📚 Year 11 Eduqas Engineering: Key Terms & Vocabulary Quick Memory Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your rapid revision companion for the Year 11 Eduqas Engineering course. Engineering has a rich technical vocabulary, and mastering these key terms will boost your confidence in both the written examination and practical project work. This guide pairs every essential concept with a clear definition in English and its equivalent in Chinese, followed by visual tables and formula snapshots to cement your understanding. Use it as a quick reference before tests or as a daily drill to commit terminology to long-term memory.
欢迎使用 Year 11 Eduqas 工程课程的快速复习伴侣。工程领域拥有丰富的技术词汇，掌握这些关键术语将提升你在书面考试和实践项目中的信心。本指南为每个重要概念配对了清晰的英文定义和对应的中文释义，并通过视觉化表格与公式速查来巩固理解。请在测验前用作快速参考，或作为日常训练将术语植入长期记忆。
1. Material Properties | 材料属性
Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before it fractures; it is measured in pascals (Pa) and determines how well a material resists pulling forces.
抗拉强度是材料在被拉伸至断裂前所能承受的最大应力，单位为帕斯卡 (Pa)，它决定了材料抵抗拉力的能力。
Compressive strength refers to a material’s capacity to resist loads that tend to reduce its size, crucial for columns and building foundations.
抗压强度是指材料抵抗使其尺寸减小的载荷的能力，对柱子和建筑地基至关重要。
Hardness measures a material’s resistance to indentation, scratching or abrasion, commonly tested by methods like Brinell or Rockwell.
硬度衡量材料抵抗压痕、划痕或磨损的能力，通常通过布氏或洛氏硬度测试来评估。
Toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing, a balance between strength and ductility.
韧性是材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力，是强度与延展性的平衡。
| Property (English) | 中文属性 | Brief Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Ductility | 延展性 | Ability to be drawn into a wire |
| Malleability | 可锻性 | Ability to be hammered into thin sheets |
| Elasticity | 弹性 | Ability to return to original shape after load removal |
| Plasticity | 塑性 | Ability to retain a permanent deformation |
| Stiffness | 刚度 | Resistance to elastic deformation |
2. Material Types | 材料类型
Ferrous metals contain iron and are magnetic, with typical examples being mild steel, cast iron and stainless steel; they are prone to corrosion unless alloyed with chromium.
黑色金属含有铁并具有磁性，典型例子包括低碳钢、铸铁和不锈钢；除非与铬形成合金，否则它们容易腐蚀。
Non-ferrous metals do not contain significant amounts of iron and are generally non-magnetic, including aluminium, copper, titanium and zinc, often chosen for their light weight and corrosion resistance.
有色金属不含大量铁，通常无磁性，包括铝、铜、钛和锌，常因其轻质和耐腐蚀性而被选用。
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one being a metal, designed to enhance properties – for example, brass (copper and zinc) improves machinability while duralumin (aluminium and copper) gains strength.
合金是两种或多种元素的混合物，其中至少一种为金属，旨在改善性能——例如黄铜（铜和锌）提高了可加工性，而硬铝（铝和铜）获得了强度。
Polymers are long-chain molecules that can be thermoplastics (re-meltable, e.g. acrylic, nylon) or thermosets (permanently set, e.g. epoxy, melamine), selected for low density and ease of forming.
聚合物是长链分子，可以是热塑性塑料（可重熔，如亚克力、尼龙）或热固性塑料（永久定型，如环氧树脂、三聚氰胺），因其低密度和易成型而被选用。
| Category | 中文类别 | Key Engineering Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Ceramics | 陶瓷 | Alumina, silicon carbide – hard, brittle, heat-resistant |
| Composites | 复合材料 | Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP), plywood |
| Smart materials | 智能材料 | Shape memory alloy (NiTi), piezoelectric quartz |
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Additive manufacturing builds components layer by layer, most commonly through 3D printing techniques such as fused deposition modelling (FDM), allowing complex geometries with minimal waste.
增材制造通过逐层堆积构建部件，最常见的是采用熔融沉积建模 (FDM) 等三维打印技术，能以最少的废料实现复杂几何形状。
Subtractive manufacturing removes material from a solid block using cutting tools, as in CNC milling and turning, offering high precision for metals and plastics.
