in UK courts. The rule of law is the principle that everyone, including the government, must obey the law and be held accountable under it. Judicial review is a process by which courts can examine the lawfulness of decisions made by public bodies, offering a check on executive power.

公民自由是免于国家干涉的基本自由，如言论、集会和宗教自由。在英国，1998 年《人权法案》将《欧洲人权公约》纳入国内法，使公民得以在英国法院维护自身权利。法治的原则是，包括政府在内的所有人都必须遵守法律，并在法律之下受追究。司法复核是法院审查公共机构所做决定合法性的一项程序，为行政权力提供了制衡。

9. International Relations and Organisations | 国际关系与组织

The United Nations (UN) is the world’s principal international organisation, founded to maintain peace and security, promote development, and protect human rights. The UN Security Council has primary responsibility for international peace and security, with five permanent members holding veto power. NATO is a military alliance formed for collective defence, while the European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states, which the UK left through Brexit. International treaties are binding agreements between states that can shape global rules on trade, climate, and conflict.

联合国是世界上最重要的国际组织，其成立宗旨为维护和平与安全、促进发展并保护人权。联合国安理会对国际和平与安全负有首要责任，五个常任理事国拥有否决权。北约是一个为集体防御而建立的军事联盟，而欧盟则是一个由成员国组成的政治与经济联合体，英国已通过脱欧退出。国际条约是国家间具有约束力的协议，能塑造有关贸易、气候和冲突的全球规则。

10. Memory Hacks and Comparison Table | 记忆锦囊与对照表

Use this quick-reference table to lock in the differences between frequently confused terms. Reading the contrasts side-by-side helps you spot the key distinctions that exam questions often test. Repetition and active recall are your best friends – try covering one column and testing yourself.

使用这份速查表来锁定那些容易混淆的术语之间的差异。并排对照阅读有助于你发现考试题目常考的关键区别。重复记忆与主动回忆是你最好的朋友——试着盖住一栏内容来自我测试。

Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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