Year 11 Eduqas Physical Education: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 11 Eduqas Physical Education: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 11 Eduqas 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering essential terminology is one of the most effective ways to boost your performance in the Eduqas GCSE Physical Education exam. This bilingual guide organises the key terms you need to know by topic, presents English definitions immediately followed by Chinese explanations, and includes proven memory aids to help you retain them quickly and confidently.

掌握核心术语是提升 Eduqas GCSE 体育考试成绩最有效的方法之一。这份双语指南按照主题整理了你需要牢记的关键术语，每个英文释义后紧跟着中文解释，并配有经过验证的记忆技巧，帮助你快速、牢固地掌握这些词汇。

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1. Skeletal System Essentials | 骨骼系统核心术语

The skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell production. In the Eduqas specification you must be able to name and locate the major bones of the body. Grouping them by region makes memorisation much easier. Begin with the head and work downwards: cranium, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges; vertebral column (cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions, plus sacrum and coccyx), pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges of the feet. A simple physical mnemonic is to touch each bone on your own body while saying its name aloud.

骨骼系统提供支撑、保护、运动、矿物质储存和血细胞生成。在 Eduqas 考纲中，你必须能够说出并定位身体的主要骨骼。按区域分组记忆会容易得多：从头开始向下，颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、腕骨、掌骨、指骨；脊柱（颈椎、胸椎和腰椎区域，以及骶骨和尾骨）、骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨、腓骨、跗骨、跖骨和趾骨。一个简单的身体记忆法是边触摸自己身上的骨骼边大声说出名称。

Joints are equally important. Synovial joints become exam favourites: ball-and-socket (shoulder and hip, allowing rotation in all directions), hinge (elbow, knee and ankle, allowing flexion and extension only), pivot (neck, allowing rotation) and condyloid (wrist, allowing small ranges of movement in two planes). Linking each joint type to a sporting example fixes the term: a tennis serve uses ball-and-socket, a bicep curl uses hinge, checking the ball in football uses the pivot joint of the neck.

关节同样重要。滑膜关节是考试热门：球窝关节（肩部和髋部，可向所有方向旋转）、铰链关节（肘、膝、踝，仅允许屈伸）、枢轴关节（颈部，允许旋转）和髁状关节（腕部，允许在两个平面做小幅度运动）。将每个关节类型与运动实例联系起来有助于牢记：网球发球用到球窝关节，哑铃弯举用到铰链关节，足球中观察传球用到颈部的枢轴关节。

Movement terminology defines what happens at a joint. Flexion decreases the angle at a joint (bending the elbow), while extension increases it (straightening the elbow). Abduction moves a limb away from the body midline; adduction brings it back. Rotation turns a limb around its long axis, and circumduction creates a circle with the limb. The ankle has its own terms: plantar flexion (pointing toes down) and dorsiflexion (lifting toes up). Create flashcards where one side shows the movement and the other the term and a sporting image.

运动学术语定义关节处发生的动作。屈曲减小关节角度（弯肘），伸展增大角度（伸直肘部）。外展将肢体移离身体中线；内收将其带回。旋转使肢体绕其长轴转动，环转则让肢体画出圆圈。踝关节有专属术语：跖屈（脚尖下压）和背屈（脚尖上提）。制作一面为动作图示、另一面为该术语和运动示例的闪卡。

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2. Muscular System and Movement Analysis | 肌肉系统与动作分析

You must know the names and locations of key voluntary muscles. The main ones are deltoids (shoulder), biceps (front of upper arm), triceps (back of upper arm), pectorals (chest), abdominals (stomach), quadriceps (front of thigh), hamstrings (back of thigh), gastrocnemius (calf), tibialis anterior (shin), latissimus dorsi (middle back) and gluteals (buttocks). Point to each muscle as you recite them during warm-ups; this embodiment creates strong memory connections.

你必须知道主要随意肌的名称和位置。分别是三角肌（肩）、肱二头肌（上臂前侧）、肱三头肌（上臂后侧）、胸肌（胸部）、腹肌（腹部）、股四头肌（大腿前侧）、腘绳肌（大腿后侧）、腓肠肌（小腿）、胫骨前肌（胫部）、背阔肌（中背部）和臀肌（臀部）。热身时边指认边诵读这些肌肉，这种具身化能建立牢固的记忆连接。

Muscles work as antagonistic pairs to produce coordinated movement. The agonist (prime mover) contracts and shortens while the antagonist relaxes and lengthens. In a bicep curl the biceps is the agonist and the triceps the antagonist; when lowering the arm the roles reverse. To recall which is which, associate ‘agonist’ with ‘agony’ – the muscle doing the hard work is in agony! Remember that the hamstrings and quadriceps form a crucial pair for running and kicking.