减材制造使用切削刀具从固体块中去除材料，如数控铣削和车削，为金属和塑料提供高精度加工。
Forming processes reshape materials without adding or removing matter; examples include forging, bending, rolling and extrusion, often performed at elevated temperatures to improve formability.
成形工艺在不增加或去除材料的情况下重塑材料，例如锻造、弯曲、轧制和挤压，通常在高温下进行以改善可成形性。
Casting involves pouring molten metal or polymer into a mould cavity where it solidifies into the desired shape. Sand casting and die casting are widely used for mass production.
铸造涉及将熔融金属或聚合物浇注到模具型腔中，在其中凝固成所需形状。砂型铸造和压铸广泛用于批量生产。
Joining techniques – such as welding, brazing, soldering and adhesive bonding – create permanent or semi-permanent assemblies. Welding fuses parent metals, while soldering uses a lower-melting filler material for electronics.
连接技术——如焊接、钎焊、锡焊和粘合剂粘接——可形成永久或半永久组件。焊接熔合母材，而锡焊则使用较低熔点的填充材料用于电子领域。
4. Fundamentals of Mechanics | 力学基础
Stress (σ) is defined as the internal force per unit area within a material, calculated as force divided by cross-sectional area; its unit is the pascal (Pa) or N/m².
应力 (σ) 定义为材料内部单位面积上的内力，用力除以横截面积计算；单位为帕斯卡 (Pa) 或 N/m²。
Strain (ε) is the measure of deformation representing the change in length divided by the original length. It has no units since it is a ratio.
应变 (ε) 是表示变形的量度，为长度变化量除以原始长度。由于是比值，因此没有单位。
σ = F / A
ε = ΔL / L₀
Young’s modulus (E) measures a material’s stiffness and is the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic region: E = σ / ε. A high modulus indicates a rigid material.
杨氏模量 (E) 衡量材料的刚度，是弹性区域内应力与应变之比：E = σ / ε。高模量意味着材料刚性大。
Factor of safety is a design margin expressed as the ratio of the material’s ultimate stress to the allowable working stress, ensuring structures operate well below failure limits.
安全系数是一种设计裕度，表示为材料极限应力与许用工作应力之比，确保结构运行远低于失效极限。
Factor of Safety = Ultimate Stress / Working Stress
5. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
A lever is a rigid bar that pivots on a fulcrum to amplify an input force. The three classes of levers differ by the relative positions of effort, load and fulcrum.
杠杆是一根刚性杆，绕支点转动以放大输入力。根据力、负载和支点的相对位置，杠杆分为三类。
Mechanical advantage (MA) indicates how much a mechanism multiplies the input force, given by MA = Load / Effort. An MA greater than 1 means less effort is needed.
机械效益 (MA) 表示机构将输入力放大了多少，计算公式为 MA = 负载力 / 努力。MA 大于 1 表示需要更小的努力。
Velocity ratio (VR) compares the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load in the same time. For a simple lever, VR = Effort arm length / Load arm length.
速比 (VR) 比较相同时间内努力移动的距离与负载移动的距离。对于简单杠杆，VR = 力臂长度 / 负载臂长度。
Efficiency = (MA / VR) × 100%
Gears transmit rotary motion and torque. The gear ratio is the number of teeth on the driven gear divided by the number of teeth on the driver gear. A small driver turning a larger driven gear increases torque but reduces speed.
齿轮传递旋转运动和扭矩。齿轮比为从动齿轮齿数除以主动齿轮齿数。小齿轮驱动大齿轮会增大扭矩，但降低速度。
Pulleys use grooved wheels and a belt or rope to change the direction or magnitude of a force. A block and tackle system provides a velocity ratio equal to the number of rope sections supporting the load.
滑轮使用带槽的轮子和皮带或绳索来改变力的方向或大小。滑轮组系统提供的速比等于支撑负载的绳索段数。
6. Electricity & Electronics | 电学与电子学
Voltage (V) is the electrical potential difference between two points, measured in volts. It provides the ‘push’ that drives current around a circuit.
