Year 11 SQA Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 11 SQA 中文：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 11 SQA Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 11 SQA 中文：公式定理速查手册

Mastering Mandarin Chinese for SQA assessments is not only about memorising vocabulary; it is about internalising the structural ‘formulas’ that govern accurate and natural expression. This quick reference handbook distils the key grammatical patterns, sentence constructions and functional ‘theorems’ required for Year 11 (typically National 5 and progression towards Higher) into a series of clear, replicable models. Use these formulas to build confidence in writing, speaking and reading tasks, ensuring your responses meet the standards demanded by SQA examiners.

在 SQA 中文考试中取得优异成绩，不仅仅依靠记忆词汇，更需要内化那些支配准确、自然表达的结构“公式”。本速查手册将 Year 11（通常对应 National 5 并向 Higher 进阶）所必需的关键语法模式、句子结构和功能“定理”浓缩为一系列清晰、可复制的模型。运用这些公式，在写作、口语和阅读任务中树立信心，确保你的回答符合 SQA 阅卷官所要求的标准。

1. Basic Word Order Formula (SVO) | 基本语序公式 (主-谓-宾)

Chinese core word order follows Subject – Verb – Object, identical to English, but modifiers always precede the words they describe. Time phrases, locations, and manner adverbials are placed before the verb, not at the end of the sentence. The fundamental template is: Subject + Time + Place + Manner + Verb + Object.

中文核心语序遵循“主语—动词—宾语”结构，与英语相同，但修饰成分总是位于被修饰词之前。时间短语、地点和方式状语要放在动词前面，而不是句子末尾。基本模板为：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 方式 + 动词 + 宾语。

Formula: S + (T) + (P) + (M) + V + O
Example: 我 (S) 明天 (T) 在图书馆 (P) 跟同学 (M) 复习 (V) 中文 (O)。
Translation: I will revise Chinese with classmates at the library tomorrow.

Notice that ‘tomorrow’, ‘at the library’, and ‘with classmates’ all come before the verb ‘revise’. Placing them after the verb would be grammatically incorrect. This rule applies to all time-when and location-of-action expressions.

注意，“明天”“在图书馆”“跟同学”都位于动词“复习”之前。把它们放在动词之后是不合语法的。这一规则适用于所有的“何时”和“行为发生地点”表达。

2. The ‘Shi…De’ Construction | “是……的”结构

To emphasise the time, place, manner or agent of a completed action, use the Shi…De frame. This construction is not about new information but about highlighting a specific circumstance. The action must be already known or completed. The formula is: Subject + 是 + [Emphasised Detail] + Verb + 的 (+ Object).

要强调已发生动作的时间、地点、方式或执行者，使用“是……的”框架。这个结构不是为了传达新信息，而是突显某一具体情况。该动作必须是已知的或已完成的。公式为：主语 + 是 + [被强调的细节] + 动词 + 的 (+ 宾语)。

Emphasised Part	Formula Example	Meaning
Time	我是昨天到北京的。	It was yesterday that I arrived in Beijing.
Place	他是在中国学的中文。	It was in China that he studied Chinese.
Manner	我们是坐火车去的。	It was by train that we went.
Agent	这道菜是我妈妈做的。	This dish was made by my mother.

In negative sentences, 不 is placed before 是: 不是……的. For example, 我不是开车来的，我是走路来的。 (I did not come by car; I came on foot.) The 的 can sometimes be dropped in casual speech, but in SQA written assessments, using the full structure demonstrates grammatical precision.

否定句中，“不”放在“是”前面：不是……的。例如，“我不是开车来的，我是走路来的。”在口语中“的”有时可以省略，但在 SQA 写作评估中，使用完整的结构能体现出语法的准确性。

3. The ‘Ba’ Construction Formula | “把”字句公式

The 把 (bǎ) structure highlights how an object is dealt with, moved, or transformed by the subject. It shifts the object before the verb and requires a verb with a result, direction, or change. The canonical formula is: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + [Complement/Change].

“把”字句凸显主语如何处置、移动或改变宾语。它将宾语前置到动词之前，并要求动词带有结果、趋向或变化。规范公式是：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + [补语/变化]。

Core Condition: The verb must be a transitive action verb, and the object is usually definite (known to both speaker and listener). A bare verb without any complement is generally not allowed.
核心条件：动词必须是及物行为动词，宾语通常是确指的（说听双方都知晓）。动词后面不带任何补语一般是不成立的。

Standard examples: 我把作业写完了。 (I finished writing the homework.) — Here 完 is the result complement. 请把门打开。 (Please open the door.) — 开 functions as the result state. 他把书放在桌子上。 (He put the book on the table.) — 在桌子上 is a location complement. When applying 把, remember that potential complements or 了/着 must be attached; you cannot say *我把作业写.