肌肉以拮抗肌对的形式协同工作。主动肌（原动肌）收缩变短，同时拮抗肌放松伸长。在肱二头肌弯举中，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌；手臂下放时角色互换。要记住谁是谁，可以把’agonist’和’agony’（痛苦）联系起来——正在卖力工作的肌肉感到痛苦！记得腘绳肌和股四头肌构成了跑步和踢球的关键肌对。

Types of muscle contraction also appear regularly: isotonic contractions change muscle length and can be concentric (muscle shortens, such as the biceps during the upward curl) or eccentric (muscle lengthens under tension, such as the quadriceps when lowering from a squat). Isometric contractions hold a position with no change in length, like gripping a tennis racket or holding a ‘plank’. Draw simple diagrams with arrows to remember the direction of change.

肌肉收缩的类型也经常出现：等张收缩改变肌肉长度，包括向心收缩（肌肉缩短，例如弯举上升段的肱二头肌）和离心收缩（肌肉在张力下伸长，例如下蹲时股四头肌）。等长收缩保持姿势不变，例如握住网球拍或平板支撑。用带箭头的简图记住长度改变的方向。

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3. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems | 心血管与呼吸系统

The cardiovascular system centres on the heart and blood vessels. Heart rate (HR) is the number of beats per minute, stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped per beat, and cardiac output (Q) is the total blood ejected per minute. The relationship is key:

Cardiac Output (Q) = Heart Rate (HR) × Stroke Volume (SV)

心血管系统以心脏和血管为核心。心率（HR）是每分钟心跳次数，每搏输出量（SV）是每次心跳泵出的血量，心输出量（Q）是每分钟泵出的总血量。它们的关系至关重要：心输出量=心率×每搏输出量。

Blood travels through arteries (thick-walled, carry blood away from the heart, mostly oxygenated except the pulmonary artery), veins (thinner-walled, return blood to the heart, contain valves) and capillaries (tiny, single-cell-thick walls where gaseous exchange occurs). Haemoglobin in red blood cells binds oxygen. A useful visual is ‘A’ for ‘artery = away’, and think of veins as ‘v’ bringing blood back to the heart ‘v’ cavity.

血液流经动脉（管壁厚，将血液带离心脏，除肺动脉外大多充氧）、静脉（管壁较薄，将血液送回心脏，含有瓣膜）和毛细血管（极细，管壁仅一个细胞厚，进行气体交换）。红细胞中的血红蛋白结合氧气。一个小巧的视觉记忆是’A’代表’Artery = Away’（离开），血管’Vein’带回血液，可以想象字母’V’汇入心脏空腔。

Respiratory terms describe lung volumes and gas exchange. Tidal volume is the air in/out per normal breath, vital capacity is the maximum air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximal inhalation, and minute ventilation is the volume of air breathed in per minute (tidal volume × breathing rate). Oxygen debt (now EPOC – excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) explains why you breathe heavily after intense exercise to remove lactic acid and restore oxygen stores. Alveoli in the lungs are the site of gaseous exchange where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. Imagine alveoli as tiny grape-like sacs that ‘trade’ gases with capillaries.

呼吸学术语描述肺容量和气体交换。潮气量是每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的气量，肺活量是最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大气量，每分通气量是每分钟吸入的气体总量（潮气量×呼吸频率）。氧债（现称EPOC——运动后过量氧耗）解释了在剧烈运动后你为什么会大口呼吸，以清除乳酸并恢复氧储备。肺中的肺泡是气体交换的场所，氧气扩散入血液，二氧化碳扩散出。可以想象肺泡是一串串微型葡萄状囊泡，与毛细血管进行气体’交易’。

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4. Principles of Training and Methods | 训练原则与方法

The principles of training provide a framework for designing an effective exercise programme. Eduqas often emphasises SPORT: Specificity (training must match the demands of the sport), Progression (gradually increasing intensity or duration), Overload (working harder than the body is used to), Reversibility (fitness declines when training stops) and Tedium (variety prevents boredom). FITT sub-divides overload: Frequency, Intensity, Time (duration) and Type. Use the phrase ‘Sweat Practically Over Real Tests’ to recall SPORT and ‘Fruit Is Totally Tasty’ for FITT.

训练原则为设计有效锻炼计划提供了框架。Eduqas 经常强调 SPORT 原则：专项性（训练必须满足运动项目的需求）、渐进性（逐渐增加强度或时长）、超负荷（让身体承受超出习惯的负荷）、可逆性（停止训练后体能下降）和趣味性（多样性避免枯燥）。FITT 进一步细分了超负荷：频率、强度、时间和类型。可以用押韵短句帮助记忆，例如’Some People Overeat Rich Treats’回忆 SPORT，’Five Icy Tangerines Tonight’ 记忆 FITT。

Training includes identifying work zones. Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) is estimated as 220 − age. The aerobic training zone is typically 60–80% of MHR, where the body can work with oxygen. Anaerobic training operates above 80% and produces lactic acid. Heart rate monitors help athletes stay in the correct zone. Useful equation:

MHR ≈ 220 − age

训练包含识别工作区间。最大心率（MHR）估算为 220 − 年龄。有氧训练区通常在最大心率的 60%–80% 之间，身体在此区间利用氧气供能。无氧训练则在 80% 以上，会产生乳酸。心率监测帮助运动员保持在正确区间。

Common training methods: continuous training (long, steady without rest, good for cardiovascular endurance), fartlek (Swedish for ‘speed play’, mixing fast and slow periods), interval training (alternating work and recovery periods), circuit training (a series of exercise stations combining aerobic and strength), weight training (using resistance to build strength or endurance), and plyometrics (explosive movements like box jumps for power). Associate each method with a specific sport: marathon runners use continuous, footballers use fartlek, sprinters use interval, boxers use circuit, weightlifters use weight training, and high jumpers use plyometrics.