电压 (V) 是两点之间的电位差，单位为伏特。它提供驱动电流在电路中流动的“推动力”。
Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (amps). Conventional current flows from positive to negative, while electron flow is opposite.
电流 (I) 是电荷流动的速率，单位为安培。常规电流从正极流向负极，而电子流方向相反。
Resistance (R), measured in ohms (Ω), opposes the flow of current. Ohm’s law states that V = I × R, meaning current is directly proportional to voltage for a fixed resistance.
电阻 (R) 阻碍电流流动，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律指出 V = I × R，即当电阻固定时，电流与电压成正比。
V = I × R
Power (P) in an electrical circuit is the rate of energy transfer, calculated as P = V × I. It is measured in watts (W).
电路中的功率 (P) 是能量转移的速率，用 P = V × I 计算，单位为瓦特 (W)。
In a series circuit, total resistance is the sum of individual resistances: R_total = R₁ + R₂ + … In a parallel circuit, the reciprocal formula applies: 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
在串联电路中，总电阻为各电阻之和：R_total = R₁ + R₂ + … 在并联电路中，适用倒数公式：1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
7. Engineering Drawing & Standards | 工程制图与标准
Orthographic projection represents a 3D object through multiple 2D views – typically front, top and side – aligned according to first or third angle projection, the latter being standard in the UK.
正交投影通过多个二维视图（通常为主视图、俯视图和侧视图）表示三维物体，按照第一角或第三角投影对齐，第三角投影是英国标准。
Isometric drawing is a pictorial method where the three principal axes are separated by 120°, allowing a single image to convey depth without perspective distortion.
等轴测图是一种画报式方法，其三个主轴互成 120°，允许单幅图像传达深度而无透视变形。
Dimensioning rules require that measurements be placed clearly outside the outline, with extension lines and dimension lines, avoiding duplication. Units are in millimetres on engineering drawings.
尺寸标注规则要求测量值清晰地放置于轮廓线之外，使用延伸线和尺寸线，避免重复。工程图上单位为毫米。
Tolerances specify the permissible limit of variation in a physical dimension. A bilateral tolerance, e.g. 50 ±0.2 mm, allows deviation on both sides of the nominal size.
公差规定了物理尺寸的允许变动极限。双边公差，例如 50 ±0.2 mm，允许在公称尺寸两侧均有偏差。
British Standards (BS 8888) and ISO conventions govern engineering drawing practice to ensure consistent communication across the industry. Symbols for surface finish, welding and geometric tolerances are standardised.
英国标准 (BS 8888) 和 ISO 规范管理工程制图实践，确保行业内一致沟通。表面粗糙度、焊接和几何公差的符号均被标准化。
8. Structural Analysis | 结构分析
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to its axis. Common types include simply supported, cantilever and fixed beams. Their design involves calculating bending moments and shear forces.
梁是一种主要承受横向载荷的结构构件。常见类型包括简支梁、悬臂梁和固定梁。其设计涉及计算弯矩和剪力。
The bending moment at a section is the algebraic sum of moments about that section’s neutral axis, causing the beam to bend. It is zero at free ends and maximum where shear force changes sign.
截面上的弯矩是该截面中性轴力矩的代数和，导致梁弯曲。它在自由端为零，在剪力变号处最大。
Shear force is the internal force perpendicular to the beam’s axis, resisting sliding failure. A shear force diagram helps identify the critical section where shear is greatest.
剪力是垂直于梁轴线的内力，抵抗滑动破坏。剪力图有助于识别剪力最大的关键截面。
A truss is a framework of triangular units, with members connected at joints, designed to carry loads in tension or compression. Pin-jointed assumptions simplify analysis.
桁架是由三角形单元组成的框架，构件在节点处连接，设计用于承受拉力或压力。铰接假设可简化分析。
Equilibrium requires that the sum of all forces and the sum of all moments acting on a stationary body are zero: ΣF = 0 and ΣM = 0. This principle underpins all structural calculations.
平衡要求作用于静止物体的所有力之和以及所有力矩之和为零：ΣF = 0 且 ΣM = 0。该原理是所有结构计算的基础。
9. Systems & Control | 系统与控制
A system consists of three stages: input, process and output. For example, in a central heating system, a thermostat (input) signals the boiler (process) to heat radiators (output).
