📚 Year 11 SQA Business: Vocabulary Terms Quick Reference Guide | SQA 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Understanding key business terms is essential for success in SQA Business courses. This guide provides clear definitions in both English and Chinese, helping you build a solid vocabulary foundation for exams and coursework.
掌握关键的商务术语对于在 SQA 商务课程中取得成功至关重要。本指南提供清晰的中英文对照释义，帮助你在备考和完成作业时打下扎实的词汇基础。
1. Types of Business Organisations | 企业组织类型
Sole Trader: A business owned and run by one person, who bears unlimited liability for all debts.
个体经营者：由一个人拥有并经营的企业，所有者对所有债务承担无限责任。
Partnership: A business owned by two or more people who share profits and losses, usually with unlimited liability (unless a limited liability partnership).
合伙企业：由两个或两个以上的人共同拥有、共享利润和共担亏损的企业，通常承担无限责任（有限责任合伙企业除外）。
Private Limited Company (Ltd): A company whose shares cannot be sold to the public; shareholders have limited liability.
私人有限公司 (Ltd)：其股票不能向公众出售的公司；股东承担有限责任。
Public Limited Company (PLC): A company whose shares can be traded on the stock exchange; shareholders have limited liability.
公众有限公司 (PLC)：其股票可以在证券交易所交易的公司；股东承担有限责任。
Franchise: A business model where one party (franchisee) pays to use the name, products, and systems of an established business (franchisor).
特许经营：一方（加盟商）付费使用已建立品牌（特许人）的名称、产品和体系的商业模式。
2. Marketing Essentials | 市场营销基础
Marketing Mix (4Ps): The combination of Product, Price, Place, and Promotion used to achieve marketing objectives.
营销组合 (4Ps)：为实现营销目标而结合在一起的产品、价格、渠道和促销手段。
Market Segmentation: Dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers with similar characteristics or needs.
市场细分：将市场划分为具有相似特征或需求的不同购买者群体。
Target Market: The specific group of consumers at which a product or service is aimed.
目标市场：产品或服务所针对的特定消费者群体。
USP (Unique Selling Point): A feature that sets a product apart from competitors and makes it attractive to customers.
独特卖点 (USP)：使产品区别于竞争对手并吸引顾客的独有特色。
Market Research: The process of gathering and analysing information about customers, competitors, and market trends.
市场调研：收集和分析有关顾客、竞争对手和市场趋势信息的过程。
3. Finance and Accounting | 财务与会计
Revenue: The income generated from the sale of goods or services before any costs are deducted.
收入：在扣除任何成本之前，通过销售商品或服务产生的收益。
Fixed Costs: Costs that do not change with the level of output, such as rent and insurance.
固定成本：不随产量水平变化的成本，如租金和保险费。
Variable Costs: Costs that vary directly with the level of output, such as raw materials and direct labour.
可变成本：随产量水平直接变化的成本，如原材料和直接人工。
Profit: The financial gain calculated as total revenue minus total costs.
利润：总收入减去总成本后的财务收益。
Break-even Point: The level of sales at which total revenue equals total costs, resulting in neither profit nor loss.
盈亏平衡点：总收入等于总成本、既不盈利也不亏损的销售水平。
Cash Flow: The movement of money into and out of a business over a period of time.
现金流：一段时间内资金流入和流出企业的情况。
4. Human Resource Management | 人力资源管理
Recruitment: The process of attracting, screening, and selecting qualified people for a job.
招聘：吸引、筛选和选择合格人才担任某一职位的过程。
Job Description: A document outlining the duties, responsibilities, and conditions of a specific role.
职位描述：概述特定岗位的职责、任务和工作条件的文件。
Person Specification: A document detailing the skills, qualifications, and attributes required for a job.
人员规格：详细说明某一职位所需技能、资格和特质的文件。
Training: The process of improving employee skills and knowledge to perform their current role more effectively.
培训：提高员工技能和知识以更有效地履行当前职责的过程。
Appraisal: The formal assessment of an employee’s performance, often linked to pay or promotion.
绩效评估：对员工表现进行正式评价，通常与薪酬或晋升挂钩。
5. Operations Management | 运营管理
Production: The process of transforming inputs (raw materials, labour) into finished goods or services.
生产：将投入（原材料、劳动力）转变为成品或服务的过程。
Quality Assurance: A system of checking products or services at every stage of production to prevent defects.
