📚 Year 11 CIE Geography: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Mastering geographical terminology is essential for excelling in the CIE IGCSE Geography 0460 syllabus. This guide organises key terms by topic, providing clear English definitions followed by Chinese translations. Use active recall and repetition to commit these terms to memory and improve your exam responses.
掌握地理术语是攻克 CIE IGCSE 地理 0460 课程的关键。本指南按主题整理核心术语，给出清晰的英文定义和对应的中文翻译。通过主动回忆和反复练习，可以帮助你牢记术语，提升答题质量。
1. Population and Settlement Terms | 人口与聚落术语
Focus on demographic indicators and urbanisation patterns. Link terms to real-world examples to strengthen recall.
重点关注人口指标和城市化模式。将术语与现实案例联系起来可以增强记忆。
Birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.
出生率: 每年每千人口中的活产婴儿数。
Death rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.
死亡率: 每年每千人口中的死亡人数。
Natural increase: The difference between birth rate and death rate, expressed as a percentage.
自然增长率: 出生率与死亡率之差，通常以百分数表示。
Population density: The average number of people living per square kilometre (km²).
人口密度: 每平方公里平均居住的人口数。
Population Density = Total Population ÷ Land Area (km²)
Urbanisation: The increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities.
城市化: 城镇人口占总人口比例不断提高的过程。
Mega‑city: An urban area with a population of over 10 million people.
超大城市: 人口超过一千万的城市地区。
Counter‑urbanisation: The movement of people and employment from large cities to smaller towns and rural areas.
逆城市化: 人口和就业从大城市向小城镇及乡村地区迁移的现象。
2. Plate Tectonics and Hazard Terms | 板块构造与灾害术语
Visualise plate boundaries and hazard processes. Drawing simple diagrams alongside these terms can aid memorisation.
通过想象板块边界和灾害过程来记忆，配合简单的示意图效果更好。
Plate boundary (margin): The edge where two tectonic plates meet.
板块边界: 两个板块相接的边缘地带。
Convergent boundary: A plate margin where two plates move towards each other, often causing subduction or mountain building.
汇聚型边界: 两板块相向移动的边界，常引发俯冲或造山运动。
Divergent boundary: A margin where two plates move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust.
离散型边界: 两板块彼此分离，岩浆上升并形成新地壳的边界。
Transform boundary: A margin where two plates slide past each other horizontally.
转换边界: 两板块沿水平方向错动的边界。
Subduction: The process where one denser oceanic plate sinks beneath another plate into the mantle.
俯冲: 较密的海洋板块滑入另一板块之下沉入地幔的过程。
Epicentre: The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
震中: 地震震源垂直投影至地表的位置。
Pyroclastic flow: A fast‑moving current of hot gas and volcanic rock fragments that travels down the side of a volcano.
火山碎屑流: 由高温气体和火山碎屑组成、沿火山斜坡快速下冲的流体。
3. River Processes and Landforms | 河流过程与地貌术语
Understand erosion, transportation and deposition to explain landform evolution. Each process can be remembered with the ‘Four Ts’ – Traction, Saltation, Suspension and Solution.
理解侵蚀、搬运和沉积作用有助于解释地貌演变。河流搬运的四种方式可用“牵引、跃移、悬浮和溶解”来记忆。
Hdrainage basin: The area of land drained by a main river and its tributaries.
流域盆地: 由一条干流及其支流共同排水的陆地范围。
Watershed: The high ridge marking the boundary between two drainage basins.
分水岭: 分隔两个流域盆地的高地山脊线。
Hydraulic action: The force of water hitting the river bed and banks, wearing them away.
水力作用: 水流冲击河床和河岸导致物质被侵蚀的力。
Abrasion (corrasion): The scraping of the river bed and banks by rock fragments carried in the water.
磨蚀: 河流携带的碎石对河床和河岸产生的刮擦磨损。
Solution (transport): Minerals, such as limestone, are dissolved in the water and carried along.
溶运: 石灰岩等矿物溶解于水中被搬运的方式。
Meander: A wide, looping bend in a river, usually found in the middle and lower courses.
曲流: 常见于河流中下游的宽阔环状河湾。
Ox‑bow lake: A crescent‑shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off from the main river channel.
牛轭湖: 曲流被截弯取直后遗留在原河弯处的月牙形湖泊。
Delta: A low‑lying area of land at the river’s mouth, built from deposited sediment.