标准示例：我把作业写完了。——这里“完”是结果补语。请把门打开。——“开”充当结果状态。他把书放在桌子上。——“在桌子上”是地点补语。使用“把”时，记住必须附着可能补语或“了/着”；不能说*我把作业写。

4. The ‘Bei’ Construction Formula | “被”字句公式

The 被 (bèi) sentence is the passive voice equivalent in Chinese, used when the subject undergoes the action, often with an undesirable or neutral connotation. The fundamental formula is: Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + [Complement/Change].

“被”字句相当于中文的被动语态，用于主语承受动作，常带有不如意或中性的意味。基本公式为：承受者 + 被 (+ 施事者) + 动词 + [补语/变化]。

If the agent is unknown or irrelevant, it can be omitted after 被: 我的车被偷了。 (My car was stolen.) But when the agent is specified: 蛋糕被弟弟吃完了。 (The cake was eaten up by younger brother.) In both cases, the verb requires a result, direction, or the particle 了/过. Note that in informal contexts, 叫 or 让 can replace 被, but for SQA formal tasks, 被 is the most standard and recommended option.

如果施事者未知或不重要，可以省略“被”后面的施事者：我的车被偷了。当指明施事者时：蛋糕被弟弟吃完了。两种情况下，动词都需要带有结果、趋向或助词“了/过”。注意，在非正式语境中，“叫”或“让”可以替换“被”，但对于 SQA 正式任务，“被”是最标准且推荐使用的选项。

5. Comparative Sentence Formulas | 比较句公式

Chinese uses a repertoire of fixed patterns to express comparisons, each with a distinct structural rule. The three most important SQA-level formulas are covered here.

中文使用一系列固定句式来表达比较，每种都有不同的结构规则。这里涵盖 SQA 水平最重要的三种公式。

A. 比 (bǐ) Pattern: A + 比 + B + Adjective. This is the direct ‘more…than’ comparison.
例：我比他高。 (I am taller than him.)
Modification: 我比他高一点/得多/三厘米。 (a little / much / three cm taller).
B. 没有/不如 Pattern: A + 没有/不如 + B + (那么/这么) + Adjective. This means ‘A is not as…as B’.
例：这个房间没有那个房间那么大。 (This room is not as big as that one.)
C. 跟/和…一样 Pattern: A + 跟/和 + B + 一样 (+ Adjective). This expresses equality.
例：我跟你一样忙。 (I am as busy as you.)
否定：A + 跟/和 + B + 不一样 (+ Adjective): 他的性格跟我不一样。

For the 比 pattern, never use adverbs like 很, 非常, 太 directly before the adjective unless in a contrastive sense. Instead, insert degree complements after the adjective, such as 得多, 多了, 一点儿. Similarly, 一样 can be negated with 不 placed before 一样. These formulas are highly regular and allow precise marking of degree.

对于“比”字句，切忌在形容词前面直接使用“很”“非常”“太”等副词，除非用于对举。而是应在形容词后插入程度补语，如“得多”“多了”“一点儿”。同样，“一样”可以通过在其前加“不”来否定。这些公式高度规则化，可以精确标注程度差异。

6. Complement of Result Formula | 结果补语公式

The complement of result (Resultative Complement) attaches directly after a verb to indicate the outcome or result of the action. The master formula is: Verb + Result Complement (+ 了) + Object. The complement is often a verb or an adjective like 完 (finish), 懂 (understand), 好 (complete satisfactorily), 错 (wrongly), 清楚 (clear).

结果补语紧跟在动词之后，表示动作的结果。主公式为：动词 + 结果补语 (+ 了) + 宾语。补语常由动词或形容词充当，例如“完”“懂”“好”“错”“清楚”。

Verb + Complement	Example Sentence	Translation
看 + 完	我看完了那本书。	I finished reading that book.
听 + 懂	我没听懂老师的问题。	I didn’t understand the teacher’s question.
写 + 错	这个字你写错了。	You wrote this character incorrectly.
准备 + 好	晚饭已经准备好了。	Dinner is already prepared.

The negative is usually formed with 没 (méi) because the action has not achieved the result. 了 is typically omitted in the negative unless the sentence is in a past context with emphasis on change. Results must be expressed through these tight verb-complement bonds; a separate clause is often unnatural. This formula is essential for describing completed study tasks in SQA speaking and writing.

否定通常用“没”，因为动作未达到结果。除非强调变化，否定时通常省略“了”。结果必须通过这些紧密的动补联结来表达，分开陈述往往不自然。在 SQA 口语和写作中描述已完成的学习任务时，这一公式至关重要。

7. Complement of Direction Formula | 趋向补语公式

Directional complements indicate the physical or figurative direction of an action. They come in simple forms (来/去) and compound forms (上来/下去/进来/出去 etc.). The structural formula depends on the object. For a place object, the object is sandwiched: Verb + 上/下/进/出/回/过/起 + Place + 来/去. For a regular object, the order is flexible: Verb + Direction + Object or Verb + Object + Direction.