质量保证：在生产各个阶段检查产品或服务以防止缺陷的系统。
Lean Production: An approach focused on minimising waste and maximising efficiency, often using techniques like just-in-time.
精益生产：专注于减少浪费、最大化效率的方法，常运用准时制等技术。
Economies of Scale: The cost advantages a business gains by increasing the scale of production, leading to lower average costs.
规模经济：企业通过扩大生产规模获得的成本优势，导致平均成本降低。
Supply Chain: The network of businesses, people, and activities involved in getting a product from supplier to customer.
供应链：将产品从供应商送到顾客手中所涉及的企业、人员和活动的网络。
6. External Factors Affecting Business | 影响企业的外部因素
PESTLE Analysis: A framework used to examine the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental factors affecting a business.
PESTLE 分析：用于审视影响企业的政治、经济、社会、技术、法律和环境因素的框架。
Stakeholder: Any individual or group with an interest in the activities and performance of a business, such as employees, customers, or the local community.
利益相关者：与企业活动和绩效有利益关系的任何个人或群体，如员工、顾客或当地社区。
Ethics: Moral principles that guide business decision-making, going beyond legal requirements to consider what is right.
商业道德：指导企业决策的道德原则，超越法律要求去考虑什么是正确的。
Sustainability: Operating a business in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
可持续性：在不损害后代满足自身需求能力的前提下，经营企业以满足当前需求的方式。
7. Entrepreneurship and Business Plans | 创业与商业计划
Entrepreneur: A person who sets up a business, taking on financial risks in the hope of making a profit.
企业家：创办企业并承担财务风险以期获得利润的人。
Business Plan: A written document describing the aims, strategies, market research, and financial forecasts for a new business.
商业计划书：描述新企业的目标、策略、市场调研及财务预测的书面文件。
Risk: The possibility that events may not turn out as expected, leading to financial loss or failure.
风险：事件可能未按预期发展，导致财务损失或失败的可能性。
Innovation: The introduction of a new idea, product, or method that creates value for a business.
创新：引入新创意、产品或方法从而为企业创造价值。
8. Business Stakeholders and Their Interests | 企业利益相关者及其利益
Internal Stakeholders: Groups inside the business such as owners, managers, and employees, who directly influence daily operations.
内部利益相关者：企业内部群体，如所有者、经理和员工，他们直接影响日常运营。
External Stakeholders: Groups outside the business, such as customers, suppliers, government, and the local community, who are affected by business decisions.
外部利益相关者：企业外部的群体，如顾客、供应商、政府和当地社区，他们受企业决策的影响。
Conflict of Interest: A situation where the interests of different stakeholders clash, such as shareholders wanting higher dividends while employees seek higher wages.
利益冲突：不同利益相关者的利益发生冲突的情况，例如股东希望更高股息而员工要求更高工资。
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): The commitment by businesses to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of employees and society.
企业社会责任 (CSR)：企业承诺以合乎道德的方式行事，为经济发展做贡献，同时改善员工和社会的生活质量。
9. Key Economic Concepts for Business | 重要商务经济概念
Demand: The quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a given price.
需求：在给定价格下，消费者愿意并能够购买的产品数量。
Supply: The quantity of a product that producers are willing to offer for sale at a given price.
供给：在给定价格下，生产者愿意提供销售的产品数量。
Interest Rate: The cost of borrowing money or the return earned on savings, expressed as a percentage.
利率：借款成本或储蓄收益，以百分比表示。
Inflation: A general rise in the price level of goods and services over time, reducing purchasing power.
通货膨胀：商品和服务价格水平随时间普遍上涨，导致购买力下降。
Exchange Rate: The value of one currency in terms of another, affecting import and export costs.
汇率：一种货币相对于另一种货币的价值，影响进出口成本。
10. Technology and E-Commerce | 技术与电子商务
E-Commerce: The buying and selling of goods and services over the internet.
电子商务：通过互联网买卖商品和服务。
Digital Marketing: The promotion of products using digital channels such as social media, search engines, and email.
数字营销：使用社交媒体、搜索引擎和电子邮件等数字渠道推广产品。
Automation: The use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human assistance, improving efficiency and reducing errors.
自动化：利用技术在最少的人工辅助下执行任务，提高效率并减少错误。
Data Protection: Legal rules that govern the collection, storage, and use of personal information by businesses.
数据保护：规范企业收集、存储和使用个人信息行为的法律规则。
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