一个系统由三个阶段组成：输入、处理和输出。例如，在中央供暖系统中，恒温器（输入）向锅炉（处理）发出信号以加热散热器（输出）。
Open-loop control systems have no feedback; the controller acts purely on the initial input, like a traffic light operating on a timer without checking for vehicles.
开环控制系统没有反馈；控制器仅根据初始输入动作，例如交通信号灯按定时器运行而不检测车辆。
Closed-loop control systems use feedback to compare the actual output with the desired setpoint and adjust accordingly. A water tank with a float valve is a mechanical closed-loop example.
闭环控制系统利用反馈将实际输出与期望设定点进行比较并进行调整。带浮球阀的水箱是一个机械闭环示例。
Sensors convert physical quantities into electrical signals. Common engineering sensors include thermocouples (temperature), strain gauges (force/deformation) and LDRs (light intensity).
传感器将物理量转换为电信号。常见的工程传感器包括热电偶（温度）、应变片（力/变形）和光敏电阻 (LDR)（光照强度）。
Actuators receive control signals and produce physical motion. Examples are electric motors, solenoids, hydraulic cylinders and pneumatic rams, used to open valves or position robot arms.
执行器接收控制信号并产生物理运动。例如电动机、螺线管、液压缸和气动杆，用于打开阀门或定位机械臂。
10. Sustainability & Lifecycle | 可持续性与生命周期
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates a product’s environmental impact from raw material extraction, through manufacture, use, and disposal/recycling. It considers energy use, emissions and resource depletion.
生命周期评估 (LCA) 评价产品从原材料提取、制造、使用到处置/回收全过程中的环境影响，考虑能源使用、排放和资源枯竭。
The 6Rs of sustainability – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair, Refuse and Rethink – guide engineers in designing products with minimal ecological footprint.
可持续性的 6R 原则——减少、再利用、回收、修复、拒绝和反思——指导工程师设计生态足迹最小的产品。
Embodied energy is the total energy consumed in producing a material or product, from mining and refining to manufacturing. Aluminium has high embodied energy compared to timber.
隐含能源是生产某种材料或产品所消耗的总能量，从采矿、精炼到制造。与木材相比，铝具有较高的隐含能源。
Carbon footprint measures total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by a product or process, expressed in kg of CO₂ equivalent. Designers aim to minimise it through material choice and efficient manufacturing.
碳足迹衡量由产品或过程直接和间接引起的温室气体排放总量，以千克 CO₂ 当量表示。设计师通过材料选择和高效制造力求将其最小化。
11. Health & Safety | 健康与安全
Risk assessment is a systematic process of identifying hazards, evaluating the likelihood of harm and implementing control measures. The hierarchy of control ranges from elimination to personal protective equipment.
风险评估是识别危险、评估伤害可能性并实施控制措施的系统过程。控制层级从消除危害到使用个人防护装备不等。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) includes safety glasses, steel-toe boots, ear defenders and gloves, acting as the last line of defence when hazards cannot be fully engineered out.
个人防护装备 (PPE) 包括安全眼镜、钢头鞋、护耳器和手套，当无法完全通过工程手段消除危险时，作为最后一道防线。
COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations require employers to control exposure to hazardous substances such as solvents, dusts and fumes through ventilation, safe storage and training.
COSHH（有害健康物质控制）法规要求雇主通过通风、安全储存和培训来控制对溶剂、粉尘和烟气等有害物质的暴露。
The Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) 1974 places a duty on employers and employees to ensure safe working environments, covering machinery safety, training and welfare facilities.
《工作健康与安全法》(HASAWA) 1974 规定雇主和雇员有义务确保安全的工作环境，涵盖机械安全、培训和福利设施。
12. Key Formulae Quick Reference | 关键公式速查
Memorising the core equations is vital for solving numerical problems in the exam. The table below lists the most frequently used engineering relationships with their standard units.
记忆核心公式对于解决考试中的数值问题至关重要。下表列出了最常用的工程关系式及其标准单位。
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