Year 11 CIE Physical Education: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | CIE 11年级体育词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 CIE Physical Education: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | CIE 11年级体育词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology is the foundation of success in CIE IGCSE Physical Education. This guide breaks down high-frequency terms by topic, pairing definitions with clever memorisation tricks to boost your recall in exams. Whether it’s skeletal anatomy, training principles or socio-cultural influences, you’ll find clear, bilingual explanations that stick.

掌握关键术语是剑桥IGCSE体育考试成功的基础。本指南按主题拆分高频词汇，将定义与巧妙的记忆技巧配对，帮助你在考试中快速回忆。无论是骨骼解剖、训练原则还是社会文化影响，你都会在这里找到记得牢的中英双语解释。

1. Skeletal System Terminology | 骨骼系统术语

The skeletal system provides shape, support and protection. Key bone names include cranium, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, vertebrae, femur, patella, tibia and fibula. Synovial joints allow free movement and are stabilised by ligaments and cartilage.

骨骼系统提供形态、支撑和保护。关键骨骼名称包括颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、椎骨、股骨、髌骨、胫骨和腓骨。滑膜关节允许自由运动，并由韧带和软骨稳定。

Cranium – the part of the skull that encloses the brain. Think of a ‘cranial helmet’ for protection.

颅骨 – 包裹大脑的颅骨部分。想象它是保护大脑的“颅骨头盔”。

Synovial joint – a freely movable joint containing synovial fluid that reduces friction, e.g. knee, shoulder. Memory hook: ‘synovial’ sounds like ‘sin-oil’, oil lubricates.

滑膜关节 – 含有滑液以减少摩擦的可自由活动关节，如膝关节、肩关节。记忆法：“synovial”发音类似“赛诺油”，油起润滑作用。

Ligament – tough, elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone. Remember ‘Ligament Links bone to bone’.

韧带 – 将骨与骨连接起来的坚韧弹性结缔组织。记住“韧带连骨”。

Tendon – non-elastic fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Think ‘Tendon Tugs muscle to bone’.

肌腱 – 将肌肉附着在骨骼上的无弹性纤维组织。想象“肌腱拽住肌肉连到骨头”。

Hinge joint – allows movement in one plane (flexion/extension), e.g. elbow, knee. Resembles a door hinge.

铰链关节 – 允许在一个平面内运动（屈/伸），如肘、膝。类似门铰链。

Ball-and-socket joint – permits movement in many planes (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation), e.g. shoulder, hip. Visualise a ball turning in a cup.

球窝关节 – 允许多平面运动（屈、伸、外展、内收、旋转），如肩关节、髋关节。想象一个球在杯子里转动。

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2. Muscular System Key Terms | 肌肉系统关键术语

Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones across joints. Every movement involves an agonist (prime mover) and an antagonist that opposes it. Contractions can be isotonic (muscle length changes) or isometric (no change in length). Muscle fibres vary in their contraction speed and fatigue resistance.

肌肉通过跨关节牵拉骨骼产生运动。每个动作都涉及主动肌（原动肌）和与之对抗的拮抗肌。收缩可以是等张的（肌肉长度改变）或等长的（长度不变）。肌纤维在收缩速度和抗疲劳性上各有不同。

Agonist – the muscle that contracts to cause movement; also called the prime mover. E.g. biceps during elbow flexion. Think ‘agonist = action’.

主动肌（agonist） – 收缩产生运动的肌肉，又称原动肌。例如肘关节屈曲时的肱二头肌。记忆：“agonist”与“行动”关联。

Antagonist – the muscle that relaxes or opposes the agonist’s action. E.g. triceps relaxes when biceps contracts. ‘Anta-gonist works against’.

拮抗肌 – 放松或对抗主动肌动作的肌肉。例如肱二头肌收缩时肱三头肌放松。记忆：“拮”就是对立的。

Origin – the fixed attachment point of a muscle on the stationary bone.

起点 – 肌肉在不动骨上的固定附着点。

Insertion – the attachment point on the bone that moves when the muscle contracts.

止点 – 肌肉收缩时发生移动的骨骼上的附着点。

Isotonic contraction – muscle changes length while tension remains constant. Concentric (shortens) and eccentric (lengthens). ‘Iso-tonic = same tension’.

等张收缩 – 肌肉张力不变而长度改变。向心收缩（缩短）和离心收缩（拉长）。记忆：等张即张力的“张”。

Type I fibres – slow-twitch oxidative, high endurance, suited to marathon running. Think ‘one = long lasting’.

I型纤维 – 慢缩氧化型，耐力强，适合马拉松。记作“I型：一直跑”。

Type IIb fibres – fast-twitch glycolytic, produce rapid forceful contractions but fatigue quickly, e.g. sprinters. ‘Type IIb = burst then bonk’.