三角洲: 河流入海口由沉积物堆积形成的低平陆地。
4. Coastal Processes and Features | 海岸过程与特征术语
Differentiate between constructive and destructive waves. Longshore drift is a key process linking erosion and deposition along coasts.
区分建设性波浪和破坏性波浪。沿岸漂移是连接海岸侵蚀与沉积的关键过程。
Constructive wave: A gentle wave with a strong swash that deposits material on the beach.
堆积浪: 具有较强前进流、能将物质沉积在海滩上的平缓波浪。
Destructive wave: A steep, high‑energy wave with a strong backwash that erodes the beach.
侵蚀浪: 后退流强劲且能量高的陡峭波浪，会侵蚀海滩物质。
Longshore drift: The movement of sediment along the coast, driven by waves approaching at an angle.
沿岸漂移: 波浪以一定角度逼近海岸，带动沉积物沿岸搬运的过程。
Spit: A narrow ridge of sand or shingle extending from the shore into the sea, formed by longshore drift.
沙嘴: 由沿岸漂移作用形成、从海岸伸入海中的狭长沙砾脊。
Bar: A ridge of sand or shingle that connects two headlands and encloses a lagoon.
湾口坝: 连接两个岬角并围出潟湖的沙砾脊。
Headland: A resistant rock projection that juts out into the sea, often flanked by bays.
岬角: 由坚硬岩石构成、向海突出的陆地，常与海湾相间分布。
Wave‑cut platform: A gently sloping rocky surface left behind at the base of a retreating cliff.
波蚀台地: 海蚀崖后退后在崖底遗留的微倾斜岩质平台。
5. Weather, Climate and Ecosystems | 天气、气候与生态系统术语
Distinguish between weather (short‑term) and climate (long‑term averages). Relate rainfall types to relief, convection and fronts.
区分天气（短期）和气候（长期平均）。将降雨类型与地形、对流和锋面联系起来。
Weather: The day‑to‑day atmospheric conditions, including temperature, precipitation and wind.
天气: 逐日变化的大气状况，包括气温、降水和风力等要素。
Climate: The average weather conditions of a place over a long period, typically 30 years.
气候: 某地在长期（通常为30年）内的平均天气特征。
Relief rainfall: Precipitation caused when moist air is forced to rise over high ground, cooling and condensing.
地形雨: 湿空气受高地阻挡被迫抬升、冷却凝结形成的降水。
Convectional rainfall: Rainfall generated when heated ground warms the air above, causing it to rise, cool and form clouds.
对流雨: 地面受热使空气增温上升、冷却成云而降落的水滴。
Ecosystem: A community of plants and animals interacting with their physical environment.
生态系统: 植物、动物群落与其物理环境相互作用的整体。
Biome: A large‑scale ecosystem, such as tropical rainforest or desert, with characteristic climate and vegetation.
生物群系: 如热带雨林或沙漠等大型生态系统，具有特定的气候和植被类型。
Desertification: The process by which fertile land becomes desert, often due to drought, deforestation or poor farming practices.
荒漠化: 由于干旱、森林砍伐或不当耕作，肥沃土地退化成沙漠的过程。
6. Development and Globalisation | 发展术语与全球化术语
Use a range of indicators to measure development. The human development index (HDI) combines income, health and education.
用多种指标衡量发展水平。人类发展指数综合了收入、健康和教育三个方面。
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year.
国内生产总值: 一国一年内生产的所有商品和服务的总价值。
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita: The total income earned by a country, divided by its population.
人均国民总收入: 一国总收入除以总人口后的平均值。
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring life expectancy, education and income per head.
人类发展指数: 综合衡量预期寿命、教育水平和人均收入的综合指数。
Literacy rate: The percentage of adults who can read and write to a basic level.
识字率: 成人中具备基本读写能力的百分率。
Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths of children under one year old per 1,000 live births.
婴儿死亡率: 每千名活产婴儿中在一周岁前死亡的人数。
Dependency Ratio = [(Population aged 0–14) + (Population aged 65+)] ÷ (Population aged 15–64) × 100
Globalisation: The increasing interconnection of the world through trade, investment and technology.
全球化: 通过贸易、投资和技术使世界各国联系日益紧密的过程。
Transnational Corporation (TNC): A company with operations in multiple countries, often having its headquarters in one country.