趋向补语表示动作的实际或比喻方向。分为简单趋向补语（来/去）和复合趋向补语（上来/下去/进来/出去等）。结构公式取决于宾语。地点宾语要插入中间：动词 + 上/下/进/出/回/过/起 + 地点 + 来/去。普通宾语的语序较灵活：动词 + 趋向补语 + 宾语，或动词 + 宾语 + 趋向补语。

走进教室去。 (Walk into the classroom.) — place object 教室 between 进 and 去.
拿出来一本书 / 拿出一本书来。 (Take out a book.) — both forms acceptable for non-place object.
他跑上楼来了。 (He ran upstairs here.) — compound direction with place.

Figurative extensions are common: 天气冷起来了 (The weather is getting cold); 坚持下去 (persist). These metaphors follow the same placement rules. In exam tasks, using an extended directional complement like 起来 to indicate a new state impresses markers.

比喻引申很常见：天气冷起来了；坚持下去。这些比喻用法遵循相同的语序规则。在考试中，用“起来”等引申趋向补语表示状态变化能让阅卷官眼前一亮。

8. Potential Complement Formula | 可能补语公式

Potential complements express ability or possibility to achieve an action’s result or direction. They are formed by inserting 得 (possibility) or 不 (impossibility) between the verb and its result/direction complement. The formula: Verb + 得/不 + Result/Direction Complement. This is akin to ‘can/cannot + verb’ but specifically linked to a complement.

可能补语表示动作结果或趋向能否实现。在动词和结果/趋向补语之间插入“得”（可能）或“不”（不可能）。公式：动词 + 得/不 + 结果/趋向补语。这类似于“能/不能 + 动词”，但特别与补语相关。

听不懂	cannot understand (by listening)	听得懂	can understand
找不到	cannot find	找得到	can find
说不完	cannot finish telling	说得完	can finish telling
走不出去	cannot walk out	走得出去	can walk out

In questions, the affirmative-negative form is common: 你听得懂吗？ or 你听得懂听不懂？ While 能 can sometimes paraphrase, the potential complement is more natural in Mandarin and often required in fixed collocations. Always link 得/不 directly to the complement and avoid adding 了 in this structure when expressing ability.

疑问句中常用正反形式：你听得懂吗？或你听得懂听不懂？虽然“能”有时可以替换，但可能补语在普通话中更自然，且常出现在固定搭配中。表达能力时，始终将“得/不”直接与补语连接，此结构不要添加“了”。

9. Aspectual Particle Formula (了, 着, 过) | 动态助词公式 (了、着、过)

Aspect markers indicate the state of an action, not its tense. The three core particles follow strict placement rules. 了 signals completion or change; 着 signals continuation or simultaneous state; 过 signals past experience. The formula for verb suffix: Verb + 了/着/过.

动态助词表示动作的状态，而非时态。三个核心助词有严格的摆放规则。“了”表示完成或变化；“着”表示持续或状态伴随；“过”表示经历。动词后缀公式：动词 + 了/着/过。

Verb + 了 + Object: 我喝了咖啡。 (I drank coffee.) — completed action. Sentence-final 了 often indicates a change of state: 下雨了。 (It’s raining now.)
Verb + 着 (+ Object + 呢): 他拿着一本书。 (He is holding a book.) — continuous state. 门开着呢。 (The door is open.)
Verb + 过 (+ Object): 我去过北京。 (I have been to Beijing.) — experience. Negation uses 没: 没去过.

Do not use 了 with habitual actions or when negation with 没 already implies that the action did not occur. 着 cannot be used with verbs that are inherently instantaneous (e.g., *死着). 过 emphasizes that the experience happened at least once in the past. These formulas are vital for sequencing events in narratives.

表示经常性动作或当用“没”否定已隐含动作未发生时，不要用“了”。瞬间动词不能与“着”连用（如*死着）。“过”强调经历至少发生过一次。这些公式在叙述事件顺序时至关重要。

10. Question Formation Formulas | 疑问句构成公式

Chinese forms questions without inversion. Four primary formula types cover most SQA requirements. This section systematises them for quick revision.