常见训练方法：持续训练（长时间稳定进行，无间歇，适合心血管耐力）、法特莱克（瑞典语’速度游戏’，快慢结合）、间歇训练（工作与恢复交替）、循环训练（一系列锻炼站，结合有氧和力量）、负重训练（使用阻力提高力量或耐力）和增强式训练（如跳箱等爆发性动作）。将每种方法与具体运动联系起来：马拉松选手用持续训练，足球员用法特莱克，短跑选手用间歇训练，拳击手用循环训练，举重选手用负重训练，跳高选手用增强式训练。

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5. Health, Fitness and Well-being | 健康、体能和福祉

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease. Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. Clarifying these separates health-related components of fitness (directly affecting well-being) from skill-related components (affecting sporting performance).

健康是身体、心理和社会完全安宁的状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。体能是满足环境需求的能力。厘清这一点有助于区分健康相关体适能成分（直接影响健康）和技能相关体适能成分（影响运动表现）。

Health-related components include: cardiovascular endurance (ability of heart and lungs to deliver oxygen), muscular endurance (repeated contractions without fatigue), strength (maximum force a muscle can exert), flexibility (range of motion at a joint) and body composition (proportion of fat to lean mass). The phrase ‘Crazy Monkeys Steal Fresh Berries’ can recall cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, strength, flexibility, body composition.

健康相关成分包括：心血管耐力（心脏和肺输送氧气的能力）、肌肉耐力（反复收缩不疲劳）、力量（肌肉可发挥的最大力）、柔韧性（关节活动范围）和身体成分（脂肪与瘦体重的比例）。记忆口诀：’心肌力柔体’ 可帮你想出全部五项。

Skill-related components are more performance-oriented: agility (changing direction quickly), balance (maintaining centre of mass over base of support), coordination (using two or more body parts smoothly), power (strength × speed), reaction time (time to respond to a stimulus) and speed (moving body parts quickly). Think of a gymnast on a beam: they need agility, balance, coordination, power for a vault, reaction time for signals, and speed for a running routine.

技能相关成分更偏向运动表现：敏捷性（快速改变方向）、平衡（维持重心在支撑基上方）、协调（两个或以上身体部位顺畅配合）、爆发力（力量×速度）、反应时（对刺激做出反应的时间）和速度（快速移动身体部位）。想象一名平衡木上的体操运动员：她需要敏捷、平衡、协调，跳马需要爆发力，听信号需要反应时，整套动作需要速度。

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6. Sports Psychology Terminology | 运动心理学词汇

Motivation drives participation and effort. Intrinsic motivation comes from within (joy, pride), extrinsic motivation from external rewards (trophies, money). Top athletes often rely on a blend, but intrinsic motivation tends to sustain long-term commitment. Visualise intrinsic as an internal engine that never runs out of petrol.

动机驱动参与和努力。内在动机来自内心（愉悦、自豪），外在动机来自外部奖励（奖杯、金钱）。顶尖运动员常常两者兼具，但内在动机更能维持长期投入。可以将内在动机想象成永远不缺燃料的内置发动机。

Arousal refers to the level of physical and mental readiness. The inverted-U theory suggests performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, after which further arousal causes a decline. A cricketer facing a fast ball requires a higher optimal arousal than a snooker player making a delicate shot. Label the inverted U with ‘too drowsy’, ‘in the zone’, and ‘too anxious’.

唤醒指身体和心理的准备状态。倒U型理论认为，随着唤醒水平上升，表现会提高，到达最佳点后，继续上升则表现下降。面对快球的板球运动员所需的最佳唤醒水平高于需要精准击球的斯诺克选手。在倒U曲线上标出’过昏’、’处于最佳状态’、’过焦’来记忆。

Feedback is essential for learning skills. Intrinsic feedback is felt internally (kinesthetic sense), extrinsic feedback comes from outside (coach or video). Knowledge of results tells the performer about the outcome (whether the ball went in), knowledge of performance tells about the quality of the movement (how the technique looked). Remember ‘results for the goal, performance for the process’.

反馈对技能学习至关重要。内在反馈由内部感知（运动觉），外在反馈来自外部（教练或视频）。结果反馈告知结果（球是否进），表现反馈告知动作质量（技术如何）。记住’结果关进球门，表现关过程’。

Goal setting uses the SMART acronym: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Recorded (or Relevant) and Time-bound. In Eduqas the middle letters can vary but the spirit is the same. Write down a SMART goal for your own sport to fix the template in memory.

目标设定使用 SMART 原则：具体、可衡量、可达成、可记录（或相关）和有时限。在 Eduqas 中，中间字母可能略有变化，但核心不变。为你的运动撰写一个 SMART 目标，这张模板就刻在了脑子里。

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7. Skill Classification and

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