IIb型纤维 – 快缩糖酵解型，产生快速强力收缩但易疲劳，如短跑运动员。记忆：IIb 型 = 爆发后力竭。

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3. Cardiovascular System Vocabulary | 心血管系统词汇

The cardiovascular system transports oxygen, nutrients and waste. Heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (Q) are linked by the equation Q = HR × SV. Blood vessels include arteries, veins and capillaries, each with distinct functions. Haemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen.

心血管系统运输氧气、养分和废物。心率（HR）、每搏输出量（SV）和心输出量（Q）的关系是 Q = HR × SV。血管包括动脉、静脉和毛细血管，各有独特功能。红细胞中的血红蛋白负责携带氧气。

Cardiac Output (Q) = Heart Rate (HR) × Stroke Volume (SV)

心输出量 (Q) = 心率 (HR) × 每搏输出量 (SV)

Heart rate – number of heart beats per minute (bpm). Increases with exercise to supply more oxygen.

心率 – 每分钟心脏搏动次数（bpm）。运动时升高以供应更多氧气。

Stroke volume – volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat. Increases during exercise due to stronger contractions.

每搏输出量 – 左心室每次搏动泵出的血液量。运动时因收缩增强而增加。

Arteries – thick-walled, elastic vessels that carry blood away from the heart under high pressure. Mnemonic: ‘Arteries = Away’.

动脉 – 壁厚有弹性的血管，在高压下将血液从心脏运离。口诀：“动”脉往外“动”。

Veins – thin-walled vessels that return blood to the heart; contain valves to prevent backflow. ‘Veins = Ventricle bound’.

静脉 – 壁薄的血管，将血液送回心脏；内有瓣膜防止倒流。

Haemoglobin – iron-rich protein in red blood cells that binds with oxygen. Think ‘haem- = heme iron, globin = protein globe’.

血红蛋白 – 红细胞中的含铁蛋白质，可与氧气结合。记忆：“血红”指含铁，“蛋白”即蛋白质。

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4. Respiratory System Terms | 呼吸系统术语

Breathing supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Key volumes and capacities are measured using a spirometer. Tidal volume, vital capacity and minute ventilation describe the amount of air moved. Gaseous exchange occurs at the alveoli via diffusion. After strenuous exercise, the body enters Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) to repay oxygen debt.

呼吸提供氧气并排出二氧化碳。关键容量用肺量计测量。潮气量、肺活量和每分通气量描述了移动的空气量。气体交换在肺泡进行，通过扩散实现。剧烈运动后，身体进入运动后过量氧耗（EPOC）来偿还氧债。

Tidal volume – the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. Imagine the tide gently coming in and out.

潮气量 – 一次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量。想象潮汐轻柔地进和出。

Vital capacity – the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximal inhalation. ‘Vital = maximum life breath’.

肺活量 – 最大吸气后用力呼出的最大气量。可理解为“生命的最大气息”。

Minute ventilation (VE) – volume of air breathed in or out per minute. VE = tidal volume × breathing rate.

每分通气量 (VE) – 每分钟吸入或呼出的空气量。VE = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。

Alveoli – tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange takes place. Think ‘alveoli = little air grapes’.

肺泡 – 肺部微小气囊，周围环绕毛细血管，是气体交换的场所。想象“肺里的小葡萄串”。

EPOC (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption) – the increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity to restore the body to resting levels. Previously termed ‘oxygen debt’.

运动后过量氧耗 (EPOC) – 剧烈活动后摄入氧气速率增加，使身体恢复到静息水平的过程。旧称“氧债”。

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5. Principles of Training & Fitness Components | 训练原则与体能要素

Effective training programmes rely on the principles of SPORT (Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium) and FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type). Health-related and skill-related fitness components help us analyse physical demands in sport.

有效的训练计划依赖于 SPORT 原则（专项性、渐进性、超负荷、可逆性、枯燥性）和 FITT 原则（频率、强度、时间、类型）。健康相关和技能相关体能要素帮助我们分析运动中的身体需求。

Specificity – training must be relevant to the sport or goal. ‘Specific for your sport’.

专项性 – 训练必须与运动项目或目标相关。“专项特训”。

Progression – gradually increasing the demands on the body to continue improving. ‘Progress step by step’.

渐进性 – 逐步增加身体负荷以持续提高。“逐步进阶”。

Overload – training harder than normal to cause adaptation. Use FITT to overload safely.

超负荷 – 训练强度超过日常水平以引起适应。可用 FITT 安全超负荷。

Reversibility – fitness declines when training stops. ‘If you don’t use it, you lose it’.

可逆性 – 停止训练后体能下降。“不用则废”。

Cardiovascular endurance – the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen during sustained activity.

心血管耐力 – 心脏和肺在持续活动中供应氧气的能力。

Agility – the ability to change direction quickly and control body position. ‘Agility = agile movement’.