中文疑问句无需倒装。四种基本公式类型能覆盖大部分 SQA 要求。本节将它们系统化以便快速复习。

A. 吗 Question: Statement + 吗?
你是学生吗？ (Are you a student?)
B. V-not-V (正反疑问句): Verb + 不/没 + Verb (+ Object)?
你吃不吃苹果？ (Do you eat apples?) / 有没有书？ (Do you have a book?)
For two-character verbs, the pattern is usually AB不AB or A不AB: 喜欢不喜欢？/ 喜不喜欢？
C. Question-Word Questions (特指问): Insert question word (什么, 谁, 哪儿, 怎么, 为什么, 几/多少) directly where the answer would appear. No 吗 is used.
你要什么？ (What do you want?) / 他怎么来？ (How does he come?)
D. Choice Questions (选择问): A + 还是 + B?
你喝茶还是咖啡？ (Do you drink tea or coffee?)

In V-not-V, note that 有 always uses 没 in the negative part: 有没有. For completed actions, use V没V: 看没看. This pattern replaces 吗 to add a slight sense of politeness or to press for a yes/no answer. Question words must be placed after the subject if the question part is the object: 你为什么学中文？ (Why do you study Chinese?) Maintain this word order rigidly.

在正反疑问句中，注意“有”的否定部分总是用“没”：有没有。对已完成的动作，用“V没V”：看没看。这种句式可替换“吗”，增添礼貌意味或促使对方做出肯定/否定回答。疑问词若问宾语部分，必须放在主语之后：你为什么学中文？务必严格保持此语序。

11. Modal Auxiliary & Pivotal Sentence Formulas | 能愿动词与兼语句公式

Modal verbs like 想, 要, 可以, 能, 应该 precede the main verb and are negated with 不. The formula: Subject + Modal + Verb (+ Object). Pivotal sentences (兼语句) involve a noun that is both the object of the first verb and the subject of the second: Subject₁ + Verb₁ + Noun/Pivot + Verb₂ (+ Object). Common pivots include 请, 让, 叫, 使, 派.

能愿动词如“想、要、可以、能、应该”等放在主要动词之前，用“不”否定。公式：主语 + 能愿动词 + 动词 (+ 宾语)。兼语句是一种特殊句式，其中的名词既是第一个动词的宾语又是第二个动词的主语：主语₁ + 动词₁ + 兼语 + 动词₂ (+ 宾语)。常见的使令动词包括“请、让、叫、使、派”。

我想去中国留学。 (I want to study abroad in China.)
你不可以停车在这里。 (You cannot park here.)
妈妈让我打扫房间。 (Mum made me clean the room.) — 我 is object of 让 and subject of 打扫.
这件事使我很开心。 (This matter made me very happy.)

In pivotal constructions, the second verb phrase cannot be dropped, and the pivot is definite or generic. Avoid inserting 了 after the first verb unless a completion effect is necessary. These formulas allow you to express intentions, permissions, and causative relationships efficiently, all of which feature prominently in SQA directed writing and conversation tasks.

兼语句中第二个动词短语不能省略，兼语是定指或泛指。除非需要完成义，避免在第一个动词后插入“了”。这些公式能让你高效表达意愿、许可和使令关系，它们在 SQA 写作指引和对话任务中尤为常见。

12. Linking Patterns & Discourse Formulas | 连接结构及语篇公式

To achieve coherent paragraphs and logical flow, master a set of high-frequency linking formulas. They function as discourse ‘theorems’ to signal sequence, cause, contrast, and condition. Always place the conjunction at the beginning of the clause or in pairs.

要实现段落连贯和逻辑流畅，需掌握一套高频连接公式。它们充当语篇“定理”，标记顺序、因果、转折和条件。连接词始终置于分句开头或成对使用。

Function	Formulas	Example (English & Chinese)
Sequence	首先…其次…最后…	首先，我们去了公园，其次参观了博物馆，最后吃了午饭。 (First we went to the park, then visited the museum, finally had lunch.)
Cause-Effect	因为…所以… / 由于…因此…	因为下雨，所以比赛取消了。 (Because it rained, the match was cancelled.)
Contrast	虽然…但是… / 尽管…可是…	虽然他很累，但是他还是完成了作业。 (Although he was tired, he still finished the homework.)
Condition	如果/要是…就…	如果明天有时间，我就去找你。 (If I have time tomorrow, I will come to see you.)

In these paired formulas, the second element (就, 所以, 但是) often cannot be omitted. For conditionals, the 如果 clause usually precedes 就. Practice embedding these into your speaking and writing to demonstrate advanced organisational control. They turn a simple list of sentences into a cohesive argument, a key SQA band differentiator.

在配对公式中，第二个成分（就、所以、但是）通常不能省略。条件句中“如果”分句通常先于“就”。练习在口语和写作中嵌入这些结构，以展示高阶的组织掌控力。它们能把简单的句子列表转为连贯的论证，这是 SQA 评分档次的重要区分点。

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Year 11 SQA Chinese: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 11 SQA 中文：公式定理速查手册