跨国公司: 在多个国家开展业务、总部通常设于一国的企业。
7. Agriculture, Industry and Tourism | 农业、工业与旅游术语
Classify economic activities into primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors. Recognise that farm systems can be intensive or extensive.
将经济活动分为第一、第二、第三和第四产业。认识农业系统可分为集约型和粗放型。
Subsistence farming: Agriculture where the produce is primarily consumed by the farmer’s family, with little surplus for sale.
自给农业: 农产品主要供农户家庭消费、极少剩余出售的农业形式。
Commercial farming: Large‑scale farming where crops are grown or animals are raised for sale and profit.
商业农业: 为销售盈利而大规模种植作物或饲养牲畜的农业类型。
Intensive farming: A system using high inputs of labour or capital per unit area to achieve high yields.
集约农业: 在单位面积上投入大量劳动力或资金以获得高产的农业系统。
Primary industry: Economic activities extracting raw materials directly from nature, e.g. mining, fishing, farming.
第一产业: 直接从自然界获取原材料的经济活动，如采矿、捕鱼和耕作。
Secondary industry: Manufacturing activities that process raw materials into finished or semi‑finished goods.
第二产业: 将原材料加工成成品或半成品的制造活动。
Tertiary industry: The provision of services, such as retail, transport, healthcare and education.
第三产业: 提供零售、交通、医疗、教育等服务的行业。
Ecotourism: Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well‑being of local people.
生态旅游: 在自然区域开展的、以保护环境和提升当地居民福祉为目的的负责任的旅行。
8. Geographical Skills and Mapwork | 地理技能与地图工作术语
Map skills are tested in every CIE IGCSE Geography paper. Practise using grid references, scale and cross‑sections regularly.
地图技能在 CIE IGCSE 地理每一份试卷中都会考查。定期练习网格坐标、比例尺和剖面图的判读至关重要。
Scale: The ratio between a distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground.
比例尺: 地图上的距离与实地水平距离的比值。
Contour line: A line on a map joining points of equal height above sea level.
等高线: 地图上连接海拔相等各点的曲线。
Four‑figure grid reference: A coordinate locating a specific grid square on a topographic map.
四位数字坐标: 用于确定地形图上某个网格方格位置的坐标。
Six‑figure grid reference: A more precise coordinate identifying an exact point within a grid square.
六位数字坐标: 更为精确的坐标，可用于定位网格方格内的具体点位。
Bearing: The direction of one point from another, measured clockwise from north in degrees.
方位角: 从北方向顺时针量取的某一点相对另一点的方向角度。
Cross‑section: A side view of the landscape along a line drawn on a map, showing changes in gradient.
剖面图: 沿地图上某条线段切割地形后绘制的侧视图，显示坡度变化。
Choropleth map: A thematic map where areas are shaded proportionally to the value of a statistical variable.
分级统计地图: 用不同深浅的色调按其统计值成比例填充区域的主题地图。
9. Environmental Management and Sustainability | 环境管理与可持续发展术语
Sustainability is a core concept linking many topics. Always link environmental issues to potential management strategies.
可持续发展是贯穿多个主题的核心概念。始终将环境问题与可能的管理策略联系起来。
Sustainability: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
可持续性: 既满足当代人的需求，又不损害后代人满足其需求之能力的发展方式。
Renewable resource: A natural resource that can be replenished naturally at a rate faster than its consumption, e.g. solar, wind, hydropower.
可再生资源: 自然补充速度大于消耗速度的自然资源，例如太阳能、风能、水能。
Non‑renewable resource: A finite resource that cannot be replaced once depleted, e.g. coal, oil, natural gas.
不可再生资源: 储量有限、一旦耗尽便无法补充的资源，如煤、石油、天然气。
Deforestation: The large‑scale removal of trees from forests, often for timber, agriculture or urban expansion.
森林砍伐: 通常为获取木材、发展农业或城市扩张而大规模清除林木的行为。
Climate change: Long‑term shifts in global or regional weather patterns, largely attributed to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
气候变化: 全球或区域天气模式的长期变化，主要归因于温室气体排放增加。
Carbon footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases, especially CO₂, generated directly and indirectly by an individual, event or product.
碳足迹: 个人、活动或产品直接和间接产生的温室气体（特别是二氧化碳）总量。
Risk: The probability of a hazard causing significant loss or damage to people and property.
风险: 灾害对人员和财产造成重大损失或破坏的可能性。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导Cancel reply