敏捷性 – 快速改变方向并控制身体姿势的能力。

Balance – maintaining the centre of gravity over the base of support. Static (still) or dynamic (moving).

平衡 – 使重心保持在支撑面之上的能力。静态平衡（静止）或动态平衡（移动）。

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6. Skill Acquisition and Classification | 技能习得与分类

A skill is a learned action with a predetermined outcome. Abilities are innate traits that underpin skills. Skills are classified on continua: open–closed, gross–fine, discrete–serial–continuous. Learners progress through cognitive, associative and autonomous phases.

技能是带有预定结果的后天习得动作。能力是支撑技能的天生特质。技能可按连续体分类：开放–封闭、粗大–精细、分立–序列–连续。学习者经历认知阶段、联结阶段和自动化阶段。

Open skill – performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where the performer must react to external factors, e.g. a football pass.

开放技能 – 在不可预测、变化的环境中执行，执行者需应对外部因素，如足球传球。

Closed skill – performed in a stable, predictable environment with few external disruptions, e.g. a free throw in basketball.

封闭技能 – 在稳定、可预测的环境中执行，外部干扰少，如篮球罚篮。

Gross skill – involves large muscle groups and whole-body movements, e.g. tackling in rugby.

粗大技能 – 涉及大肌肉群和全身动作，如橄榄球擒抱。

Fine skill – requires precision and small muscle movements, e.g. dart throwing.

精细技能 – 需要精确性和小肌肉运动，如掷飞镖。

Cognitive phase – the early stage of learning where the beginner understands the task and makes many errors. Use demonstrations and simple feedback.

认知阶段 – 学习初期，初学者理解任务，错误较多。需示范和简单反馈。

Autonomous phase – the advanced stage where the skill becomes automatic and the performer can focus on strategy. ‘Autonomous = automatic’.

自动化阶段 – 高级阶段，技能变得自动，执行者可专注战术。“自主”即自动。

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7. Levers, Planes and Axes of Movement | 杠杆、运动平面与轴

Levers magnify the effect of force. In the body, bones act as levers, joints as fulcrums, and muscles provide effort. There are three classes: first class (e.g. neck extension), second class (e.g. ankle plantar flexion), third class (most common, e.g. biceps curl). Movement is described in three planes about corresponding axes.

杠杆可以放大力的效果。在人体中，骨骼充当杠杆，关节作为支点，肌肉提供动力。杠杆分三级：一级（如颈部后伸）、二级（如踝关节跖屈）、三级（最常见，如肱二头肌弯举）。运动在三个平面围绕对应的轴进行。

First-class lever – fulcrum between effort and load. Mnemonic: FLE (Fulcrum in middle). E.g. diving header in football.

一级杠杆 – 支点在动力和阻力之间。口诀：FLE（支点居中）。例如足球鱼跃头球。

Second-class lever – load between fulcrum and effort. ELF (Effort–Load–Fulcrum). E.g. standing on tiptoes.

二级杠杆 – 阻力在支点和动力之间。记忆：ELF（动力–阻力–支点）。例如踮脚尖站立。

Third-class lever – effort between fulcrum and load. LEF (Load–Effort–Fulcrum). Biceps curl is a classic example.

三级杠杆 – 动力在支点和阻力之间。LEF。如肱二头肌弯举。

Sagittal plane – divides the body into left and right; motion around a frontal axis (flexion/extension), e.g. sprinting.

矢状面 – 将身体分为左右两半；运动绕额状轴进行（屈/伸），如短跑。

Frontal plane – divides body into front and back; motion around a sagittal axis (abduction/adduction), e.g. star jump.

额状面（冠状面） – 将身体分为前后两半；运动绕矢状轴进行（外展/内收），如分腿跳。

Transverse plane – divides body into top and bottom; rotation around a vertical axis, e.g. discus throw.

水平面（横截面） – 将身体分为上下两半；绕垂直轴旋转，如掷铁饼。

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8. Feedback and Guidance | 反馈与指导

Feedback is information a performer receives about their performance; guidance is the method used to deliver information. Both are essential for skill development. Feedback can be intrinsic/extrinsic, knowledge of performance/results, positive/negative. Guidance can be visual, verbal, manual or mechanical.

反馈是执行者收到的关于其表现的信息；指导则是传递信息的方法。两者对技能发展都至关重要。反馈可分为内在/外在、表现/结果反馈、积极/消极反馈。指导可以是视觉、口头、手动或机械的。

Intrinsic feedback – sensory information felt by the performer, e.g. kinaesthetic sense of a perfect golf swing. ‘Intrinsic = inside’.

内在反馈 – 执行者感觉到的感官信息，例如完美高尔夫挥杆的动觉。“内在”即来自内部。

Extrinsic feedback – information from an external source, e.g. coach’s comments or video analysis. ‘Extrinsic = outside’.

Published by TutorHao | Year 11 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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